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The Mouride brotherhood (Muride brotherhood in Wolof, الطريقة المريدية, Aṭ-Ṭarīqat al-Murīdiyya or simply مريدية, Murīdiyya in Arabic) is a large Islamic Sufi order most prominent in Senegal and The Gambia, with headquarters in the holy city of Touba, Senegal. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Caliph Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Qur'an Text Surahs ** Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam children's duties towards their parents and parent's rights over their children both males and females Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam Hinduism and Islam, from the of arrival of the Arabs as far back as the eighth century AD has had a checkered history Islam and Jainism came in close contact with each other following the Islamic conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Touba ( Arabic Ṭūbā "Felicity" is a city in central Senegal The followers are called Mourides, from the Arabic word murīd (literally "one who desires"), a term used generally in Sufism to designate a disciple of a spiritual guide. The beliefs and practices of the Mourides constitute Mouridism.
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History
Amadou Bamba
The Mouride brotherhood was founded in 1883 in Senegal by Shaykh Aḥmadu Bàmba Mbàkke, commonly known as Amadou Bamba (1850-1927). Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Ahmadou Bamba, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Mbacké (1853-1927 ( Aamadu Bàmba Mbàkke in Wolof, Shaykh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb Allāh In Arabic he is known as Aḥmad ibn Muhammad ibn Habīb Allāh, or Khadīmu r-Rasūl, "Servant of the Prophet". Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language In the Wolof language he is called Sëriñ Tuubaa, "Holy Man of Touba". He was born in the village of Mbacké in the Kingdom of Baol, the son of a marabout from the Qadiriyya brotherhood, the oldest of the muslim brotherhoods in Senegal. Mbacké is a city in central Senegal, located east of Dakar. It is the capital of an administrative department in the Diourbel region The Kingdom of Baol or Bawol in central Senegal was one of the kingdoms that arose from the split-up of the Empire of Jolof (Diolof in 1555 Qadiriyyah ( Arabic: القادريه, Turkish: Kadirilik) (also Transliterated Kadri, Elkadry, Kadray Tariqah ( ar طريقه; pl طرق; Ṭuruq or Persian: Tarighat, Turkish: Tarikat) means "way" This is a list of Muslim groups in Senegal (and also The Gambia)
Amadou Bamba was a Muslim mystic and ascetic marabout, a spiritual leader who wrote tracts on meditation, rituals, work, and Qur'anic study. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. A marabout (مَربوط or مُرابِط, one who is attached/garrisoned) is an Islamic religious leader and teacher in West Africa, and (historically Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Tafsir ( Arabic: تفسير, tafsīr, "interpretation" is the Arabic word for Exegesis He is perhaps best known for his emphasis on work, and his disciples are known for their industriousness. Although he did not support the French conquest of West Africa he did not wage outright war on them, as several prominent Tijaan marabouts had done. French West Africa ( Afrique occidentale française, AOF) was a Federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. The Tijāniyyah ( Arabic: الطريقة التجانية, Transliterated: Al-Ṭarīqah al-Tijāniyyah, or "The Tijānī Path" is He taught, instead, what he called the jihād al-'akbar or "greater struggle," which fought not through weapons but through learning and fear of God. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity.
Bamba's followers call him a "renewer" (mujaddid in Arabic) of Islam. A Mujaddid (مجدد in Islamic tradition refers to a person who Muslims believe is sent by God in the first half of every century of the Islamic For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Bamba's fame spread through his followers, and people joined him to receive the salvation that he promised. In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of Salvation, he said, comes through submission to the marabout and hard work, a departure from conventional Islamic teaching. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
There is only one surviving photograph of Amadou Bamba, in which he wears a flowing white robe and his face is mostly covered by a scarf. This picture is venerated and reproduced in paintings on walls, buses, taxis, etc. all over modern-day Senegal. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa.
French colonial rule
At the time of the foundation of the Mouride brotherhood in 1883 the French were in control of Senegal and most of West and North Africa, as their empire continued to expand. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world Though it had shared in the horrors of the pre-colonial slave trade, French West Africa was managed relatively better than other African regions of the colonial era, enjoying small measures of self-rule in many areas. The full history of West Africa can be divided into five major periods Its prehistory in which the first human settlers arrived agriculture developed and contact French West Africa ( Afrique occidentale française, AOF) was a Federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism However, French rule still discouraged the development of local industry, preferring to force the exchange of raw materials for European finished goods, and a large number of taxation measures were instituted.
At the end of the 19th Century the French colonial rule began to worry about the growing power of the Mouride brotherhood and their potential to wage war against them. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Bamba had converted various kings and their followers and probably could have raised an army if he had wanted. The French sentenced him to exile in Gabon (1895-1902) and later in Mauritania (1903-1907). Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year However, these exiles fired legends about Bamba's miraculous survival of torture, deprivation, and attempted executions, and thousands more flocked to his organization. For example, on the ship to Gabon, forbidden from praying, Bamba is said to have broken his leg-irons, leapt overboard into the ocean, and prayed on a prayer rug that miraculously appeared on the surface of the water. Or, when the French put him in a furnace, he simply sat down in it and drank tea with Muhammad. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics In a den of hungry lions, the lions slept beside him.
By 1910, the French realized that Bamba was not waging war against them, and was in fact quite cooperative. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Mouride doctrine of hard work served French economic interests. After World war I Amadou Bamba was awarded the prestigious French Légion d'honneur for his help in recruiting soldiers from West Africa for the war. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Mouride brotherhood was allowed to grow and in 1926 Bamba began work for the great mosque at Touba where he would be buried one year later. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Touba ( Arabic Ṭūbā "Felicity" is a city in central Senegal
Mouride brotherhood
_2006.JPG/225px-Touba_(senegal)_2006.JPG)
Leadership
Amadou Bamba was buried in 1927 at the great mosque in Touba, the holy city of Mouridism and the heart of the Mouride movement. Ahmadou Bamba, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Mbacké (1853-1927 ( Aamadu Bàmba Mbàkke in Wolof, Shaykh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb Allāh Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Touba ( Arabic Ṭūbā "Felicity" is a city in central Senegal After his death Bamba has been succeeded by his descendants as hereditary leaders of the brotherhood with absolute authority over the followers. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history The leader (caliph) of the Mouride brotherhood is known as the Grand Marabout and has his seat in Touba. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah The caliphs up to Saliou have all been sons of Bamba, starting with his oldest son:
- Serigne Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacké (1927)
- Serigne Mouhamadou Fallilou Mbacké (1945)
- Serigne Abdoul Ahad Mbacké, (1968)
- Serigne Abdou Khadre Mbacké, (1989)
- Serigne Saliou Mbacke (born in 1918), caliph from 1990 until his death on 28 December 2007
- Serigne Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacke, current caliph and first grandson of the Ahmadou Bamba to become caliph
The Grand Marabout is a direct descendant of Amadou Bamba himself and is considered the spiritual leader of all Mourides. Serigne Saliou Mbacké (May 1915 &ndash December 28, 2007) was the Grand Marabout of the Mouride movement in Senegal. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Serigne Saliou Mbacké (May 1915 &ndash December 28, 2007) was the Grand Marabout of the Mouride movement in Senegal. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common El Hadji Serigne Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacké, or Shaykh Bara Mbacké (born 1925 is the Grand Marabout of the Mouride movement in Senegal There is a descending hierarchy of lower-rank marabouts, each with a regional following. A marabout (مَربوط or مُرابِط, one who is attached/garrisoned) is an Islamic religious leader and teacher in West Africa, and (historically
Mouride beliefs
Amadou Bamba is considered a "renewer" (mujaddid in Arabic) of Islam by his followers, citing a hadith that implies that God will send renewers of the faith every 100 years. A Mujaddid (مجدد in Islamic tradition refers to a person who Muslims believe is sent by God in the first half of every century of the Islamic For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic The members of all the Senegalese brotherhoods claim that their founders were such renewers. This is a list of Muslim groups in Senegal (and also The Gambia) The Mouride beliefs are based on Qur'anic and Sufi traditions and influenced by the Qadiriyya and Tijaan brotherhoods, as well as the Islamic scholar Al-Ghazali. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Qadiriyyah ( Arabic: القادريه, Turkish: Kadirilik) (also Transliterated Kadri, Elkadry, Kadray The Tijāniyyah ( Arabic: الطريقة التجانية, Transliterated: Al-Ṭarīqah al-Tijāniyyah, or "The Tijānī Path" is For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died
Mourides sometimes call their order the "Way of Imitation of the Prophet". Parents sometimes send their sons to live with the marabout as Talibes rather than giving them a conventional education. In parts of urban West Africa Talibes (or Talibé, Arabic for students) are religious students or followers of specific religious sect or These boys receive Islamic training and are instilled with the doctrine of hard work. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [1]
Some Muslims consider the Mourides' extreme adulation of Amadou Bamba, and his lineage of successors, to be blasphemous, claiming the latter gets more attention than the Prophet Muhammad, and that Touba is ranked over Mecca. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Touba ( Arabic Ṭūbā "Felicity" is a city in central Senegal Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored [2]
Modern following
Senegal
Because of their emphasis on work the Mouride brotherhood is economically well-established in parts of Africa, especially in Senegal and The Gambia. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. In Senegal the brotherhood controls significant sections of the nation's economy, for example the transportation sector and the peanut plantations. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico Ordinary followers donate part of their income to the Mouridiya.
The Mouride brotherhood has been courted by Senegalese politicians over the years. Recent prominent Mourides include Abdoulaye Wade who is the current president of Senegal and a devout Mouride. Abdoulaye Wade (born May 29 1926 is the third and current President of Senegal, in office since 2000 The day after his election in 2000 Wade travelled to Touba to seek the blessing of the Grand Marabout, Serigne Saliou Mbacke. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Serigne Saliou Mbacké (May 1915 &ndash December 28, 2007) was the Grand Marabout of the Mouride movement in Senegal.
- Further information: Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal and Islam in Senegal
Influence outside Senegal
The brotherhood has a sizeable representation in certain large cities in Europe and the United States. This is a list of Muslim groups in Senegal (and also The Gambia) Islam is the predominant religion in Senegal. Ninety-four percent of the country's population is estimated to be Muslim The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Most of these cities with a large Senegalese immigrant population have a Keur Serigne Touba (Residence of the Master of Touba), a seat for the community which accommodates meetings and prayers while also being used as a provisional residence for newcomers. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term In Paris and New York City, a large number of the Mouride followers are small street merchants. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The City of New York They send large sums of money back to the brotherhood leaders in Touba.
In 2004 Senegalese musician Youssou N'Dour released his Grammy Award winning album Egypt, which documents his Mouride beliefs and retells the story of Amadou Bamba and the Mouridiya. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Youssou N'Dour (jusun̩ˈduːʀ (born October 1, 1959 in Dakar) is a Senegalese Singer and Percussionist. The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album was first awarded in 2004 alongside the award for Best Traditional World Music Album. Egypt is a Grammy Award winning album by Senegalese musician Youssou N'Dour, on which he is accompanied by the Egyptian Fathy Salama Orchestra
Baye Fall
One famous disciple of Bamba, Ibra Fall, was known for his dedication to God, and considered work as a form of adoration. Sheikh Ibrahima Fall (1855–1930 was a disciple of Sheikh Aamadu Bàmba Mbàkke, founder of the Mouride Brotherhood movement in West Africa Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' Amadou Bamba finally decided that Ibra Fall should show his dedication to God purely through manual labor. Ibra Fall founded a sub-group of the Mouride brotherhood called the Baye Fall (Baay Faal in Wolof), many of whom substitute hard labor and dedication to their marabout for the usual Muslim pieties like prayer and fasting. A marabout (مَربوط or مُرابِط, one who is attached/garrisoned) is an Islamic religious leader and teacher in West Africa, and (historically A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence.
Sheikh Ibrahima Fall was one of the first of Amadou Bamba’s disciples and one of the most illustrious[3]. He catalysed the Mouride movement and led all the labour work in the Mouride brotherhood. Fall reshaped the relation between Mouride Talibes (Mouride disciples) and their guide, Amadou Bamba. In parts of urban West Africa Talibes (or Talibé, Arabic for students) are religious students or followers of specific religious sect or Fall instituted the culture of work among Mourides with his concept of Dieuf Dieul, (“you reap what you sow”). [4] Ibra Fall helped Sheikh Amadou Bamba to expand Mouridism, in particular with Fall’s establishment of the Baye Fall movement. For this contribution, Serigne Fallou, the 2nd Caliph after Amadou Bamba, named him “Lamp Fall" (the light of Mouridism)[5]. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah In addition, Ibrahima Fall earned the title of Babul Mouridina, "the entrance in Mouridism. "
The members of the Baye Fall dress in colorful ragged clothes, wear their hair in dreadlocks which are called ndiange or 'strong hair' , carry clubs, and act as security guards in the annual Grand Magal pilgrimages to Touba. Dreadlocks, also called locks or dreads, are interlocked coils of Hair which form by themselves in all hair types if the hair is allowed to grow naturally Baye Fall are unusual in that some of them freely drink alcohol and smoke cannabis, things forbidden by orthodox Islam and in the city of Touba as well. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Cannabis ( Cán-na-bis) is a Genus of Flowering plants that includes three putative species Cannabis sativa subsp For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. In modern times the hard labor is often replaced by members roaming the streets asking for financial donations for their marabout. A marabout (مَربوط or مُرابِط, one who is attached/garrisoned) is an Islamic religious leader and teacher in West Africa, and (historically They are very noticeable, and somewhat pushy, features of Senegalese society. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. A prominent member of the Baye Fall is the Senegalese Musician Cheikh Lo. Cheikh N'Digel Lô is a Senegalese musician He was born in the town of Bobo Dioulasso in Burkina Faso.
References
Notes
- ^ www.worldtrek.org
- ^ Mourides Celebrate 19 Years in North America By Ayesha Attah. The African Magazine. (n. d. ) Retrieved 2007-11-13.
- ^ Savishinsky, J. N. (1994) The Baye Fall of Senegambia: Muslim Rastas in the Promised Land? Africa: Journal International African Institute, 64, 211-219
- ^ Les origines de Cheikh Ibra Fall (2000, December). Touba’, Bimestriel Islamique d’Informations Générales. Retrieved May 25, 2007 from http://www.metissacana.sn/sites/touba/fall.html
- ^ Ngom, F. (2002) Linguistic Resistance in the Murid speech community. Retrieved June 14, 2007 from http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/023/0214/jmmd0230214.pdf
Sources
- Coulon, Christian (1981) Le Marabout et le Prince: Islam et Pouvoir au Senegal A. Pedone, Paris, ISBN 2-233-00100-1
- Coulon, Christian. The Grand Magal in Touba: A Religious Festival of the Mouride Brotherhood of Senegal, in African Affairs, Vol. 98, No. 391 (Apr. , 1999), pp. 195-210.
- Villalón, Leonardo Alfonso (1995) Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 0-521-46007-7
- Ukrainian Immigrants in Touba. travelblog. org, November 10th 2007, retrieved 2007-11-13.
- Thiam, Cheikh (2005) MOURIDISM: A LOCAL RE-INVENTION OF THE MODERN SENEGALESE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORDER in West Africa Review, Issue 8 (2005), ISSN: 1525-4488.
- Mecca too far? Senegalese Muslims head for Touba By Daniel Flynn, Reuters. Mon Mar 12, 2007.
- Industrious Senegal Muslims Run a 'Vatican' By NORIMITSU ONISHI, New York Times Published: May 2, 2002, retrieved 2007-11-13.
- A song and a prayer. by Mark Hudson Interview and portrait of Youssou N'Dour, The Observer. Youssou N'Dour (jusun̩ˈduːʀ (born October 1, 1959 in Dakar) is a Senegalese Singer and Percussionist. The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The Sunday May 23, 2004.
On Touba: "And to the orthodox fundamentalist it's utter heresy. Bringing bin Laden here would be like taking Ian Paisley to the Mexican Day of the Dead. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Ian Richard Kyle Paisley (born 6 April 1926 styled The Rt Hon The " - Profiting from One's Prayers, by Joel Millman, Forbes Magazine, 1996. Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly
- Inside the Holy City of Touba, by Kabiru A. Yusuf. The Weekly Trust (Kaduna, Nigeria), May 8, 2000.
- This article incorporates information from the French and German wikipedia articles on this subject.
External links
- Article on Shaykh Ahmadou Bamba as Peacemaker
- A modest tribute from Tidjani Négadi (Oran University, Algeria)
See also
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