| Mount Erebus | |
|---|---|
 Mt. Erebus, 1972 |
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| Elevation | 3,795 metres (12,451 ft) |
| Location | Ross Island, Antarctica |
| Prominence | 3,795 m |
| Coordinates | |
| Type | Stratovolcano |
| Age of rock | 1 million years |
| Last eruption | 2008 (continuing) |
| First ascent | 1908 from a party led by T. In topography a summit is a point on a surface which is higher in Elevation than all points immediately adjacent to Ross Island is an island formed by four Volcanoes in the Ross Sea by Antarctica, off the coast of Victoria Land in McMurdo Sound A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Mountains can be characterized in several ways Some mountains are Volcanoes and can be characterized by the type of lava and eruptive history A stratovolcano, also called a composite volcano is a tall conical Volcano composed of many layers of hardened Lava, Tephra, and Volcanic The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common In Climbing, a first ascent (FA is the first modern recorded climb to reach the top of a Mountain, or the first to follow a particular Climbing route Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year W. E. David |
| Easiest route | basic snow/ice climb |
Mount Erebus in Antarctica is the southernmost active volcano on Earth. A climbing route is a path by which a climber reaches the top of a Mountain, rock or ice wall Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the With a summit elevation of 3,795 metres (12,451 ft), it is located on Ross Island, which is also home to three inactive volcanoes, notably Mt. Terror. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Ross Island is an island formed by four Volcanoes in the Ross Sea by Antarctica, off the coast of Victoria Land in McMurdo Sound For mountains named Mount Terror see Mount Terror. Mount Terror is a large Shield volcano that forms the eastern part of Ross Island
The volcano has been observed to be continuously active since 1972 and is the site of the Mt. Erebus Volcano Observatory run by New Mexico Tech. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (also called New Mexico Tech, Tech, The Tech, and originally known as the New Mexico School of Mines
Mount Erebus was discovered on January 27, 1841 (and observed to be in eruption)[1] by polar explorer Sir James Clark Ross who named it and Mount Terror after his ships, Erebus and Terror (which were also used by Sir John Franklin on his disastrous Arctic expedition). Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Sir James Clark Ross ( April 15, 1800 &ndash April 3, 1862) was a British naval officer and explorer. Ross expedition After two years service in the Mediterranean Sea, Erebus was refitted as an exploration vessel for Antarctic service and on November War service Terror saw service in the War of 1812 against the United States. Sir John Franklin, FRGS ( April 16, 1786 &ndash June 11, 1847) was a British Royal Navy officer and The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. It was first climbed (to the rim) by members of Sir Ernest Shackleton's party in 1908. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE, (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922 was an Anglo-Irish explorer who was one of the principal figures of the period Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Erebus was a primordial Greek god, the son of Chaos. In Greek mythology, Erebus or Erebos ( Ancient Greek:, English translation: "deep blackness/darkness or shadow" was the son of a primordial Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. For the state of disarray see Chaos. In Greek mythology Chaos ( Xάος) or Khaos is the original state of existence from which
The first known solo ascent of Mount Erebus was accomplished by Charles J. Blackmer on January 19-20, 1991. Blackmer, an ironworker for many years at McMurdo Station and the South Pole, accomplished this in a twenty-four hour period. McMurdo Station is an American Antarctic research center located on the southern tip of Ross Island on the shore of McMurdo Sound, 2200 The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth. The ascent took approximately seventeen hours. This event has been cited in two books about Antarctic experiences, Terra Incognita by Sara Wheeler and Big Dead Place by Nicholas Johnson.
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Geology and volcanology
Mount Erebus is currently the most active volcano in Antarctica. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The summit contains a persistent convecting phonolitic lava lake, one of a very few long-lived lava lakes in the world. Lava lakes are large volumes of molten Lava, usually Basaltic, contained in a vent Volcanic crater, or broad depression Characteristic eruptive activity consists of Strombolian eruptions from the lava lake or from one of several subsidiary vents, all lying within the volcano's inner crater. Strombolian eruptions are relatively low-level volcanic eruptions named after the Italian volcano named Stromboli, where such eruptions consist of [2][3] The volcano is scientifically remarkable in that its relatively low-level and unusually persistent eruptive activity enables long-term volcanological study of a Strombolian eruptive system very close (hundreds of metres) to the active vents, a characteristic shared with only a few volcanos worldwide, such as Stromboli in Italy. Stromboli (Strongyle is a small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the north coast of Sicily, containing one of the three active volcanoes in Italy Scientific study of the volcano is also facilitated by the proximity (35 km) of McMurdo Station (US) and Scott Base (NZ), both sited on Ross Island. McMurdo Station is an American Antarctic research center located on the southern tip of Ross Island on the shore of McMurdo Sound, 2200 Scott Base may also refer to Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station.
Mount Erebus is classified as a polygenetic stratovolcano. The bottom half of the volcano is a shield and the top half is a stratocone (Mount Etna is like this as well). The composition of the current eruptive products of Erebus is anorthoclase-porphyric tephritic phonolite and phonolite, which constitute the bulk of exposed lava flow on the volcano. See also List of minerals Porphyry is a variety of Igneous rock consisting of large-grained Crystals such as Feldspar or Quartz, dispersed in a fine-grained Phonolite is an evolved lava which is considered as forming in shallow Magma chambers Phonolite is an igneous, volcanic ( Extrusive) rock The oldest eruptive products consist of relatively undifferentiated and non-viscous basanitic lavas that form the low, broad platform shield of the Erebus edifice. Basanite (ˈbæsənaɪt is an igneous, volcanic ( Extrusive) rock with Aphanitic to Porphyritic texture Slightly younger basanite and phonotephrite lavas crop out on Fang Ridge, an eroded remnant of an early Erebus volcano and at other isolated locations on the flanks of the Erebus edifice. Basanite (ˈbæsənaɪt is an igneous, volcanic ( Extrusive) rock with Aphanitic to Porphyritic texture
Lava flows of more viscous phonotephrite, tephriphonolite and trachyte were erupted after the basanite. Trachyte is an Igneous, Volcanic rock with an Aphanitic to Porphyritic texture Basanite (ˈbæsənaɪt is an igneous, volcanic ( Extrusive) rock with Aphanitic to Porphyritic texture The upper slopes of Mount Erebus are dominated by steeply dipping (-30°) tephritic phonolite lava flows with large scale flow levees. A conspicuous break in slope at approximately 3200 meters is a summit plateau representing a caldera less than 100,000 years old. A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption The summit caldera itself is filled with small volume tephritic phonolite and phonolite lava flows. A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption Phonolite is an evolved lava which is considered as forming in shallow Magma chambers Phonolite is an igneous, volcanic ( Extrusive) rock In the center of the summit caldera is a small, steep-sided cone composed primarily of decomposed lava bombs and a large deposit of anorthoclase crystals. A volcanic bomb is a globe of molten rock ( Tephra) larger than 65 mm (2 See also List of minerals It is within this summit cone that the active lava lake continuously degasses.
Air disaster
Air New Zealand Flight 901 was a scheduled passenger transport service from Auckland International Airport in New Zealand to Antarctica and return, without an intermediate stop. Air New Zealand Flight 901 (TE901 was a scheduled Antarctic sightseeing flight from Auckland International Airport in New Zealand Air New Zealand Flight 901 (TE901 was a scheduled Antarctic sightseeing flight from Auckland International Airport in New Zealand Auckland Airport (formerly Auckland International Airport) is the largest and busiest Airport in New Zealand with over 13 million (some 7 million New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Air New Zealand flyover service, for the purposes of Antarctic sightseeing, was operated with McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 aircraft and began in February 1977. Air New Zealand Limited (, Air New Zealand is a scheduled passenger Airline based in Auckland, New Zealand, and the national Flag carrier Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays The flight crashed into Mount Erebus in sector whiteout conditions on November 28, 1979, killing all 257 people aboard. Whiteout is a Weather condition in which visibility and contrast are severely reduced by Snow and diffuse lighting from overcast Clouds There are three For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Air New Zealand discontinued the service after the crash.
During the Antarctic summer, snow melt on the flanks of Mount Erebus continually brings debris from the crash to the surface of the snow; it is plainly visible from the air.
Gallery
 Topographic map of Ross Island (1:250,000 scale) from USGS Ross Island. |
 Satellite picture of Mount Erebus showing glow from its persistent lava lake. |
Notes and references
- ^ Ross, Voyage to the Southern Seas, vol. i, p. 216-18
- ^ Kyle, P. R. (Ed. ), Volcanological and Environmental Studies of Mount Erebus, Antarctica, Antarctic Research Series, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 1994.
- ^ Aster R. , Mah, S. , Kyle, P. , McIntosh, W. , Dunbar, N. , and J. Johnson, Very long period oscillations of Mount Erebus volcano, J. Geophys. Res. , 108, 2522, doi:10 . 1029/2002JB002101, 2003.
See also
- Erebus Ice Tongue
- Lower Erebus Hut - Home of MEVO
- Nimrod Expedition - first ascent of Mount Erebus
- Volcanic Seven Summits
References
- Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program: Mount Erebus
- LeMasurier, W. Erebus_Ice_Tongue_-_Antarcticajpg|thumb|275px|The Erebus Ice Tongue is shaped by a variety of forces such as wave action during summer thaw tides and internal tensions Overview The Lower Erebus Hut (LEH is a permanent field facility located on Mount Erebus in Ross Island, Antarctica The British Antarctic Expedition 1907&ndash09, otherwise known as the Nimrod Expedition, was the first of three expeditions to the Antarctic led by Ernest Shackleton Volcanic Seven Summits definitions Due to different interpretations of continental borders (geological geographical geopolitical several definitions for the highest E. ; Thomson, J. W. (eds. ) (1990). Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans. American Geophysical Union, 512 pp. The American Geophysical Union (or AGU) is a nonprofit organization of Geophysicists consisting of over 50000 members from over 135 countries ISBN 0-87590-172-7.
- The Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory (includes live camera images of the volcano's lava lake, video clips of eruptions, and other information)
External links
- A picture from space of the lava lake at the summit of Mt Erebus
- Erebus Glacier Tongue
- A Panoramic View from the summit of Mt. Erebus
- Footage of Mt. Erebus erupting in 2005
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