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A typical multiplex (AMC Promenade 16 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, United States).
A typical multiplex (AMC Promenade 16 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, United States). For other uses see AMC AMC Theatres, officially known as AMC Entertainment Inc Woodland Hills is a district in the City of Los Angeles, California, United States. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
The Snowdon Theatre, Montreal, Quebec
The Snowdon Theatre, Montreal, Quebec
A movie theater in Australia
A movie theater in Australia

A movie theater, movie theatre or cinema is a venue, usually a building, for viewing motion pictures ("movies" or "films"). Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Most movie theaters are commercial operations catering to the general public, who attend by purchasing a ticket. A ticket is a Voucher to indicate that one has paid for Admission to an event or establishment such as a Theatre, Movie theater, Amusement The movie is projected with a movie projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium. This article is concerned with technical aspects of moving film projection Projection screens are installations consisting of blank surface and a support structure used for displaying a projected Image for the view of an audience An auditorium (plural auditoriums, or less commonly auditoria) is the area within a theatre, Concert hall, or other performance space where the Some movie theaters are now equipped for digital cinema projection, removing the need to create and transport a physical film print. Digital cinema refers to the use of Digital technology to distribute and project Motion pictures The final movie can be distributed via This focuses on Motion picture film For Still photography film see Photographic film.

Contents

Spelling and alternative terms

Outside of North America, most English-speaking countries use the term cinema (pronounced /ˈsɪnəmɑ/, but formerly spelt "kinema" and pronounced /ˈkɪnəmɑ/). In these areas the term "theatre" is usually restricted to live-performance venues.

In the United States, the customary spelling is "theater", but the National Association of Theatre Owners uses the spelling "theatre" to refer to a movie theater. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The National Association of Theatre Owners ( NATO) is a trade organization based in the United States whose members are the owners of Movie theaters Most

Colloquial expressions, mostly used for cinemas collectively, include the silver screen, the big screen (contrasted with the "small screen" of television) and (in the United Kingdom) the pictures, the flicks, and the flea pit (which derives from the long-standing belief that the seats were infested with fleas as they were so uncomfortable to sit on, resulting in frequent fidgeting). A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U

A "screening room" usually refers to a small facility for viewing movies, often for the use of those involved in the production of motion pictures, or in large private residences.

History

Many older movie theaters, such as the River Oaks Theatre in Houston, Texas, have been restored and play arthouse movies; newer multiplexes in the areas with restored theaters show first run films.
Many older movie theaters, such as the River Oaks Theatre in Houston, Texas, have been restored and play arthouse movies; newer multiplexes in the areas with restored theaters show first run films. The River Oaks Theatre is a historic Movie theater located at 2009 West Gray Street in Houston, Texas, United States. An Art film (also called an “art cinema” “art movie” or in the U

Before 1900

Noting that the first public exhibition of projected motion pictures in the United States was at Koster & Bials Music Hall on 34th Street in New York City on April 23, 1896, the first "theater" in the US dedicated exclusively to showing motion pictures was Vitascope Hall, established on Canal Street, New Orleans, Louisiana June 26, 1896: it was converted from a vacant store. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Canal Street is a major thoroughfare in the city of New Orleans Louisiana. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana In the basement of the new Ellicott Square Building, Main Street, Buffalo, New York, Mitchell Mark and his brother Moe Mark added what they called Edison’s Vitascope Theater (entered through Edisonia Hall), which they opened to the general public on Monday, 19 October 1896, in collaboration with Rudolph Wagner, who had moved to Buffalo after spending several years working at the Edison laboratories: this 72 seat, plush theater was designed from scratch solely to show motion pictures. The Ellicott Square Building is an office complex in Buffalo New York, USA Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. Mitchell Mark (1868-1918 was an important pioneer and visionary of motion picture exhibition Moe Mark was the brother of Mitchell Mark. Together they opened the first known purpose-built motion picture theater in the world Vitascope Hall aka Vitascope Edisonia Hall was a generic name for exhibition halls that displayed the various inventions of Thomas Alva Edison 's company Rudolf Wagner ( June 30, 1805 - May 13, 1864) was a German Anatomist and Physiologist and the co-discoverer of Terry Ramseye, in his book, A Million and One Nights [p. 276], notes that this “was one of the earliest permanently located and exclusively motion-picture exhibitions. ” According to the Buffalo News (Wednesday, November 2, 1932), "There were seats for about 90 persons (sic) and the admission was three cents. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Feeble, flickering films of travel scenes were the usual fare. " (The true number of seats was 72. )

This November 7, 1897 ad shows the actual programming of Vitascope Theater, one of the first motion picture theaters specially built for that purpose. In its first year, 200,000 people attended. It was in Buffalo, New York. However, during the rest of this period, between 1891-1900, films did not achieve much popularity.
This November 7, 1897 ad shows the actual programming of Vitascope Theater, one of the first motion picture theaters specially built for that purpose. In its first year, 200,000 people attended. It was in Buffalo, New York. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. However, during the rest of this period, between 1891-1900, films did not achieve much popularity. [1]

1900-1919

The first permanent structure designed for screening of movies in the state of California was Tally's Electric Theater, completed in 1902 in Los Angeles. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Thomas Lincoln Tally (1861 &ndash November 24, 1945) on or near April 16, 1902 opened his Electric Theater in Los Angeles, the Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The Great Train Robbery (1903), which was 12 minutes in length, would also give the film industry a boost. The Great Train Robbery is a 1903 western film by Edwin S Porter. The year 1903 in film involved some significant events Events Thomas Edison demolishes "America's First Movie Studio" the Black [2] In 1905, Pittsburgh movie theater owners Harry Davis and John Harris also established the first of what would become a popular form of movie theaters spread throughout the country, which where five-cent nickelodeon movie In 1906, Montreal opened one of the first movie theatres in the world. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting theaters. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one [3] In 1912, the Picture House, in Clevedon, England, opened with a charity film performance to raise funds for the victims of the Titanic disaster, and remains (as the Curzon Community Cinema) in business as of August], 2007 as the oldest continually-operating movie theater in the world. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The Curzon Cinema, in Clevedon, England, is claimed to be the oldest continually-running purpose-built cinema in the world Clevedon is a town in North Somerset, England.The name derives from the Saxon, 'Cleve' meaning Cleave or Cleft and 'don' meaning hill the town being England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The 1913 opening of the Regent Theater in New York City signaled a new respectability for the medium, and the start of the two-decade heyday of American cinema design. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The City of New York The million dollar Mark Strand Theater at 47th Street and Broadway in New York City opened in 1914 by Mitchell Mark was the archetypical movie palace. In 1914 Mitchell Mark opened the Mark Strand Theater at 47th Street and Broadway in New York City. The City of New York Mitchell Mark (1868-1918 was an important pioneer and visionary of motion picture exhibition The ornate Al Ringling Theater was the very first "Movie Palace" it was built in Baraboo, WI by Al Ringling, one of the founders of the Ringling Bros. The Al Ringling Theatre in Baraboo Wisconsin opened its doors in November 1915 and has been operating continuously ever since Circus for the then incredible sum of $100,000. 00. In 1915, the movie The Birth of A Nation would also pave way for feature films. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In the Film industry, a feature film is a Film made for initial distribution in theaters and being the "main attraction" of the screening [4] By 1915, feature films were so successful that the five cent ticket admission prices would expand to ten cents, hence ending the era of nickelodeon movie theaters. [5] Later, Los Angeles promoter Sid Grauman continued the trend of theatre-as-destination with his ornate "Million Dollar Theatre", using the same design firm as Ringling (the MDT was the first to signify its primary use for motion pictures with the "theatre" spelling), and opened on Broadway in downtown Los Angeles in 1918. Sidney Patrick Grauman ( March 17, 1879 Indianapolis Indiana &ndash March 5, 1950) Beverly Hills California was an The Million Dollar Theater on Broadway in downtown Los Angeles is one of the first movie palaces built in the United States Downtown Los Angeles is the Central business district of Los Angeles, California, United States, located close to the geographic center Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

1920 to 1980

In the next ten years, as movie revenues exploded, independent promoters and movie studios (who owned their own proprietary chains until an antitrust ruling in 1948) raced to build the most lavish, elaborate, attractive theatres. These forms morphed into a unique architectural genre—the movie palace—a unique and extreme architectural genre which boasted a lucurious design, a giant screen, and, beginning in 1953, stereophonic sound. Movie palace is an American English Synonym for Movie theater, but nowadays usually used within the USA for the grand cinemas of the 1910s to early Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Stereophonic sound, commonly called stereo, is the reproduction of Sound, using two or more independent audio channels through a Symmetrical The movie chains were also among the first industries to install air conditioning systems which gave the theatres an additional lure of comfort in the summer period. The term air conditioning refers to the cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for Thermal comfort.

Several movie studios achieved vertical integration by acquiring and constructing theatre chains. A movie studio (aka film studio) is in the established sense of the term a company that distributes films. In Microeconomics and Management, the term vertical integration describes a style of Management control. The so-called "Big Five" theatre chains of the 1920s and 1930s were all owned by studios: Paramount, Warner, Loews (which owned Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), Fox, and RKO. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Loews Theatres, aka Loews Incorporated, founded in 1904 by Marcus Loew, was the oldest theater chain operating in North America until it merged with All were broken up as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the 1948 United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. anti-trust case. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. United States v Paramount Pictures, Inc, 334 US 131 ( 1948) (also known as the Hollywood Antitrust Case of 1948, the Paramount

In the 1970s, porn theatres started to have rampant ubiquity in some areas. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. An adult theater is a Movie theater where Pornographic films are shown to an adult audience However, the introduction of the low-cost VHS video system for home televisions has decommissioned many porno cinemas as well as many 'second-run' theatres.

After 1980

People can pay to watch movies at home, through cable television or streamed from the Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org../../../../articles/i/n/t/Internet.html#Streaming_media: pay-per-view (PPV) and video on demand (VOD). The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Pay-per-view (often abbreviated PPV) is the system in which Television viewers can purchase events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event Video on demand ( VOD) or Audio video on demand ( AVOD) systems allow users to select and watch/listen This may have contributed to an industry wide slump in the late 1980s, not to mention the decline of the 'Dollar Cinema' (where first-run films are pulled from circulation). The theater industry responded by building larger auditoriums with stadium seating layouts, installing more screens (to allow for more variety and more show times), upgrading sound systems and installing more amenities and higher-quality concessions. "Stadium seating" can also be used as a synonym for Festival seating. The growing popularity of high-definition television sets, along with HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc players has probably also contibuted to the decline in cinema attendance. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being On February 17, 2009; all US television stations will be broadcast in the digital format. A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for This could also affect US movie theaters.

3D

Sometimes a 3-D film is shown. See also [[stereoscopy]] In film the term 3-D (or 3D) is used to describe any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images Visitors borrow or keep special glasses to watch it. Depending on the system used, these are e. g. polarized glasses. Polarized 3D glasses create the illusion of three-dimensional images by restricting the light that reaches each Eye, an example of Stereoscopy.

Three Dimensional films use a series of lines that simulate depth and using 3-D glasses with red and blue lenses, polarized, and other types. 3-D glasses connect the lines and make the image appear to "pop-out" at the viewer and even follow the viewer when he/she moves so viewers relatively see the same image. Most 3-D films are used in amusement parks and even "4-D" techniques are used when certain effects such as spraying of water, movement of seats, and other effects are used to simulate actions seen on the screen. 3-D films started around the 1990s and hit the industry hard enough to become popular.

Design

Interior of a Hoyts movie theater in Australia, with stadium seating, acoustic wall hangings, wall-mounted speakers, and cup holders.
Interior of a Hoyts movie theater in Australia, with stadium seating, acoustic wall hangings, wall-mounted speakers, and cup holders. The Hoyts Group is an Australian company consisting of Hoyts Exhibition Hoyts Distribution and Val Morgan For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. "Stadium seating" can also be used as a synonym for Festival seating. Architectural acoustics is the science of controlling sound within buildings A curtain (in the US also known as a drape or drapery) is a piece of Cloth intended to block or obscure Light, or Drafts, or For the Marty Friedman album see Loudspeaker (album A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical A cup holder is a device to hold a cup or other drinking vessel

Traditionally a movie theater, like a stage theater, consists of a single auditorium with rows of comfortable seats, as well as a lobby area containing a box office for buying tickets, a counter and/or self-service facilities for buying snacks and drinks, and washrooms. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one A lobby is a Room in a Building which is used for entry from the outside A box office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for Admission to a venue A ticket is a Voucher to indicate that one has paid for Admission to an event or establishment such as a Theatre, Movie theater, Amusement See also Toilet A washroom, public toilet, public convenience, comfort room, toilet room, bathroom, water closet Stage theaters are sometimes converted into movie theatres by placing a screen in front of the stage and adding a projector; this conversion may be permanent, or temporary for purposes such as showing arthouse fare to an audience accustomed to plays. This article is concerned with technical aspects of moving film projection An Art film (also called an “art cinema” “art movie” or in the U The familiar characteristics of relatively low admission and open seating can be traced to Samuel Roxy Rothafel, an early movie theater impresario. Samuel Lionel "Roxy" Rothafel ( 9 July 1882, Stillwater Minnesota - 13 January 1936, New York City) was a showman Impresario, from the Italian impresa an enterprise or undertaking is a traditional term still very much in use in the Entertainment industry for Many of these early theatres contain a balcony, an elevated platform above the theater's rearmost seats. Balcony (from Italian balcone, scaffold cf High German balcho, beam balk probably cognate with Persian term بالكانه The rearward main floor "loge" seats were sometimes larger, softer, and more widely spaced and sold for a higher price.

In conventional low pitch viewing floors the preferred seating arrangement is to use staggered rows. Reserved and free seating Seating arrangements Reserved seating: each seat is reserved for a specific ticket holder While a less efficient use of floor space this allows a somewhat improved sight line between the patrons seated in the next row toward the screen, provided they do not lean toward one another.

"Stadium seating" is employed in many modern theaters, giving patrons a clear sight line over the heads of those seated in front of them. "Stadium seating" can also be used as a synonym for Festival seating. Originally employed for flat-screen IMAX viewing (which has a very tall screen) this feature has proven popular with theatre patrons. IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and The first stadium-style movie theater in the United States was the AMC Grand in Dallas, Texas, which opened in 1995.

Rows of seats are divided by one or more aisles so that there are seldom more than 20 seats in a row. This allows easier access to seating, as the space between rows is very narrow. Depending on the angle of rake of the seats, the aisles have steps. In older theaters, aisle lights were often built into the end seats of each row to help patrons find their way in the dark. Since the advent of stadium theaters with stepped aisles, each step in the aisles may be outlined with small lights to prevent patrons from tripping in the darkened theater. Lighting includes both artificial Light sources such as lamps and natural illumination of interiors from Daylight.

Multiplexes and megaplexes

North America's first two-screen theatre, The Elgin Theatre was created in 1957 by Nat Taylor in Ottawa, Ontario, when he expanded the 20 year old facility. The Elgin Theatre was a historic Movie theatre located at the corner of Lisgar and Elgin Street in Ottawa, Canada. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Taylor is credited as inventor of the multiplex or cineplex, and later founded the Cineplex Odeon Corporation, opening the 18-screen Toronto Eaton Centre Cineplex, the world's largest at the time. Cineplex Odeon Corporation was one of North America 's largest Movie theatre operators with theatres in its home country of Canada and the United The Toronto Eaton Centre is a large Shopping mall and office complex in downtown Toronto, Ontario Canada, named after the now-defunct Eaton's [1]

Stanley Durwood of American Multi-Cinema (now AMC Theatres) pioneered what would become the multiplex in 1963 after realizing that he could operate several attached auditoriums with the same staff needed for one through careful management of the start times for each movie. For other uses see AMC AMC Theatres, officially known as AMC Entertainment Inc

Since that time multiple-screen theatres have become the norm, and many existing venues have been retrofitted so that they have multiple auditoriums. A single lobby is shared among them. In most markets, nearly all single-screen theatres have gone out of business. Because of the late development of multiplexes, the term "cinema" or "theater" may refer either the whole complex or a single auditorium, and sometimes "screen" is used to refer to an auditorium.

A popular movie may be shown on multiple screens at the same multiplex, which reduces the choice of movies but offers more choice of viewing times or a greater number of seats to accommodate patrons. Two or three screens may be created by dividing up an existing cinema (as Durwood did with his Roxy in 1964), but newly built multiplexes usually have at least six to eight screens, and often as many as twelve, fourteen or even sixteen. In these large modern theaters, an electronic display in the ticket hall often shows a list of movies with starting time, auditorium number, admission rating, and whether it is sold out. Sometimes the number of remaining available seats is shown as well. At the entrance of each auditorium there may be a one-line electronic display with the title of the movie. After the movie has started, it can display the title and time of the next scheduled showing.

Although definitions vary, a large multiplex with 20 or more screens is usually called a megaplex. For the fictional character called Megaplex see Megaplex (Transformers. The first megaplex is generally considered to be the Kinepolis in Brussels, Belgium, which opened in 1988 with 25 screens and a seating capacity of 7,500. The Kinepolis Group is a Belgian chain of Movie theatres conceived in 1997 which consist of 21 theatres in Europe Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The first megaplex in the United States was Studio 28 in Grand Rapids, Michigan, which reopened in 1988 with 20 screens and a seating capacity of 6,000. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [2]

IMAX

IMAX is a system using film with more than 10 times the frame size of a 35mm film to produce image quality far superior to conventional film. IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its IMAX theaters use an oversized screen as well as special projectors. The first permanent IMAX theater was at Ontario Place in Toronto, Ontario. Ontario Place is a multiple use entertainment and seasonal amusement park in Toronto, Ontario and owned by the Province of Ontario. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario

Drive-in

A drive-in movie theatre is basically an outdoor parking area with a screen at one end and a projection booth at the other. A drive-in theater is a form of cinema structure consisting of a large outdoor screen a projection booth a Concession stand and a large parking area for automobiles Moviegoers drive into the parking spaces which are sometimes sloped upwards at the front to give a more direct view of the movie screen. Movies are usually viewed through the car windscreen (windshield) although some people prefer to sit on the hood of the car. Sound is either provided through portable loudspeakers located by each parking space, or is broadcast on an FM radio frequency, to be played through the car's stereo system. For the Marty Friedman album see Loudspeaker (album A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical Because of their outdoor nature, drive-ins usually only operate seasonally, and after sunset. Drive-in movie theatres are mainly found in the United States, where they were especially popular in the 1950s and 1960s. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Once numbering in the thousands, about 400 remain in the U. S. today. In some cases, multiplex or megaplex theatres were built on the sites of former drive-in theatres.

Other venues

Some outdoor movie theatres are just cleared areas where the audience sits upon chairs or blankets and watch the movie on a temporary screen, or even the wall of a convenient building. There is a nice outdoor cinema along the seafront in Monte Carlo, Monaco.

In the late 1990s, student organizations in universities and schools started to show movies in auditoriums equipped with multimedia projectors. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Before the ubiquity of classic and modern films in DVD and VHS formats, student groups at large universities often sponsored screenings of films on 16 mm projectors in lecture halls as a way to raise money. Many small colleges also had student-run film groups that projected 16 mm films on a regular basis to students.

Some alternative methods of showing movies have been popular in the past. In the 1980s the introduction of VHS cassettes made possible video-salons, small rooms where visitors viewed the film on a large TV. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. These establishments were especially popular in the Soviet Union, where official distribution companies were slow to adapt to changing demand, and so movie theatres could not show popular Hollywood and Asian films. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Asian cinema refers to the film industries and films produced in the continent of Asia.

Movies are also commonly shown on airliners in flight, using large screens in each cabin or smaller screens for each group of rows or each individual seat; the airline company sometimes charges a fee for the headphones needed to hear the movie's sound. An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers An airline provides air transport services for Passengers or Freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license Headphones (also known as earphones, earbuds, stereophones, headsets) are a pair of small Loudspeakers or less commonly a single Movies are sometimes also shown on trains, such as the Auto Train. A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another Auto Train is an long scheduled train service for passengers and their automobiles operated by Amtrak between Lorton Virginia (near Washington D

The smallest purpose-built cinema in operation is the Cinema dei Piccoli in Villa Borghese, Rome, Italy. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Cinema dei Piccoli was built by Alfredo Annibali in 1934 in the park of Villa Borghese, and today covers an area of 71. 52 sq. m (769. 83 sq. ft). Originally called the Topolino Cinema (after Mickey Mouse), the movie theatre used a Path-Baby 9. 5 mm movie projector, bed sheets for the screen and played 78's for background music. Restored in 1991, the cinema now has 63 seats, a 5 x 2. 5 m (16. 4 x 8. 2 ft) screen, stereo sound and air conditioning. It is mentioned in the Guinness Book of Records. Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records (and in previous U

Programming

Movie theaters may be classified by the type of movies or when they are shown:

Presentation

Usually an admission is for one feature film. In the Film industry, a feature film is a Film made for initial distribution in theaters and being the "main attraction" of the screening Sometimes two feature films are sold as one admission (double feature), with a break in between. Separate admission for a short subject is rare; it is either an extra before a feature film or part of a series of short subjects sold as one admission (this mainly occurs at film festivals). Short subject is a format description originally coined in the North American Film industry in the early period of cinema. (See also anthology film). An anthology film, or omnibus film or portmanteau film is a Film consisting of several different short films often tied together by only a single theme

Historically, many movie theatres presented a number of shorter items in addition to the feature film. This might include a newsreel, live-action comedy short films, documentary short films, musical short films, and/or cartoon shorts (many classic cartoons series such as the Looney Tunes and Mickey Mouse shorts were created for this purpose). A newsreel is a Documentary film that is regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed News stories Short subject is a format description originally coined in the North American Film industry in the early period of cinema. An animated cartoon is a short hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn Film for the cinema, Television or computer Looney Tunes is a Warner Bros Animated cartoon series which ran in many movie theatres from 1930 to 1969 Mickey Mouse is a comic animal Cartoon character who has become an icon for The Walt Disney Company. Some theatres ran on continuous showings, where the same items would repeat throughout the day, with patrons arriving and departing at any time rather than having distinct entrance and exit cycles. Newsreels gradually became obsolete by the 1960s with the rise of television news, and most material now shown prior to a feature film is of a commercial or promotional nature.

A typical modern theatre presents commercial advertising shorts, then movie trailers, and then the feature film. A television advertisement or television commercial (often just commercial or advert (US or ad (UK is a span of television programming produced Advertised start times are usually for the entire program or session, not the feature itself. [6]

Thus people who want to avoid commercials might want to enter later, and those who want to avoid the trailers, again later. This is easiest and causes the least inconvenience when it is not crowded, and/or one is not very choosy about where one wants to sit. If one has a ticket for a specific seat (see below) one is formally assured of that, but it is still inconvenient and disturbing to find and claim it during the commercials and trailers, unless it is near an aisle.

Some movie theaters have some kind of break during the presentation. An intermission or interval is a break between two parts of performances or sessions in events such as a theatrical play, Opera or musical concert There may also be a break between the introductory material and the feature. Some countries such as the Netherlands have a tradition of incorporating an intermission in regular feature presentations, though many theaters have now abandoned that tradition [7], while in North America this is very rare, and usually limited to special circumstances involving extremely long movies. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

During the closing credits many people leave, some stay till the end. Closing credits, inside a Motion picture or Television program come at the end of a movie or show and list all the cast and crew involved in the production Usually the lights are switched on after the credits, sometimes already during them. Some films show additional scenes while the credits are rolling. In multiplexes, theater chains often feature a continuous PowerPoint-like presentation of slides between showings featuring a loop of movie trivia, promotional material for the theater chains (such as encouraging patrons to purchase gift certificates or buy concessions), or advertising for local and national businesses. Microsoft PowerPoint is a proprietary Presentation program developed by Microsoft. Scrip is any Substitute for Currency which is not Legal tender and is often a form of credit.

Some theatres, if projection is well-equipped, have the ability to interlock, which is where one film print runs through two projectors at the same time. Once the film is threaded and loaded in the first projector, the projectionist threads the film on multiple rings that surround the nearest wall that will designate to the projector that is closer, but both projectors must be programmed in similar format to allow both projectors to run the single print at the same time. This practice is most common with blockbuster movies in the summer and sometimes winter. Pacific Theatres is one theater circuit that does this. Pacific Theatres is a chain of movie theaters in the Los Angeles area of California.

Live broadcasting to movie theaters

Sometimes movie theaters provide digital projection of a live broadcast of a performance or other event. For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit For example, there are regular live broadcasts to movie theaters of Metropolitan Opera performanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org../../../../articles/m/e/t/Metropolitan_Opera_386b.html#Met_broadcasts_to_movie_theaters, with additionally limited repeat showings. The Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880 is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera.

Pricing and admission

In order to obtain admission to a movie theater, the prospective theater-goer must usually purchase a ticket, which may be for an arbitrary seat ("open" or "free" seating, first-come, first-served) or for a specific one. Admission to a journey or other event or establishment may be subject to paying an entrance fee / buying a ticket. A ticket is a Voucher to indicate that one has paid for Admission to an event or establishment such as a Theatre, Movie theater, Amusement Movie theaters in North America generally have open seating. Movie theaters in Europe can have free seating or numbered seating. Also some theatres in Mexico offer numbered seating, in particular, Cinepolis VIP. In the case of numbered seating systems the attendee can often pick seats from a screen; sometimes the attendee cannot see the screen and has to make a choice based on what the cashier tells about the still available seats.

In the case of free seats, already seated customers may be forced by staff to move one or more places for the benefit of an arriving couple or group wanting to sit together.

The price of a ticket may be discounted during off-peak times e. g. for matinées, and higher at busy times, typically evenings and/or weekends. In Canada, when this practice is used, it is traditional to offer the lower prices for Tuesday for all showings, one of the slowest days of the week in the movie theatre business, which has led to the nickname "cheap Tuesday. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page " Almost all movie theaters employ economic price discrimination: tickets for youth, students, and seniors are typically cheaper. Price discrimination exists when sales of identical goods or services are transacted at different Prices from the same provider Large theater chains, such as AMC Theaters, also own smaller theaters that show "second runs" of popular films, at reduced ticket prices.

Some movie theaters and chains sell passes for unlimited entrance. Some examples:

Note that in Thailand there is the restriction of one viewing per movie, while in the Netherlands one can see any movie as many times as one wants. SF Group is a movie-theater and entertainment-leisure venue operator in Thailand.

Luxury Screens

Cinemas in city centres are increasingly offering luxury seating with services like complimentary refills of soft drinks and popcorn, a bar, reclining leather seats and service bells. Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or Popcorn or popping corn is a type of corn which explodes from the kernel and puffs up when heated Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process The Vue Cinema chain is a good example of a large-scale offering such a service, called "Gold Class". Vue is a cinema company in Ireland and the UK. The company was formed in May 2003 when SBC International Cinemas bought Warner Village

Age restrictions

Admission to a movie may also be restricted by a motion picture rating system. A motion picture rating system categorizes films with regard to suitability for audiences in terms of issues such as sex violence substance abuse profanity impudence or other types According to such systems, children or teenagers below a certain age may be forbidden access to theaters showing certain movies, or only admitted when accompanied by a parent or other adult. In some jurisdictions a rating may legally impose this on movie theaters. Furthermore, where movie theaters do not have this legal obligation, they may enforce restrictions on their own.

Accordingly, a movie theater may either not be allowed to program an unrated film, or voluntarily refrain from that. In the US many mainstream movie theaters do not even show movies rated NC-17 ("No one 17 and under admitted"). The Motion Picture Association of America's film-rating system is used in the U Often, instead, an edited R-rated version ("Restricted. Persons under 17 are not admitted unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian. ") is shown.

Ticket check; movie hopping

In some movie theater complexes, the theaters are arranged such that tickets are checked at the entrance into the entire plaza, rather than before each theater. This has led to movie hopping, also called theater hopping and plexing, the practice of buying a ticket for one film and illicitly attending additional showings within the complex without buying the required tickets. Younger patrons may also use this practice to enter auditoriums showing age-restricted movies.

At a theater with a sold-out show there is often an additional ticket check, to make sure that everybody with a ticket for that show can find a seat.

The lobby may be before or after the ticket check, see below.

Revenue

Movie studios/film distributors in the U. A movie studio (aka film studio) is in the established sense of the term a company that distributes films. A film distributor is an independent company a Subsidiary company or occasionally an individual which acts as the final agent between a film production company S. traditionally drive hard bargains entitling them to as much as 70% of the gross ticket revenue during the first week (and then the balance changes in 10% increments per week from there). [8] See also box office. A box office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for Admission to a venue

Movie theater culture

Movie theaters are associated with dating, popcorn and expensive treats. Popcorn or popping corn is a type of corn which explodes from the kernel and puffs up when heated It is rather common that people throw and leave their garbage on the floor in a movie theater, as opposed to the cultural standard of cleaning up after oneself.

Intimacy

Sometimes couples go to a movie theater for the additional reason that it provides the possibility of some physical intimacy, where the dark provides some privacy (with additional privacy in the back-row), i. Physical intimacy is sensual proximity and/or touching It can be enjoyed by itself and/or be an expression of Feelings (such as close Friendship e. , the same amount of intimacy is a lesser form of public display of affection. A public display of affection (sometimes abbreviated PDA) is the physical demonstration of affection for another person while in the view of others This applies in particular for young people who still live with their parents, and these parents tend to monitor and/or forbid certain activities, and in the case of other social or even legal problems with public displays of affection. Compared with being together in a room without other people, it may also be reassuring for one or both of the couple (and for parents) that the intimacy is necessarily limited.

Arm rests pose a hindrance to intimacy for some people. A chair is a kind of Furniture for Sitting, consisting of a back and sometimes arm rests commonly for use by one person Some theaters have love seats: seats for two without an armrest in the middle. The most modern theaters have movable armrests throughout the theater that when down can hold a food container as well as act as an armrest or partition between the seats and when up allow closer contact between the couple. Some theaters such as the Parkway in Oakland, California have sofas for greater comfort. Speakeasy Theaters is an independent Movie theater operator Currently they operate two theaters the Parkway theater in Oakland, CA and the Cerrito Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U [9]

Lobby, food and drinks

Movie theaters usually sell various snack foods and drinks on concession stands. A snack food (commonly called a snack) is seen in Western culture as a type of food not meant to be eaten as a main Meal of the day – Breakfast Concession stand is the term used to refer to a place where Patrons can purchase Snacks or Food at a cinema, Fair, Stadium There may be a counter, self-service where one pays at the counter, and/or coin-operated machines. Sometimes the area of sale is more like a self-service shop than a lobby (it is not suitable for consuming the goods), and one pays at the check-out between the shop and the area with the screens.

The facilities for buying snacks and drinks often represent the theater's primary source of profit since most of the ticket revenue goes to the film distributor (and onward to the movie studio). Some movie theaters forbid eating and drinking inside the viewing room (restricting such activities to the lobby), while others encourage it by fitting cup holders on the arm rests (on the front side of the arm rests of one's own chair, or the back side of the arm rests in front) and selling large portions of popcorn; also in that case bringing one's own food and drinks may be forbidden. A cup holder is a device to hold a cup or other drinking vessel Popcorn or popping corn is a type of corn which explodes from the kernel and puffs up when heated Concessions is currently a huge area of expansion with many companies in the U. S. offering a wider range of snacks, including hot dogs and nachos. A hot dog is a type of fully-cooked cured and/or smoked moist Sausage of soft even texture and flavor The noise of people eating, including the opening of wrappers, is frowned upon by some moviegoers.

Many theaters have embraced the "brew and view" concept, serving alcoholic beverages, in addition to snacks and popcorn. Some movie theaters such as the Alamo Drafthouse offer full restaurant service at one's seat, though this is not as widespread. The Alamo Drafthouse Cinema is an American cinema chain founded in 1997 in Austin, Texas, United States. McMenamins is a chain of restaurant/brewpub establishments in the U. McMenamins Pubs and Breweries is a chain of over fifty Brewpubs, Microbreweries, music venues historic hotels and theater pubs A restaurant is a retail establishment that serves prepared Food to Customers. A microbrewery, or craft brewery, is a modern Brewery which produces a limited amount of beer usually with an orientation toward distinctive and flavorful products S. states of Oregon and Washington, many of which have full movie theaters. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

The lobby may be before or after the ticket check. If it is after, sometimes entrance to the lobby is restricted to a specific time, such as half an hour before the movie starts.

It is quite common for the lobby to include an arcade game area. An arcade game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in businesses such as Restaurants Pubs Video arcades and Family Entertainment

Sometimes movie going teenagers throw various foodstuffs — most notably popcorn — at each other, though sometimes at other moviegoers. Popcorn or popping corn is a type of corn which explodes from the kernel and puffs up when heated This is frowned upon by management. In Ireland, mobile phones have also been banned in all cinemas, with some going to the extreme of installing equipment that blocks mobile phone signals.

Business practice controversies

You are not permitted to use any camera or recording equipment in this cinema. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This will be treated as an attempt to breach copyright. Any person doing so can be ejected and such articles may be confiscated by the police. We ask the audience to be vigilant against any such activity and report any matters arousing suspicion to cinema staff. Thank you.
Some theaters (including those with IMAX stadiums) have detectors at the doors to pick up recording smugglers.

Movie theatres and chains

Main article: List of movie theaters and cinema chains

See also

References

  1. ^ Vitascope Hall
  2. ^ http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0040-165X(199301)34%3A1%3C166%3ABTNESP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L
  3. ^ Edison Film Production - Nickelodeons
  4. ^ MJ Movie Reviews - Birth of a Nation, The (1915) by Dan DeVore
  5. ^ The Nickelodeon's history
  6. ^ "The love and loathing of cinema ads", BBC News website, 23 February 2005
  7. ^ BoomChicago.nl website
  8. ^ Darren Filson, David Switzer and Portia Besocke, "At the movies: the economics of exhibition contracts," Economic Inquiry 43, no. This is a list of Movie theaters and cinema chains. North America United States AMC Entertainment Inc - 304 theaters 4437 screens A film screening is the displaying of a Film, as part of its production and release cycle before it is widely released to Movie theaters In general "screening" Fictional film or narrative film is film that tells a Fictional story or Narrative. Home cinema, also called home theater, are entertainment systems that seek to reproduce cinema quality video and audio in a private home An inflatable movie screen is an inflatable framework with an attached screen surface This list of Film formats catalogues formats developed for shooting or viewing Motion pictures, ranging from the Chronophotographe format from 1888 to mid-20th century Movie palace is an American English Synonym for Movie theater, but nowadays usually used within the USA for the grand cinemas of the 1910s to early For the Nickelodeon Theatre in Columbia, SC, see the page on the Columbia Film Society. 51, Multichannel audio, Multichannel music Surround 3D Surround 5 THX is a trade name of a high-fidelity sound reproduction standard for movie theaters screening rooms home theaters computer speakers gaming consoles and car audio systems 2 (April 2005): 354-370.
  9. ^ The Parkway Speakeasy Theater: interior photo with sofas

External links

Dictionary

movie theater

-noun

  1. (US) A building where movies are shown to an audience; a cinema.
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