Moshav (Hebrew: מושב Translit.: moshav Plural: moshavim Translated: settlement, village) is a type of cooperative agricultural community of individual farms pioneered by the Labour Zionists during the second aliyah (wave of Jewish immigration during the early 20th Century). Hebrew uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel points. The romanization of Hebrew is the use of the Latin alphabet to Transliterate Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there often to colonize the area Labor Zionism ( Labour Zionism, ציונות סוציאליסטית tsionut sotsialistit) can be described as the major stream of the Left wing of the Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The twentieth century of the Common Era began on
The moshavim are similar to kibbutzim with an emphasis on community labor. A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in They were designed as part of the Zionist state-building program following the Yishuv ("Jewish settlement") in the British Mandate of Palestine during the 19th Century, but contrary to the collective kibbutzim, farms in a moshav tended to be individually owned but of fixed and equal size. Yishuv (ישוב literally "settlement" or Ha-Yishuv (the Yishuv הישוב or the full term הישוב היהודי בארץ ישראל Hayishuv Hayehudi PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise Workers produced crops and goods on their properties through individual and/or pooled labour and resources and used profit and foodstuffs to provide for themselves. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form Support of the community was done through a special tax (Hebrew: מס ועד, Mas Va'ad, lit. Committee tax). This tax was equal for all households of the community, thus creating a system where good farmers were better off than bad ones, unlike in the communal kibbutzim where (at least theoretically) all members enjoyed the same living standard. Moshavim are governed by an elected council (Hebrew: ועד, Va'ad, lit. Committee). Many moshavim still exist today.
There are several variants, of which the most common are:
- Moshav ovdim (Hebrew: מושב עובדים, lit. Workers' moshav), a workers cooperative settlement,
- Moshav shitufi (Hebrew: מושב שיתופי, lit. Collective moshav), a collective smallholder's settlement that combines the economic features of a kibbutz with the social features of a moshav. Farming is done collectively and profits are shared equally.
History
The first moshav, Nahalal, was established in the Jezreel Valley (also known as the Valley of Esdraelon) on September 11, 1921. Nahalal-12jpg|thumb|right|250px|The main square of Nahalal in the 1930s]] Nahalal (נהלל is a Moshav in northern Israel. The Jezreel Valley (עמק יזרעאל Emek Yizrael) is a large fertile plain and inland valley in the south of the Lower Galilee region of Israel Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar In 1986 about 156,700 Israelis lived and worked on 448 moshavim, the great majority divided among eight federations. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) There are two types of moshavim, the more numerous (405) moshavei ovdim and the moshavei shitufiym. The former relies on cooperative purchasing of supplies and marketing of produce; the family or household is, however, the basic unit of production and consumption. The moshav shitufi form is closer to the collectivity of the kibbutz: although consumption is family-or household-based, production and marketing are collective. Unlike the moshavei ovdim, land is not allotted to households or individuals, but is collectively worked.
Because the moshav form retained the family as the center of social life and eschewed bold experiments with communal child-rearing or equality of the sexes, it was much more attractive to traditional Mizrahi immigrants in the 1950s and early 1960s than was the more communally radical kibbutz. Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 For this reason, the kibbutz has remained basically an Ashkenazi institution, whereas the moshav has not. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing On the contrary, the so-called immigrants' moshav (Hebrew: מושב עולים, Moshav Olim) was one of the most-used and successful forms of absorption and integration of Oriental immigrants, and it allowed them a much steadier ascent into the middle class than did life in some development towns. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power.
Like the kibbutzim, moshavim since 1967 have relied increasingly on outside — particularly Arab — labor. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Financial instabilities in the early 1980s hit many moshavim hard, as did the problem of absorbing all the children who might wish to remain in the community. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. By the late 1980s, more and more moshav members were employed in nonagricultural sectors outside the community, so that some moshavim were coming to resemble suburban or exurban villages whose residents commute to work. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. A commuter town is an urban community that is primarily residential from which most of the Workforce commute out to earn their livelihood In general moshavim never enjoyed the elite status afforded to kibbutzim; correspondingly they have not suffered a decline in prestige in the 1970s and 1980s. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970.
List of Moshavim
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