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Mughal · Indo-Islamic |
| Major figures |
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Moinuddin Chishti · Akbar |
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Northern · Mappilas · Tamil |
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Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia |
Mughal architecture, an amalgam of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture, is the distinctive style developed by the Mughal Empire in India in the 16th and 17th centuries. Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 11th to the 17th centuries though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into the region beginning Islamic contribution to Indian architecture is far reaching and undeniable This article is about the founder of Sufism in India For the preceptor of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, see Moinuddin Chishty (Khuldabad. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Ahmad Raza Khan or Ahmed Rida Khan (1856-1921 was a Sunni Muslim scholar and founder of Barelwi School of thought. Maulana Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed (11 November 1888 &ndash 22 February 1958 was a Muslim scholar and a senior political leader of the Indian independence Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur, GCSI (also Sayyid Ahmad Khan (سید احمد خان بہا در October 17 1817 – March 27 1898 commonly known as Sir Syed was an Bahadur Yar Jung (or Bahadur Yar Jang) ( 3 February 1905, Hyderabad – c Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. The Mappilas (historically called Moplahs in Malayalam:മാപ്പിള refer to the Muslim community in Kerala and neighbouring Tamil Muslim refers to Muslims of Tamil ethnicity found in South Asia and South East Asia. Konkani / Kokani Muslims is a Muslim sub-ethnic group of Maharashtrian Muslims living in the Konkan region of India. Vora Patel or Vohra Patel (vohras is a Sunni Muslim Patel community located in Gujarat India, primarily in the Surat and Bharuch Memon (મેમણ میمن मेमन an Ethnic group originating from Pakistan and India trace their roots largely to Sindh,a province Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state Dawoodi Bohras ( Arabic: داؤدی بوہرہ Hindi: दवूदि बोह्रा are the main branch of the Bohras, a Musta‘lī subsect Ismaili Khojas About six hundred years ago the Persian -born Pir Sadruddin arrived in Sindh. Oriya Muslims are an Islamic community in the Indian state of Orissa. The Nawayath s (also spelled as Navayath or Nawayat are a small Muslim community found living in and around the town of Bhatkal a prosperous little picturesque town The Beary (also known as Byari) is a small Muslim community concentrated mostly in coastal South Kanara ( Dakshina Kannada) district of Karnataka Meo (मेव میو is a prominent Muslim Rajput tribe from North-Western India some of whom migrated to Pakistan after partition of India Sunni Bohras or Sunni Vohras are a Sunni Muslim community in Sindh province of Pakistan and Gujarat state of India. Qaim Khani or Kaim Khani ( Urdu: قائم خانى) is a Muslim community in Sindh and Punjab, Pakistan. Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by The Deobandi ( Urdu: دیو بندی devbandī) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist movement which started in India and has more recently The Muslim culture of Hyderabad refers to the culture associated with Muslims of Hyderabad State, India. Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by Indian Muslim nationalism refers to the political and cultural expression of Nationalism, founded upon the religious tenets and identity of Islam, of the Muslims Muslim chronicles for Indian history are chronicles regarding history of the Indian subcontinent written from Muslim perspective Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction Architecture in " Greater Iran " has a continuous history from at least 5000BCE to the present with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Syria Architectural styles classify Architecture in terms of Form, techniques, Materials, time period region etc The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
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Early Mughal architecture
The Mughal dynasty began with the emperor Babur in 1526. Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks Babur erected a mosque at Panipat to celebrate his victory over Ibrahim Lodi. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Panipat ( Hindi: पानीपत is an ancient and historic city in Panipat District, Ibrahim Lodhi (died April 21, 1526) was the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. A second mosque, known as the Babri masjid, was built in Ayodhya, and demolished in 1992 by Hindu fundamentalists. The Babri Mosque (بابری مسجد बाबरी मस्जिद or Mosque of Babur was a Mosque constructed by order of the first Mughal Ayodhya (अयोध्या IAST Ayodhyā) is an ancient city of India, the old capital of Awadh, in the Faizabad district A third mosque also built by Babur during the same period was constructed in Sambhal in Distt Moradabad
Some of the first and most characteristic examples that remain of early Mughal architecture were built in the short reign (1540–1545) of emperor Sher Shah Suri, who was not a Mughal; they include a mosque known as the Qila i Kuhna (1541) near Delhi, and the military architecture of the Old Fort in Delhi and Rohtas Fort, near Jhelum in present-day Pakistan. Sher Shah Suri (1486 Sasaram &ndash May 22, 1545 Kalinjar) ( - Šīr Šāh Sūrī) also known as Farid Khan or Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Purana Qila literally 'old fort' stands on an ancient mound Excavations near its eastern wall reveal that the site has been continuously occupied since 1000 BC Rohtas Fort (قلعہ روہتاس Qila Rohtas) is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and His mausoleum, octagonal in plan and set upon a plinth in the middle of an artificial lake, is in Sasaram, and was completed by his son and successor Islam Shah Suri (1545-1553). WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Sasaram (sometimes also spelled as Sahsaram is the administrative headquarters of Rohtas district in the Islam Shah Suri was the second ruler of Sur dynasty. Islam Shah Suri's real name was Jalal Khan and he was son of Sher Shah Suri.
Akbar
The emperor Akbar (1556-1605) built largely, and the style developed vigorously during his reign. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar As in the Gujarat and other styles, there is a combination of Muslim and Hindu features in his works. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Akbar constructed the royal city of Fatehpur Sikri, located 26 miles (42 km) west of Agra, in the late 1500s. See also Mughal architecture Fatehpur Sikri (फतेहपूर सिकरी فتحپور سیکری is a city and a Municipal board in Agra Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, The numerous structures at Fatehpur Sikri best illustrate the style of his works, and the great mosque there is scarcely matched in elegance and architectural effect; the south gateway is well known, and from its size and structure excels any similar entrance in India. The Mughals built impressive tombs, which include the fine tomb of Akbar's father Humayun, and Akbur's tomb at Sikandra, near Agra, which is a unique structure of the kind and of great merit. Humayun's tomb is a complex of buildings in Mughal architecture built as Mughal Emperor Humayun 's tomb The Tomb of Akbar the Great is the an important architectural masterpiece set in 48 Ha (119 acres of grounds in Sikandra a suburb of Agra, Uttar Pradesh, The Tomb of Akbar the Great is the an important architectural masterpiece set in 48 Ha (119 acres of grounds in Sikandra a suburb of Agra, Uttar Pradesh,
Jahangir
Under Jahangir (1605–1627) the Hindu features vanished from the style; his great mosque at Lahore is in the Persian style, covered with enamelled tiles. Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Khushru-i-Giti Panah Abu'l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi ''( September 20 ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. At Agra, the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula completed in 1628, built entirely of white marble and covered wholly by pietra dura mosaic, is one of the most splendid examples of that class of ornamentation anywhere to be found. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Mirza Ghiyas Baig ( مرزا غياث بيگ) was an important official in the Mughal empire, and whose children served as wives mothers and generals of Mughal emperors Pietre dure (or Parchin kari, in South Asia is an art-historical term for the technique of using small exquisitely cut and fitted highly-polished colored stones to create Jahangir also built the Shalimar Gardens and its accompanying pavilions on the shore of Dal Lake in Kashmir. The Shalimar Gardens ( Hindi: शालीमार बाग़ Urdu: شالیمار باغ is an example of Mughal gardens built by the Mughal emperor The Dal Lake is a famous lake in Srinagar, the summer capital of the northern most indian administered state of Jammu & Kashmir. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir He also built a monument to his pet antelope, Hiran Minar in Sheikhupura, Pakistan and due to his great love for his wife, after his death she went on to build his mausoleum in Lahore. Hiran Minar is set in peaceful environs near Lahore in Sheikhupura, Pakistan. Sheikhupura or Shekhupura ( Urdu: شيخوپورہ formerly Kot Dayal Das (Urdu کوٹ دیال داس is an industrial city in the Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Tomb of Jahangir, ( Urdu: مقبرہ جهانگير) is the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605 ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi.
Shah Jahan
The force and originality of the style gave way under Shah Jahan (1627-1658) to a delicate elegance and refinement of detail, illustrated in the magnificent palaces erected in his reign at Agra and Delhi, the latter one the most exquisitely beautiful in India. Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi Agra Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, India. This article is about the Red Fort in Delhi India The Agra Fort is also known as the "Red Fort" The most splendid of the Mogul tombs, and the most renowned building in India, is the Taj Mahal at Agra, the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, the wife of Shah Jahan. The Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) in the Agra Fortand The Jama Masjid at Delhi are an imposing building, and their position and architecture have been carefully considered so as to produce a pleasing effect and feeling of spacious elegance and well-balanced proportion of parts. Agra Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, India. The Masjid-i-Jahan Numa ( Urdu: مسجد جھان نمہ) commonly known as the Jama Masjid of Delhi is the principal Mosque of Old In his works Shah Jahan presents himself as the most magnificent builder of Indian sovereigns. He also built the mausoleum and sections of the huge Lahore Fort that include the impressive Moti Masjid, Sheesh Mahal, and Naulakha pavilion which are all enclosed in the fort. Tomb of Jahangir, ( Urdu: مقبرہ جهانگير) is the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605 The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila ( Urdu: شاهی قلعہ) is Citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab The Sheesh Mahal ( Palace of Mirrors) is located within the Shah Burj block in north-western corner of Lahore Fort. The Naulakha Pavilion is a prominent White marble personal chamber with curvilinear roof, located besides the Sheesh Mahal Courtyard, in He also built a mosque after himself in Thatta called Shahjahan Mosque. Thatta or Thatto ( Urdu: ٹھٹہ Sindhi:ٺٽو is an historic town of 22000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near The Shah Jahan Mosque was built in the reign of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Another mosque was built during his tenture in Lahore called Wazir Khan Mosque, by Shaikh Ilm-ud-din Ansari who was the court physician to the emperor. The Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience tile work
The Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal, the "teardrop on eternity", was completed in 1648 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal who completely symmetric other than the sarcophagus of Shah Jahan, which is placed off center in the crypt room below the main floor. The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ Mumtāz Mahal (April 1593 - 17 June 1631 ( Persian, Urdu: ممتاز محل; pronunciation /mumtɑːz mɛhɛl/ meaning "beloved ornament of the palace" A sarcophagus is a Funeral receptacle for a Corpse, most commonly carved or cut from stone This symmetry extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in red sandstone, to complement the Mecca-facing mosque place to the west of the main structure. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored
The Taj Mahal (1630-1653) in Agra, India and the Shalimar Garden (1641-1642) in Lahore, Pakistan, are two sites which are on the world heritage list of UNESCO. The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ The Shalimar Gardens ( Urdu: شالیمار باغ) sometimes written Shalamar Gardens, is a Persian garden and it was built by the Mughal ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 One can see the architectural similarities and the love for water that the Mughals expressed in many of their buildings.
The Taj is considered to be one of the most beautiful monuments of love and is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, when it comes to tourism. A monument is a structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel
Aurangzeb and later Mughal architecture
In Aurangzeb's reign (1658–1707) squared stone and marble gave way to brick or rubble with stucco ornament. Stucco or render is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water Srirangapatna and Lucknow have examples of later Indo-Muslim architecture. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Srirangapattana ( Kannada:ಶ್ರೀರಂಗಪಟ್ಟಣ (also spelt Srirangapatna Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh He also added his mark to the Lahore Fort and built one the largest mosques in the city, called Badshahi Mosque. The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila ( Urdu: شاهی قلعہ) is Citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab The Badshahi Mosque ( Urdu: بادشاھی مسجد) or the 'Emperor's Mosque ' was built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore He also built one of the thirteen gates, and it was later named after him, Alamgir.
Characteristic elements of Mughal architecture
See also
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. A jharokha (or jharoka) is a type of overhanging Balcony used in Indian architecture, typically Mughal architecture and Rajasthani architecture Chhatris are elevated dome-shaped pavilions used as an element in Indian architecture, or funerary sites in India which have such structures built over them Chhajja is the term for projecting Eaves or cover usually supported on large carved brackets, as used in Indian architecture (especially Mughal A jali (or jaali) is the term for a perforated stone or Latticed Screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of Calligraphy Persian Gardens Charbagh ( Persian چهارباغ is a Persian-style garden layout Mughal gardens are a group of Gardens built by the Mughals in the Islamic style of architecture A jharokha (or jharoka) is a type of overhanging Balcony used in Indian architecture, typically Mughal architecture and Rajasthani architecture Ebba Koch is an architectural historian an Art historian, and a political historian presently she is a professor at the Institute of Art History in Vienna, Safdarjung's Tomb is a garden tomb in a marble mausoleum in Delhi, India. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Keay, John (2000). India: a History. Grove Press, New York.
External links
- Mughal Gardens (Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution)
- Jali/Jharokha/Jala/Jalaka (From Mughal Architecture, Agra, India)
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