Mountaineering is the sport, hobby or profession of walking, hiking, trekking and climbing up mountains. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively A hobby is a spare-time Recreational pursuit Etymology A Hobby horse is a wooden or Wickerwork toy made to be The term profession is applied to those persons who have specialized and technical skill or knowledge which they apply for a fee to certain tasks that ordinary and unqualified people cannot Walking (also called ambulation) is the main form of Animal Locomotion on land, distinguished from Running and crawling The word 'hiking' is understood in all English-speaking countries but there are differences in usage The word 'hiking' is understood in all English-speaking countries but there are differences in usage UserStan Shebs for a timetable --> Climbing is the activity of using one's hands and feet (or A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak It is also sometimes known as alpinism, particularly in Europe. While it began as an all-out attempt to reach the highest point of unclimbed mountains, it has branched into specializations addressing different aspects of mountains and may now be said to consist of three aspects: rock-craft, snow-craft and skiing, depending on whether the route chosen is over rock, snow or ice. In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. Ice is a Solid phase, usually crystalline, of a Non-metalic substance that is liquid or gas at Room temperature, such as Ammonia All require great athletic and technical ability, and experience is also very important.

Contents 1 Technique 1.1 Snow 1.2 Glaciers 1.3 Ice 2 Shelter 2.1 Base Camp 2.2 Hut 2.3 Bivouac (Bivy) 2.4 Tent 2.5 Snow cave 3 Hazards 3.1 Falling rocks 3.2 Falling ice 3.3 Falls from rocks 3.4 Avalanches 3.5 Ice slopes 3.6 Snow slopes 3.7 Crevasses 3.8 Weather 3.9 Altitude 4 Locations 5 History 6 Further reading 7 See also 8 External links 9 References

Technique

Snow

While certain compacted snow conditions allow mountaineers to progress on foot, typically some form of mechanical device is required to travel efficiently over snow and ice. Crampons are devices having 10-12 spikes that are attached to a mountaineer's boots, are used on hard snow (neve) and ice to provide additional traction and allow very steep ascents and descents. Crampons are outdoor footwear that are made from spikes and are worn on boots to provide traction on snow and Ice. There are many different varieties, ranging from lightweight aluminum models intended for walking on glaciers to aggressive steel models intended for vertical and overhanging ice and rock. Snowshoes can be used to walk through deep snow approaching the mountain or on lesser slopes up the mountain. Development of snowshoes Origins Before humanity built snowshoes nature provided examples Skis can be used almost everywhere snowshoes can and also in steeper, more alpine landscapes although it takes more practice to develop sufficiently strong skiing skills for difficult terrain. A ski is a long flat device worn on the feet designed to help the wearer slide smoothly over snow The practice of combining the techniques of alpine skiing and mountaineering to ascend and descend a mountain is a form of the sport by itself, called Ski Mountaineering. Ski mountaineering is a Sport that combines the techniques of Skiing (often Ski touring) with those Ascending and descending a snow slope safely requires the use of an ice axe and many different footwork techniques that have been developed over the last hundred years, originating in Europe. An ice axe is a multi-purpose Mountaineering tool carried by practically every mountaineer The progression of footwork from the lowest angle slopes to the steepest terrain is first to splay the feet to a rising traverse, to kick stepping, to front pointing the crampons. The progression of the ice axe technique from the lowest angle slopes to the steepest terrain is to use the ice axe first as a walking stick, then a stake, then to use the front pick as a dagger below the shoulders or above, and finally to swing the pick into the slope over the head. This also involves different designs of ice axe depending on the terrain to be covered, and even whether a mountaineer uses one or two ice axes.

Glaciers

When traveling over glaciers, crevasses pose a grave danger. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. A crevasse is a Fracture in a Glacier caused by a large Tensile stress at or near the glacier's surface These giant cracks in the ice are not always visible as snow can be blown and freeze over the top to make a snowbridge. For another meaning see Avalanche snow bridge Snow bridge is an arc across a Crevasse, a crack in rock a Creek, or some other At times snowbridges can be as thin as a few inches. Climbers use a system of ropes to protect themselves from such hazards. Basic gear for glacier travel includes crampons and ice axes. Crampons are outdoor footwear that are made from spikes and are worn on boots to provide traction on snow and Ice. An ice axe is a multi-purpose Mountaineering tool carried by practically every mountaineer Teams of two to five climbers tie into a rope equally spaced. If a climber begins to fall the other members of the team perform a self-arrest to stop the fall. Self-arrest is a Mountaineering related maneuver in which a climber that has fallen and is sliding down a snow or ice slope arrests (stops the slide by himself without recourse The other members of the team enact a crevasse rescue to pull the fallen climber from the crevasse. Crevasse rescue is the process of retrieving a climber from a Crevasse in a Glacier.

Ice

Multiple methods are used to safely travel over ice. If the terrain is steep but not vertical, then protection in the form of pickets or ice screws can be driven into the snow or ice and attached to the rope by the lead climber. To make Climbing as safe as possible most climbers use protection to prevent injury to themselves and others In Rock climbing, an anchor can be any way of attaching the climber the rope or a load to rock ice steep dirt or a building by either permanent or temporary means An ice screw is a Screw used to protect a climb over steep ice or for setting up a Crevasse rescue system Each climber on the team must clip past the anchor, and the last climber picks up the picket. This allows for safety should the entire team be taken off their feet. This technique is known as Simul-climbing.

If the terrain becomes vertical then standard ice climbing techniques are used. Ice climbing, as the term indicates is the activity of ascending inclined ice formations

Shelter

“Basecamp” redirects here. For the online project manager, see Basecamp (software). Basecamp is a web-based project-management tool developed by 37signals.

Climbers use a few different forms of shelter depending on the situation and conditions. Shelter is a very important aspect of safety for the climber as the weather in the mountains is very unpredictable. Tall mountains require many days of camping on the mountain.

Base Camp

The 'Base Camp' of a mountain is an area used for staging an attempt at the summit. Base camps are positioned to be safe from the harsher conditions above. There are base camps on many popular or dangerous summits. Mountains where the summit cannot be reached from base camp in a single day will have additional camps above base camp. For example, the southeast ridge route on Mount Everest has Base Camp plus (normally) camps I through IV. Mount Everest, also called Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा meaning Head of the Sky) or Chomolungma, Qomolangma or Zhumulangma (in There are two base camps on opposite sides of Mt Everest to the South in Nepal, and to the North in Tibet.

Hut

The European alpine regions, in particular, have a network of mountain huts (called ‘refuges’ in France, ‘rifugi’ in Italy, ‘cabanes’ in Switzerland and ‘hytte’ in Norway). A mountain hut (also known as alpine hut, mountain shelter, and mountain hostel) is a building located in the mountains intended to provide food and Such huts exist at many different heights, including in the high mountains themselves – in extremely remote areas bivouac shelters may have been provided. A bivouac (pronounced /ˈbɪvuˌæk/ biv-oo-ak traditionally refers to a military encampment made with Tents or improvised shelters usually without shelter or protection from The mountain huts are of varying size and quality but each is typically centred on a communal dining room and have dormitories equipped with mattresses, blankets or duvets, and pillows – guests are expected to bring and to use their own sleeping bag liner. The facilities are usually rudimentary but, given their locations, huts offer vital shelter, make routes more widely accessible (by allowing journeys to be broken and reducing the weight of equipment needing to be carried), and offer good value. In Europe, all huts are staffed during the summer (mid-June to mid-September) and some are staffed in the spring (mid-March to mid-May). Elsewhere, huts may also be open in the fall. Huts also may have a part that is always open, but unmanned, a so-called winter hut. When open and manned, the huts are generally run by full-time employees, but some are staffed on a voluntary basis by members of Alpine clubs (such as Swiss Alpine Club and Club alpin français). The Swiss Alpine Club (German Schweizer Alpen-Club, French Club Alpin Suisse, Italian Club Alpino Svizzero, Romansh Club Alpin Svizzer) is The Club alpin français, usually referred to as the CAF, is a federation of club promoting mountain sports. The manager of the hut, termed a guardian or warden in Europe, will usually also sell refreshments and meals – both to those visiting only for the day and to those staying overnight. The offering is surprisingly wide – given that most supplies, often including fresh water, must be flown in by helicopter – and may include glucose-based snacks (such as Mars and Snickers bars) on which climbers and walkers wish to stock up, cakes and pastries made at the hut, a variety of hot and cold drinks (including beer and wine), and high carbohydrate dinners in the evenings. Not all huts do offer a catered service, though, and visitors may need to provide for themselves. Some huts offer facilities for both, enabling visitors wishing to keep costs down to bring their own food and cooking equipment and to cater using the facilities provided. Booking for overnight stays at huts is deemed obligatory, and in many cases is essential as some popular huts – even with over 100 bed spaces - may well be full during good weather and at weekends. Once made, the cancellation of a reservation should be advised to the hut as a matter of courtesy – and, indeed, potentially of safety, as many huts keep a record of where climbers and walkers state they planned to walk to next. Most huts are contactable by telephone and most take credit cards as a means of payment for the service they provide.

Bivouac (Bivy)

In the mountaineering context, a bivouac or 'bivy' is a makeshift resting or sleeping arrangement in which the climber has less than the full complement of shelter, food and equipment that would normally be present at a conventional campsite. This may involve simply getting a sleeping bag and Bivouac sack and lying down to sleep. A bivouac sack (also known as a bivy sack, bivi bag or just bivy) is an extremely lightweight waterproof alternative to traditional Tent Many times small partially sheltered areas such as a bergschrund, cracks in rocks or a trench dug in the snow are used to provide a basic means of shelter. A bergschrund is a Crevasse that forms where the moving glacier ice separates from the stagnant ice above These techniques were originally used only in cases of emergency; however some climbers steadfastly committed to alpine style climbing specifically plan, or make contingency arrangements for, bivouacs in place of full camps in order to save the weight of a tent when snow conditions are not suitable for a snow cave. Alpine style refers to Mountaineering in a self-sufficient manner thereby carrying all of one's food shelter equipment etc The principal hazard associated with bivouacs is the greater level of exposure to cold and the elements.

Tent

Tents are the most common form of shelter used on the mountain. A tent is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over or attached to a frame of poles or attached to a supporting rope A four-season tent is recommended for any camp above timberline and in exposed positions breakwinds of snow or rock may be required to shelter the tent from these forces. One of the downsides to tenting is that high storm winds and snow loads can be dangerous and may ultimately lead to the tent's failure and collapse. In addition, the constant flapping of the tent fabric can hinder sleep and raise doubts about the security of the shelter.

Snow cave

Where conditions permit snow caves are another way to shelter high on the mountain. A snow cave is a shelter constructed in snow by mountain climbers, winter recreational enthusiasts and winter survivalists Some climbers do not use tents at high altitudes unless the snow conditions do not allow for snow caving since snow caves are silent and actually warmer than tents, and can be built relatively easily using a snow shovel. A correctly made snow cave will hover around freezing, which relative to outside temperatures can be very warm. They can be dug anywhere there is at least four feet of snow. Another shelter that works well is a quinzee, which is excavated from a pile of snow that has been work hardened or sintered (typically by stomping). A quinzhee or quinzee ( is a shelter made by hollowing out a pile of settled Snow. Igloos are used by some climbers, but are deceptively difficult to build and require specific snow conditions. An igloo ( Inuit language: iglu, Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒡᓗ "house" plural iglooit or igluit, but in English

Hazards

The craft of climbing has been developed to avoid three main types of danger: the danger of things falling on the climber (objective danger), the danger of the climber falling and inclement weather. The things that may fall include rocks, ice, snow, other climbers or their gear; the mountaineer may fall from rocks, ice or snow, or into a crevasse. In all, there are eight chief dangers: falling rocks, falling ice, snow-avalanches, falls, the climber falling, falls from ice slopes, falls down snow slopes, falls into crevasses and dangers from weather. To select and follow a route using one's skills and experience to mitigate these dangers is to exercise the climber's craft.

Falling rocks

Every rock mountain is slowly disintegrating due to erosion, the process being especially rapid above the snow-line. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind Rock faces are constantly swept by falling stones, which are generally possible to dodge. Falling rocks tend to form furrows in a mountain face, and these furrows (couloirs) have to be ascended with caution, their sides often being safe when the middle is stoneswept. This page describes terms and Jargon related to Climbing and Mountaineering. Rocks fall more frequently on some days than on others, according to the recent weather. Ice formed during the night may temporarily bind rocks to the face but warmth of the day or direct sun exposure may easily dislodge these rocks. Local experience is a valuable help on determining typical rockfall on such routes.

The direction of the dip of rock strata often determines the degree of danger on a particular face; the character of the rock must also be considered. Where stones fall frequently debris will be found below, whilst on snow slopes falling stones cut furrows visible from a great distance. In planning an ascent of a new peak mountaineers must look for such traces. When falling stones get mixed in considerable quantity with slushy snow or water a mud avalanche is formed (common in the Himalaya). It is vital to avoid camping in their possible line of fall. Definition Camping describes a range of activities Survivalist campers set off with little more than their boots whereas Recreational vehicle travelers arrive equipped

Falling ice

The places where ice may fall can always be determined beforehand. It falls in the broken parts of glaciers (seracs) and from overhanging cornices formed on the crests of narrow ridges. Large icicles are often formed on steep rock faces, and these fall frequently in fine weather following cold and stormy days. They have to be avoided like falling stones. Seracs are slow in formation, and slow in arriving (by glacier motion) at a condition of unstable equilibrium. A serac (originally from Swiss French sérac, a type of crumbly white Cheese) is a block or column of Ice formed by intersecting Crevasses They generally fall in or just after the hottest part of the day, and their debris seldom goes far. A skillful and experienced ice-man will usually devise a safe route through a most intricate ice-fall, but such places should be avoided in the afternoon of a hot day. Hanging glaciers (i. e. glaciers perched on steep slopes) often discharge themselves over steep rock-faces, the snout breaking off at intervals. They can always be detected by their debris below. Their track should be avoided.

Falls from rocks

The skill of a rock climber is shown by one's choice of handhold and foothold, and his adhesion to those one has chosen. Rock climbing is a Sport in which participants climb up or across natural rock formations or man-made rock walls with the goal of reaching the Much depends on a correct estimate of the firmness of the rock where weight is to be thrown upon it. Many loose rocks are quite firm enough to bear a person's weight, but experience is needed to know which can be trusted, and skill is required in transferring the weight to them without jerking. On rotten rocks the rope must be handled with special care, lest it should start loose stones on to the heads of those below. Similar care must be given to handholds and footholds, for the same reason. When a horizontal traverse has to be made across very difficult rocks, a dangerous situation may arise unless at both ends of the traverse there be firm positions. Mutual assistance on hard rocks takes all manner of forms: two, or even three, people climbing on one another's shoulders, or using an ice axe propped up by others for a foothold. An ice axe is a multi-purpose Mountaineering tool carried by practically every mountaineer The great principle is that of co-operation, all the members of the party climbing with reference to the others, and not as independent units; each when moving must know what the climber in front and the one behind are doing. After bad weather steep rocks are often found covered with a veneer of ice (verglas), which may even render them inaccessible. This page describes terms and Jargon related to Climbing and Mountaineering. Crampons are useful on such occasions. Crampons are outdoor footwear that are made from spikes and are worn on boots to provide traction on snow and Ice.

Avalanches

Main article: Avalanche

The avalanche is the most underestimated danger in the mountains. This article refers to the natural event For other uses see Avalanche (disambiguation An avalanche is an abrupt and rapid flow of snow often This article refers to the natural event For other uses see Avalanche (disambiguation An avalanche is an abrupt and rapid flow of snow often People generally think that they will be able to recognize the hazards and survive being caught. The truth is a somewhat different story. Every year, 120 - 150 people die in small avalanches in the Alps alone. The vast majority are reasonably experienced male skiers aged 20-35 but also include ski instructors and guides. There is always a lot of pressure to risk a snow crossing. Turning back takes a lot of extra time and effort, supreme leadership, and most importantly there seldom is an avalanche to prove the right decision was made. Making the decision to turn around is especially hard if others are crossing the slope, but any next person could become the trigger.

There are many types of avalanche, but two types are of the most concern:

1. Slab avalanche

   This type of avalanche occurs when a plate of snow breaks loose and starts sliding down; these are the largest and most dangerous.

   1. Hard slab avalanche

   This type of avalanche is formed by hard-packed snow in a cohesive slab. The slab will not break up easily as it slides down the hill, resulting in large blocks tumbling down the mountain.

   1. Soft slab avalanche

   This type of avalanche is formed again by a cohesive layer of snow bonded together, the slab tends to break up more easily.

2. Loose snow avalanche

   This type of avalanche is triggered by a small amount of moving snow that accumulates into a big slide. Also known as a "wet slide or point release" avalanche. This type of avalanche is deceptively dangerous as it can still knock a climber or skier off their feet and bury them, or sweep them over a cliff into a terrain trap.

Dangerous slides are most likely to occur on the same slopes preferred by many skiers: long and wide open, few trees or large rocks, 30 to 45 degrees of angle, large load of fresh snow, soon after a big storm, on a slope 'lee to the storm'. Solar radiation can trigger slides as well. These will typically be a point release or wet slough type of avalanche. The added weight of the wet slide can trigger a slab avalanche. Ninety percent of reported victims are caught in avalanches triggered by themselves or others in their group.

When going off-piste or traveling in alpine terrain, parties are advised to always carry:

1. avalanche beacon
2. probe
3. shovel (retrieving victims with a shovel instead of your hands is five times faster)

and to have had avalanche training! Paradoxically, expert skiers who have avalanche training make up a large percentage of avalanche fatalities; perhaps because they are the ones more likely to ski in areas prone to avalanches, and certainly because most people do not practice enough with their equipment to be truly fast and efficient rescuers. Avalanche transceivers are a class of radio transceivers specialized to the purpose of finding people or equipment buried under Snow.

Even with proper rescue equipment and training, there is a one-in-five chance of dying if caught in a significant avalanche, and only a 50/50 chance of being found alive if buried more than a few minutes. The best solution is to learn how to avoid risky conditions.

Ice slopes

For travel on slopes consisting of ice or hard snow, crampons are a standard part of a mountaineer's equipment. Crampons are outdoor footwear that are made from spikes and are worn on boots to provide traction on snow and Ice. While step-cutting can sometimes be used on snow slopes of moderate angle, this can be a slow and tiring process, which does not provide the higher security of crampons. However, in soft snow or powder, crampons are easily hampered by balling of snow, which reduces their effectiveness. In either case, an ice axe not only assists with balance but provides the climber with the possibility of self-arrest in case of a slip or fall. An ice axe is a multi-purpose Mountaineering tool carried by practically every mountaineer On a true ice slope however, an ice axe is rarely able to effect a self-arrest. As an additional safety precaution on steep ice slopes, the climbing rope is attached to ice screws buried into the ice. This page describes terms and Jargon related to Climbing and Mountaineering.

True ice slopes are rare in Europe, though common in mountains located in the tropics, where newly-fallen snow quickly thaws on the surface and becomes sodden below, so that the next night's frost turns the whole mass into a sheet of semi-solid ice.

Snow slopes

Snow slopes are very common, and usually easy to ascend. At the foot of a snow or ice slope is generally a big crevasse, called a bergschrund, where the final slope of the mountain rises from a snow-field or glacier. A bergschrund is a Crevasse that forms where the moving glacier ice separates from the stagnant ice above Such bergschrunds are generally too wide to be stepped across, and must be crossed by a snow bridge, which needs careful testing and a painstaking use of the rope. For another meaning see Avalanche snow bridge Snow bridge is an arc across a Crevasse, a crack in rock a Creek, or some other A steep snow slope in bad condition may be dangerous, as the whole body of snow may start as an avalanche. Such slopes are less dangerous if ascended directly, rather than obliquely, for an oblique or horizontal track cuts them across and facilitates movement of the mass. New snow lying on ice is especially dangerous. Experience is needed for deciding on the advisability of advancing over snow in doubtful condition. Snow on rocks is usually rotten unless it is thick; snow on snow is likely to be sound. A day or two of fine weather will usually bring new snow into sound condition. Snow cannot lie at a very steep angle, though it often deceives the eye as to its slope. Snow slopes seldom exceed 40°. Ice slopes may be much steeper. Snow slopes in early morning are usually hard and safe, but the same in the afternoon are quite soft and possibly dangerous; hence the advantage of an early start.

Crevasses

Crevasses are the slits or deep chasms formed in the substance of a glacier as it passes over an uneven bed. A crevasse is a Fracture in a Glacier caused by a large Tensile stress at or near the glacier's surface They may be open or hidden. In the lower part of a glacier the crevasses are open. Above the snow-line they are frequently hidden by arched-over accumulations of winter snow. The detection of hidden crevasses requires care and experience. After a fresh fall of snow they can only be detected by sounding with the pole of the ice axe, or by looking to right and left where the open extension of a partially hidden crevasse may be obvious. The safeguard against accident is the rope, and no one should ever cross a snow-covered glacier unless roped to one, or even better to two companions. Anyone venturing onto crevasses should be trained in crevasse rescue. Crevasse rescue is the process of retrieving a climber from a Crevasse in a Glacier.

Weather

The primary dangers caused by bad weather centre around the changes it causes in snow and rock conditions, making movement suddenly much more arduous and hazardous than under normal circumstances.

Whiteouts make it difficult to retrace a route while rain may prevent taking the easiest line only determined as such under dry conditions. Whiteout is a Weather condition in which visibility and contrast are severely reduced by Snow and diffuse lighting from overcast Clouds There are three In a storm the mountaineer who uses a compass for guidance has a great advantage over a merely empirical observer. A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists In large snow-fields it is, of course, easier to go wrong than on rocks, but intelligence and experience are the best guides in safely navigating objective hazards.

Summer thunderstorms may produce intense lightning. Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of Electricity, which typically occurs during Thunderstorms and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or If a climber happens to be standing on or near the summit, they risk being struck. There are many cases where people have been struck by lightning while climbing mountains. In most mountainous regions, local storms develop by late morning and early afternoon. Many climbers will get an "alpine start"; that is before or by first light so as to be on the way down when storms are intensifying in activity and lightning and other weather hazards are a distinct threat to safety.

Altitude

Rapid ascent can lead to altitude sickness. Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness ( AMS) altitude illness, or soroche, is a pathological condition that is caused by acute The best treatment is to descend immediately. The climber's motto at high altitude is "climb high, sleep low", referring to the regimen of climbing higher to acclimatize but returning to lower elevation to sleep. In the South American Andes, the chewing of coca leaves has been traditionally used to treat altitude sickness symptoms. Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America

Common symptoms of altitude sickness include severe headache, sleep problems, nausea, lack of appetite, lethargy and body ache. Mountain sickness may progress to HACE (High Altitude Cerebral Edema) and HAPE (High Altitude Pulmonary Edema), both of which can be fatal within 24 hours. High altitude cerebral edema (or HACE) is a severe (frequently fatal form of Altitude sickness. High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE is a life-threatening form of non-cardiogenic Pulmonary edema that occurs in otherwise healthy Mountaineers at altitudes above

In high mountains, atmospheric pressure is lower and this means that less oxygen is available to breathe. This is the underlying cause of altitude sickness. Everyone needs to acclimatize, even exceptional mountaineers that have been to high altitude before. Generally speaking, mountaineers start using bottled oxygen when they climb above 7,000 m. Exceptional mountaineers have climbed 8000-metre peaks (including Everest) without oxygen, almost always with a carefully planned program of acclimatization. The eight-thousanders are the fourteen independent Mountains on Earth that are more than above Sea level. Mount Everest, also called Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा meaning Head of the Sky) or Chomolungma, Qomolangma or Zhumulangma (in

In 2005, researcher and mountaineer John Semple established that above-average ozone concentrations on the Tibetan plateau may pose an additional risk to climbers. The Tibetan Plateau, also known as the Qinghai-Tibetan (Qingzang Plateau is a vast elevated Plateau in Central Asia covering most of the Tibet Autonomous ^[1]

Locations

Mountaineering has become a popular sport throughout the world. In Europe the sport largely originated in the Alps, and is still immensely popular there. Other notable mountain ranges frequented by climbers include the Caucasus, the Pyrenees, Rila Mountain and the Tatra mountains. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés for the Tibetan village see Rila Tibet Rila (Рила) is a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria and the highest mountain range Panorama tatierjpg|thumb|right|300px|Panorama of Tatras]]The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra ( Tatry in both Polish and Slovak) In North America climbers frequent the Rockies and Sierra Nevada of California, the Cascades of the Pacific Northwest and the high peaks of Alaska. Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent There has been a long tradition of climbers going on expeditions to the Greater Ranges, a term generally used for the Andes and the high peaks of Asia including the Himalaya, Pamirs and Tien Shan. The Greater Ranges comprise the high Mountain ranges of Asia: the Himalayas, the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush and Hindu Raj The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The Pamir Mountains are located in Central Asia and are formed by the junction or Knot of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central In the past this was often on exploratory trips or to make first ascents. With the advent of cheaper long-haul air travel mountaineering holidays in the Greater Ranges are now undertaken much more frequently and ascents of even Everest and Vinson Massif (the highest mountain in Antarctica) are offered as a "package holiday". Mount Everest, also called Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा meaning Head of the Sky) or Chomolungma, Qomolangma or Zhumulangma (in Vinson Massif is the highest Mountain of Antarctica, located about 1200 km (750 mi from the South Pole. Other popular mountaineering areas of more local interest include the Southern Alps of New Zealand, the Japanese Alps, the Scottish Highlands, and the mountains of Scandinavia, especially Norway. The Southern Alps is a Mountain range which runs along the western side of the South Island of New Zealand. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The is a series of Mountain ranges in Japan that bisect the main island of Honshū. The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional

History

• Though it is unknown whether his intention was to reach a summit, Ötzi ascended at least 3,000 m in the Alps about 5,300 years ago. Ötzi the Iceman ( pronounced) Frozen Fritz, and Similaun Man are modern nicknames of a well-preserved natural Mummy of a man His remains were found at that altitude, preserved in a glacier.
• The first recorded mountain ascent in the Common Era is Roman Emperor Hadrian's ascent of Etna (3,350 m) to see the sun rise in 121. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after
• Peter III of Aragon climbed Canigou in the Pyrenees in the last quarter of the 13th century. Peter the Great ( Catalan: Pere el Gran, Spanish: Pedro el Grande; 1239 &ndash 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon Canigou ( Catalan Canigó) (el 2785 m/9137 ft is a Mountain located in the Pyrenees of southern France. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés
• The first ascent of the Popocatépetl (5,426 m in Mexico) was reported in 1289 by members of a local tribe (Tecanuapas)
• Jean Buridan climbed Mont Ventoux around 1316. In Climbing, a first ascent (FA is the first modern recorded climb to reach the top of a Mountain, or the first to follow a particular Climbing route Popocatépetl (commonly referred to as Popo, El Popo or Don Goyo) (popokaˈtepetɬ is an active Volcano and at 5426 m The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use Jean Buridan (in Latin, Johannes Buridanus; ca 1295 &ndash 1358 was a French Priest who sowed the seeds of the Copernican revolution Mont Ventoux (Ventor in classical norm or oc ''Ventour'' in Mistralian norm is a Mountain in the Provence region of southern France, located some 20 km ^[2]
• The Italian poet Petrarch wrote that on April 26, 1336 he, together with his brother and two servants, climbed to the top of Mont Ventoux (1,909 m). Francesco Petrarca ( July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Mont Ventoux (Ventor in classical norm or oc ''Ventour'' in Mistralian norm is a Mountain in the Provence region of southern France, located some 20 km His account of the trip was composed later as a letter to his friend Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro. The Italian poet Petrarch wrote a well-known letter about his Ascent of Mont Ventoux on April 26 1336, written around 1350, Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro ( c 1300 — March 31 1342) was an Augustinian Monk who was at one time Petrarch ^[3]
• The Rochemelon (3,538 m) in the Italian Alps was climbed in 1358. Rochemelon (or Roche Melon) Rocciamelone in Italian, is a high Mountain in Piedmont near the border between Italy and
• In the late 1400s and early 1500s ascents were made of numerous high peaks in the Andes, for religious purposes by the citizens of the Inca Empire and their subjects. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. They constructed platforms, houses and altars on many summits and carried out sacrifices, including human sacrifices. Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing The highest peak they are known for certain to have climbed is Llullaillaco (6,739 m). Llullaillaco is a Stratovolcano at the border of Argentina ( Salta Province) and Chile. They may also have ascended the highest peak in the Andes, Aconcagua (6,962 m) as a sacrifice victim has been found at over 5,000 m on this peak. Cerro Aconcagua is the highest mountain in the Americas, and the highest mountain outside Asia.
• In 1492 the ascent of Mont Aiguille was made by order of Charles VIII of France. Mont Aiguille (el 2085 m/6841 ft is a Mountain in the Vercors Plateau of the French Prealps, located south of Grenoble. Charles VIII, called the Affable (l'Affable 30 June 1470 &ndash 7 April 1498 was King of France from 1483 to his death The Humanists of the 16th century adopted a new attitude towards mountains, but the disturbed state of Europe nipped in the bud the nascent mountaineering of the Zurich school. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal
• Leonardo da Vinci climbed to a snow-field in the neighborhood of the Val Sesia and made scientific observations. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer
• In 1642 Darby Field made the first recorded ascent of Mount Washington, then known as Agiocochook, in New Hampshire. Darby Field (1610 - 1649 was the first European to climb Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Mount Washington is the highest peak in the Northeastern United States at. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America.
• Konrad Gesner and Josias Simler of Zurich visited and described mountains, and made regular ascents. Konrad Gessner (Conrad Gessner Conrad Geßner Conrad von Gesner Conradus Gesnerus Conrad Gesner 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) Josias Simmler (Josias Simler Simlerus ( November 6 1530 &ndash July 2 1576) was a Swiss theologian and classicist author of the Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the The use of ice axe and rope were locally invented at this time. An ice axe is a multi-purpose Mountaineering tool carried by practically every mountaineer No mountain expeditions of note are recorded in the 17th century.
• Richard Pococke and William Windham's historic visit to Chamonix was made in 1741, and set the trend for visiting glaciers. Richard Pococke ( 19 November 1704 - 25 September 1765) was an English Prelate and anthropologist. William Windham Senior, FRS (1717 – 30 October 1761) was an English landowner a member of an ancient Norfolk family Chamonix-Mont-Blanc or more commonly Chamonix (ʃamɔni in French is a Town and commune in eastern France, in the Haute-Savoie "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period.
• In 1744 the Titus was climbed, the first true ascent of a snow-mountain.
• The first attempt to ascend Mont Blanc was made in 1775 by a party of natives. Mont Blanc Massif The Mont Blanc ( French for white mountain) or Monte Bianco ( Italian 'White Mountain' also In 1786 Dr Michel Paccard and Jacques Balmat gained the summit for the first time. Michel Gabriel Paccard (1757 - 1827 was an Italian doctor and alpinist Jacques Balmat, called le Mont Blanc (1762 - 1834 was an Italian mountain guide Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, the initiator of the first ascent followed next year. Horace-Bénédict de Saussure ( February 17, 1740 - January 22, 1799) was a Swiss aristocrat Physicist and Alpine traveller
• The Norwegian mountain climber, Jens Esmark was the first person to ascend Snøhetta in 1798, part of the Dovrefjell range in Southern Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Jens Esmark (1763–1839 was an expert mountain climber and professor of Mineralogy who contributed to many of the initial discoveries and conceptual analyses of Glaciers Snøhetta is the highest mountain in the mountain range of Dovrefjell, and the highest mountain in Norway outside of the Jotunheimen range making it the Dovrefjell is a mountain range in central Norway that forms a natural barrier between the southern regions of Norway and the area around Trondheim. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The same year he lead the first expedition to Bitihorn, a small mountain in the southernmost outskirts of Jotunheimen, Norway. Bitihorn is a mountain in the southernmost outskirts of Jotunheimen, Norway. Jotunheimen ( English: The Home of the Giants is a mountainous area of roughly 3500 km² in Southern Norway. In 1810 he was the first person to ascend Mount Gaustatoppen in Telemark, Norway. Gaustatoppen is the highest mountain in the county Telemark in Norway. is a county in Norway, bordering Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder.
• The Grossglockner was climbed in 1800, the Ortler in 1804, the Jungfrau in 1811, the Finsteraarhorn in 1812, and the Breithorn in 1813. The Grossglockner (Veliki Klek Großglockner also Glockner) is at 3798  m Above sea level, Austria 's highest Mountain Ortler (Ortles is at above sea level the highest mountain in the Eastern Alps outside the Bernina Range. The Jungfrau ( German: "maiden/virgin" is the highest peak of a mountain Massif of the same name located in the Bernese Oberland region of the The Finsteraarhorn is the highest Mountain in the Bernese Alps range of the Swiss Alps and the highest mountain in the Bernese Oberland. The Breithorn is a Mountain in the Alps, considered the most easily climbed 4000 m Alpine peak Thereafter, tourists showed a tendency to climb, and the body of Alpine guides began to come into existence as a consequence.
• Citlaltépetl (5720 m in Mexico) was first climbed in 1848 by F. The Pico de Orizaba, or Citlaltépetl (from Nahuatl citlal(in = star and tepētl = mountain is a Stratovolcano, the highest The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Maynard & G. Reynolds.
• Systematic mountaineering, as a sport, is usually dated from Sir Alfred Wills's ascent of the Wetterhorn in 1854. Sir Alfred Wills PC ( December 11, 1828 - August 9, 1912) was also an English High Court judge and a well-known The Wetterhorn (3692 m is a Mountain in the Swiss Alps close to the village of Grindelwald. The first ascent of Monte Rosa was made in 1855. Monte Rosa is a mountain Massif located in the Italian regions Piedmont and Aosta Valley and in the canton of Valais ( Wallis)
• The Alpine Club was founded in London in 1857, and was soon imitated in most European countries. The Alpine Club was founded in London in 1857 and was probably the world's first mountaineering club. Edward Whymper's ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the close of the main period of Alpine conquest – the Golden age of alpinism – during which the craft of climbing was invented and 'perfected', the body of professional guides formed and their traditions fixed. Edward Whymper ( April 27, 1840 &ndash September 16, 1911) was a British illustrator Climber and Explorer "Cervino" redirects here For the Italian town see Cervino (CE. The Golden age of alpinism was the period between Alfred Wills 's ascent of the Wetterhorn in 1854 and Edward Whymper 's ascent of the Matterhorn
• Passing to other ranges, the exploration of the Pyrenees was concurrent with that of the Alps. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés The Caucasus followed, mainly owing to the initiative of D. W. Freshfield; it was first visited by exploring climbers in 1868, and most of its great peaks were climbed by 1888. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Douglas William Freshfield ( London, April 27, 1845 – February 9, 1934) was a British lawyer
• The Edelweiss Club Salzburg was founded in Salzburg in 1881, and had 3 members make the first ascent on two Eight-thousanders, Broad Peak (1957) and Dhaulagiri (1960). The eight-thousanders are the fourteen independent Mountains on Earth that are more than above Sea level. Broad Peak (originally named K3) known locally as Faichan Kangri, is the 12th highest Mountain on Earth. Dhaulagiri (धौलागिरी is the seventh highest Mountain in the world
• Trained climbers turned their attention to the mountains of North America in 1888, when the Rev. W. S. Green made an expedition to the Selkirk Mountains. The Selkirk Mountains are a Mountain range spanning the northern portion of the Idaho Panhandle, eastern Washington, and southeastern British From that time exploration has gone on apace, and many English and American climbing parties have surveyed most of the highest peaks; Pikes Peak (14,115 ft) having been climbed by Mr. Pikes Peak (originally Pike's Peak, see below) is a Mountain in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, west of Colorado Springs E. James and party in 1820, and Mt. Saint Elias (18,008 ft) by the Duke of the Abruzzi and party in 1897. Mount Saint Elias is the second highest Mountain in both the United States and Canada, being situated on the Alaska and Yukon border Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy Duke of the Abruzzi (Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco ( January 29, 1873 &ndash March 18, 1933 The exploration of the highest Andes was begun in 1879-1880, when Whymper climbed Chimborazo and explored the mountains of Ecuador. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The inactive Stratovolcano Chimborazo (tʃimboˈraso is Ecuador's highest summit For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. The Cordillera between Chile and Argentina was visited by Dr. Gussfeldt in 1883, who ascended Maipo (17,270 ft) and attempted Aconcagua (22,841 ft). The American cordillera consists of an essentially continuous sequence of Mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of North America, Central Dr Paul Güssfeldt ( 14 October 1840 – 18 January 1920) was a German geologist mountaineer and explorer Maipo is a Stratovolcano in the Andes, lying on the border between Argentina and Chile. Cerro Aconcagua is the highest mountain in the Americas, and the highest mountain outside Asia. That peak was first climbed by the Fitzgerald expedition in 1897.
• The Andes of Bolivia were first explored by Sir William Martin Conway in 1898. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. William Martin Conway 1st (and last Baron Conway of Allington ( April 12 1856 at Rochester England &ndash April 19 1937 Chilean and Argentine expeditions revealed the structure of the southern Cordillera in the years 1885-1898. Conway visited the mountains of Tierra del Fuego. Tierra del Fuego ( Spanish for " Land of Fire " in English tiˈɛərə dɛl ˈfweɪgoʊ] Spanish ˈtjerað̞elˈfweɰo is an Archipelago
• New Zealand's Southern Alps were first visited in 1882 by the Rev. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Southern Alps is a Mountain range which runs along the western side of the South Island of New Zealand. W. S. Green, and shortly afterwards a New Zealand Alpine Club was founded, and by their activities the exploration of the range was pushed forward. In 1895, Major Edward Arthur Fitzgerald, made an important journey in this range. Tom Fyfe and party climbed Aoraki/Mount Cook on Christmas Day 1894, denying Fitzgerald the first ascent. Fitzgerald was en route from Britain with Swiss guide Matthias Zurbriggen to claim the peak. Matthias Zurbriggen ( 15 May 1856 in Saas-Fee – 21 June 1917 in Geneva) was one of the great nineteenth century Alpinists So piqued at being beaten to the top of Mount Cook, he refused to climb it and concentrated on other peaks in the area. Later in the trip Zubriggen soloed Mount Cook up a ridge that now bears his name.
• The first mountains of the arctic region explored were those of Spitsbergen by Sir W. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. Spitsbergen (formerly known as West Spitsbergen, and sometimes misspelled Spitzbergen) is a Norwegian island the largest Island of the M. Conway's expeditions in 1896 and 1897.
• Of the high African peaks, Kilimanjaro was climbed in 1889 by Dr. Hans Meyer, Mt. Kenya in 1899 by Halford John Mackinder^[4], and a peak of Ruwenzori by H. Hans Meyer may refer to Hans Meyer (geologist (1858-1929 Austrian geologist Hans Meyer (football (born 1942 German football manager Mount Kenya is the highest Mountain in Kenya, and the second highest in Africa (after Mount Kilimanjaro) J. Moore in 1900.
• The Asiatic mountains were initially surveyed on orders of the British Empire. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. In 1892 Sir William Martin Conway explored the Karakoram Himalaya, and climbed a peak of 23,000 ft (7,000 m) In 1895 Albert F. Mummery died while attempting Nanga Parbat, while in 1899 D. William Martin Conway 1st (and last Baron Conway of Allington ( April 12 1856 at Rochester England &ndash April 19 1937 Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh, and Albert Frederick Mummery ( 10 September 1855, Dover &ndash August 24, 1895, Nanga Parbat) was a British mountaineer Nanga Parbat ( Urdu:) is the ninth highest Mountain on Earth. W. Freshfield took an expedition to the snowy regions of Sikkim. Sikkim ( Nepali:, also Sikhim) is a Landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas It is the least populous state in India In 1899, 1903, 1906 and 1908 Mrs Fannie Bullock Workman made ascents in the Himalayas, including one of the Nun Kun peaks (23,300 ft). The Nun Kun mountain Massif comprises a pair of Himalayan peaks Nun, 7135 m (23409 ft and its neighbor peak Kun, 7077 m (23218 A number of Gurkha sepoys were trained as expert mountaineers by Major the Hon. Prithvi Naraya Shahdev and Sri Teen Maharaja Jung Bahadur The Way of Sacrifice The Rajputs Pages 28-30 Graduate Thesis South Asian Studies Department Dr C. G. Bruce, and a good deal of exploration was accomplished by them.
• The Rucksack Club was founded in Manchester, England in 1902. The Rucksack Club was founded in Manchester in 1902 and has a current membership of well over 400 men and women
• The American Alpine Club was founded in 1902. The American Alpine Club, or AAC, was founded in 1902 by Charles Ernest Fay, and is the leading national organization in the United States devoted to Mountaineering
• In 1902, the Eckenstein-Crowley Expedition, lead by mountaineer Oscar Eckenstein and occultist Aleister Crowley, was the first to attempt to scale Chogo Ri (now known as K2 in the west). Oscar Eckenstein ( 9 September 1859 – 1921 was an English rock-climber and mountaineer Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley (ˈkroʊli (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947 was a British Occultist Writer, mountaineer K2 is the second- highest Mountain on Earth (after Mount Everest) They reached 22,000 feet (6,700 m) before turning back due to weather and other mishaps.
• In 1905, Aleister Crowley led the first expedition to Kanchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world. Four members of that party were killed in an avalanche. Some claims say they reached around 21,300 feet (6,500 m) before turning back, however Crowley's autobiography claims they reached about 25,000 feet (7,600 m).
• The 1950s saw the first ascents of all the eight-thousanders but two, starting with Annapurna in 1950 by Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal. The eight-thousanders are the fourteen independent Mountains on Earth that are more than above Sea level. Annapurna ( Sanskrit, Nepali, Nepal Bhasa: अन्नपूर्णा is a series of peaks in the Himalaya, a -long Massif Maurice Herzog is a French Mountaineer and sports administrator born on 15 January 1919 at Lyon France. Louis Lachenal ( 17 July 1921 &ndash 25 November 1955) a French climber born in Annecy, was one of the first two mountaineers The world's highest mountain (above mean sea level), Mount Everest (8,848 m) was first climbed on May 29, 1953 by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay from the south side in Nepal. Mount Everest, also called Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा meaning Head of the Sky) or Chomolungma, Qomolangma or Zhumulangma (in Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sir Edmund Percival Hillary, KG, ONZ, KBE (20 July 1919 &ndash 11 January 2008 was a New Zealand mountaineer and explorer Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Just a few months later, Hermann Buhl made the first ascent of Nanga Parbat (8,125 m), a siege style expedition culminating in a remarkable solo push for the summit, it's the only eight-thousander to be summited solo on the first ascent. Hermann Buhl ( September 21, 1924 &ndash June 27, 1957) is considered one of the best post- World War II Austrian climbers Nanga Parbat ( Urdu:) is the ninth highest Mountain on Earth. K2 (8,611 m), the second highest peak in the world was first scaled in 1954. K2 is the second- highest Mountain on Earth (after Mount Everest) In 1964, the final eight-thousander to be climbed was Shishapangma (8,013 m), the lowest of all the 8,000 metre peaks. Shishapangma (officially Xixiabangma) is the fourteenth highest Mountain in the world and the lowest of the Eight-thousanders It was the last 8000 metre

Further reading

• Sherry B. Ortner, Life & Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpas & Himalayan Mountaineer, Princeton University Press 1999

See also

• List of climbers
• Ski mountaineering
• Glossary of climbing terms
• List of climbing topics
• Mountain rescue
• Peak bagging
• Highest unclimbed mountain
• Mountain hut
• The Mountaineers (Pacific NW)
• Outdoor education
• Lead climbing
• Rope access

External links

• University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – The Mountaineers Collection Photographic albums and text documenting the Mountaineers official annual outings undertaken by club members from 1907-1951, primarily on the Olympic Peninsula, in Mount Rainier National Park and on Glacier Peak. This list of climbers includes both mountaineers and rock climbers, since many (though not all climbers engage in both types of activities Ski mountaineering is a Sport that combines the techniques of Skiing (often Ski touring) with those This page describes terms and Jargon related to Climbing and Mountaineering. This is a list articles related to Climbing and Mountaineering. Mountain rescue refers to Search and rescue activities that occur in a mountainous environment although the term is sometimes also used to apply to search and rescue in Peak bagging (also hill bagging, mountain bagging, Munro bagging, or among enthusiasts just bagging) is an activity in which The highest unclimbed mountain in a particular region or in the world is often a matter of controversy A mountain hut (also known as alpine hut, mountain shelter, and mountain hostel) is a building located in the mountains intended to provide food and The Mountaineers is an outdoor recreation and awareness group based in Seattle, Washington and is the third largest group of its kind in the country Outdoor education usually refers to organized Learning that takes place in the Outdoors. Lead climbing is a Climbing technique used to ascend a route This technique is predominantly used in Rock climbing and involves a lead climber attaching Rope access is a form of work positioning initially developed from techniques used in Climbing and Caving, which applies practical Ropework to allow workers
• University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Mountaineers: 1920 Outing to Mt. Olympus) Online museum exhibit includes images of camps, maps, and excerpts from the 1913 essay Melodious Days by Hugh Elmer Brown.
• Mount Everest The British Story
• The British Moutaineering Council (BMC) Website

References

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