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Mozarabic
ﻦ‎ﺘﻟ‎ לטן Latinus/Latino
Spoken in: Iberia
Language extinction: by the Late Middle Ages
Language family: Indo-European
 Italic
  Romance
   Italo-Western
    Pyrenean-Mozarabic
     Mozarabic
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: roa
ISO 639-3: mxi
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Mozarabic was a continuum of closely related Romance dialects spoken in Muslim dominated areas of the Iberian Peninsula during the early stages of the Romance languages' development in Iberia. A dialect continuum is a range of Dialects spoken across a large geographical area differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close and gradually decreasing The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or This article is about a subdivision of the Romance language family Mozarabic descends from Late Latin and early Romance dialects spoken in the Iberian Peninsula from 5th to 8th centuries (Hispania was the name of a group of three provinces of the Peninsula and the name more commonly used at Roman and Visigothic times). Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East This set of dialects came to be known as the Mozarabic language, though there was never a common standard. (Mozarab comes from the Arabic word مستعرب - musta'rab, i. The Mozarabs (in Spanish: mozárabes; in moçárabes in Catalan: mossàrabs; from musta'rib "مستعرب" “arabicized” Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language e. "Arabized"). Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or

Contents

Native name

Although the name Mozarabic is today used for this Romance language, the native name (autonym or endonym) of the language was not "muzarab" or "mozarab" but latinus or Latino. An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local Mozarabs themselves never called their own language "mozarabic" but by the name that meant "Latin" (i. e. Romance language). They did not call themselves by the name "mozarabs".

At times Christian communities prospered in Muslim Spain; these Christians are now usually referred to as Mozárabes, although the term was not in use at the time (Hitchcock 1978)

It was only in the 19th century that Spanish historians started to use the words "mozarabs" and "mozarabic" extensively, applied to the Christians under Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages and their language. Another very common Arab exonym for this language was al-ajamiya ("stranger/foreign") that had the meaning of Romance language in Al-Andalus. An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or So the words "mozarabic" or "ajamiya" are exonyms and not an autonym of the language.

Roger Wright, in his book about the evolution of early Romance languages in France and in the Iberian Peninsula Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France, page 156, states that:

The Early Romance of Moslem Spain was known to its users as latinus. This word can lead to confusion; the Visigothic scholars used it to contrast with Greek or Hebrew, and Simonet (1888: XXIII-IV, XXXV-VII) established that in Moslem Spain it was used to refer to the non-Arabic vernacular (as was Arabic Al-Lathinī)

Also in the same book, page 158, the author states that:

The use of latinus to mean Latin-Romance, as opposed to Arabic, is also found north of the religious border

This means that the word latinus or Latino had the meaning of spoken romance language and it was only contrasted with classical Latin (lingua Latina) a few centuries later. To contemporary romance speakers of the Iberian Peninsula of that time their vernacular spoken language was seen as "Latin". This happens because classical Latin was seen as an educated speech not as a different language.

Another important issue referring to this old Romance language is the name that Sephardic Jews gave to their spoken Romance language in Iberia - ladino and also the name that an Alpine romance speaking people, the Ladins, give to their language - ladin. Ladin ( Ladino in Italian Ladin in Ladin Ladinisch in German is a Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in the Dolomite mountains

In the Iberian Peninsula:

The word Ladino (<LATINUM) survived with the specific linguistic meaning of "Spanish written by Jews" (Roger Wright 1982, p. 158)

This is one of the main reasons why Iberian Jews (Sephardim) from central and southern regions called their everyday language ladino, because this word had the sense of spoken Romance language (Ladino is today a Romance language more closely related to Spanish, mainly to Old Spanish, spoken by some Jews of Sephardic ancestry).

In the Alps: For the same reason, speakers of ladin, another Romance language (spoken in eastern Switzerland in two valleys in Graubünden and northern Italy in the Trentino Alto-Ádige/Südtirol and Veneto regions), call their own language ladin i. Ladin ( Ladino in Italian Ladin in Ladin Ladinisch in German is a Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in the Dolomite mountains Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. e. "Latin".

This word had the sense of spoken Romance language not only in Iberian Peninsula but also in other Romance language regions in early Middle Ages.

Scripts

Because Mozarabic was not a language of high culture it didn't have an official script. However there are three scripts in which Mozarabic is attested - the Arabic alphabet, the Hebrew alphabet, most documents being in the Arabic alphabet, and the Latin alphabet, because sometimes Mozarab scholars also wrote some words of the Romance vernacular in this script in the margins or in the subtitles of Latin language texts (glosses). The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. Unlike most Romance languages, Mozarabic was written in the Arabic alphabet rather than the Latin alphabet. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu.

There are few written documents in Mozarabic, mainly because it was not a language of high culture in the Iberian Peninsula of the Middle Ages. The two languages of culture in Medieval Iberia were Latin in the north (although it was also used in the south by Mozarab scholars) and Arabic in the south (which was the principal literary language of Mozarab scholars), and these are the languages that constitute the great majority of written documents of that time. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language

This variety of Romance is first documented in writing in the Peninsula as choruses (kharjas) (9th century) in Arabic lyrics called muwashshahs. The kharja (in Arabic, meaning "final" also known as jarcha in Spanish, is the final refrain of a Muwashshah, a lyric The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Muwashshah or muwaššah ( Arabic: موشٌح, literally "girdled" plural muwāshshahāt موشـّحات As they were written in Arabic alphabet, the vowels had to be reconstructed. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract

Morphology and phonetics

In some aspects, it is more archaic than the other Romance languages. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Based on the written documents that are identified as Mozarabic, some examples of these more archaic features are the preservation of Latin language consonant clusters CL, FL, PL, and intervocal P, T and C (K); like the Mozarabic words lopa (she-wolf), toto (all) and formica (ant).

The morphology of some words is closer to Latin than other Iberian Romance or Romance languages in general. This Romance variety had a significant impact in the formation of Portuguese, Spanish and especially Andalusian Spanish, which explains why these languages have several words of Andalusi Arabic origin (Mozarabic was, understandably, quite influenced by Arabic and vice versa). Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The Andalusian Dialect of Spanish (also called andaluz) is spoken in Andalusia, Ceuta, Melilla, and parts of southern Andalusian Arabic (also known as Andalusi Arabic, Spanish Arabic, or Moorish Arabic) was a variety of the Arabic language spoken in In Portugal, the local Mozarabic dialects are known today as Lusitanian Mozarabic (Portuguese: Lusitano-moçárabe). Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.

It was spoken by Mozarabs (Christians living as dhimmis), Muladis (the native Hispanic population converted to Islam) and some layers of the ruling Arabs and Berbers. The Mozarabs (in Spanish: mozárabes; in moçárabes in Catalan: mossàrabs; from musta'rib "مستعرب" “arabicized” A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish The Muladi (muladí, pl muladíes or muwallad (pl muwalladun or muwalladeen) were Muslims of ethnic The cultural language of Mozarabs continued to be Latin, but as time passed, young Mozarabs studied and even excelled at Arabic. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Due to the Northwards migration of Mozarabs, we can find Arabic placenames in areas where Islamic rule did not last long. With the deepening of Islamization and the advance of the Reconquista, Mozarabic was substituted by either Northern Romances or Arabic depending on the area and century. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period

Documents in Mozarabic (Old Southern Iberian Romance)

Some texts found in manuscripts of poetry in Moslem Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus), although mainly written in Arabic, have however some stanzas in mozarabic (Latino) or in what it seems to be Mozarabic. These are important texts because there are few examples of written Mozarabic language.

In Late Latin and Early romance Roger Wright also makes an analysis of these poetry texts known as kharjas:

Moslem Spain has acquired philological interest for a further reason: the kharjas. These are apparently bilingual (Arabic-Romance) or macaronic final stanzas of some verses in the Hispano-Arabic muwashshaha form discovered in some Arabic and Hebrew manuscripts (. . . ). Analyses of these have been hampered in the past by the belief that we know too little about mozárabe Romance to discuss the "Romance" element on a sound basis; but this is not entirely true. (. . . ) The detailed investigations by Galmés de Fuentes (e. g. 1977, 1980) on later documents and toponyms have established the main features of mozárabe phonology, and many features of its morphology (. . . ). The conclusion seems to be that mozárabe Romance is not particularly different from that of other parts of Iberia.

Sample text (11th century)

Mozarabic: Spanish: Catalan: Portuguese: Latin: Standard Arabic English:

Mio sîdî ïbrâhîm
yâ tú, uemme dolge!
Fente mib
de nohte. Sidi is a masculine title of respect in Western Arabic language and Egyptian Arabic ( Sayyid in other dialects equivalent to
In non, si non keris,
irey-me tib,
gari-me a ob
legar-te.

Mi señor Ibrahim,
¡oh tú, hombre dulce!
Vente a mí
de noche.
Si no, si no quieres,
iréme a ti,
dime a dónde
encontrarte.

El meu senyor Ibrahim,
oh tu, home dolç!
Vine't a mi
de nit.
Si no, si no vols,
aniré'm a tu,
digues-me a on
trobar-te.

Meu senhor Ibrahim,
ó tu, homem doce!
Vem a mim
de noite.
Se não, se não quiseres,
ir-me-ei a ti,
diz-me onde
te encontro.

O domine mi Ibrahim,
o tu, homo dulcis!
Veni mihi
nocte.
Si non, si non vis,
ibo tibi,
dic mihi ubi
te inveniam.

Sīdi ibrāhīm
yā rajulan ħulw!
tacāla ilayya
bil-lail
in kunta lā turīd
saðhabu ana ilayka
qul-li ayna
l-ajidak

My lord Ibrahim,
oh you, sweet man!
Come to me
at night.
If not, if you don't want to,
I will go to you,
tell me where
to find you.

See also

References

External links

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