Moscow (English) Москва (Russian)
The Red Square and Saint Basil's Cathedral
Location of Moscow in Europe
Coordinates 55°45′8″N 37°37′56″E / 55.75222, 37.63222Coordinates: 55°45′8″N 37°37′56″E / 55.75222, 37.63222
Coat of Arms	Flag
Political status Federal district Economic region	Federal city Central Central
Code	77
Area
Area	1,081 km² (417. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification Russia is a Federation which consists of 83  subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal This article is about an administrative division of the federal government of Russia Russia is divided into twelve economic regions (экономи́ческие райо́ны ekonomicheskiye rayony, sing The Russian Federation is divided into 83  federal subjects, two of which are federal cities. Central Federal District (Центра́льный федера́льный о́круг Tsentralny federalny okrug) is one of the seven federal districts of Central economic region (Центра́льный экономи́ческий райо́н Tsentralny ekonomichesky rayon) is one of twelve Economic regions of Russia Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 4 sq mi)
Population (as of the 2002 Census)
Population - Rank - Density	10,382,754 inhabitants 1st 9,604. Russia 's area is about 17 million square kilometers (65 million sq Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried This is a list of cities and towns in Russia with population over 50000 grouped by federal subject and sorted by population Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 8/km² (24,876. 3/sq mi)
Government
Head	Yury Luzhkov
Legislative body	City Duma
Charter	Charter of Moscow
Events
Founded	1147
Other information
Postal code	101xxx–129xxx
Dialing codes	+7 495, +7 499
Official website
http://www.mos.ru

Moscow (Russian: Москва́, romanised: Moskva, IPA: [mɐˈskva] (help·info) see also other names) is the capital and the largest city of Russia, and the largest city in Europe, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world. Yury Mikhaylovich Luzhkov (Ю́рий Миха́йлович Лужко́в (born September 21 1936 in Moscow, Russia, USSR) is a Russian A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified A postal code (known in various countries as a post code, postcode, or ZIP code) is a series of letters and/or digits appended to a All Country calling codes for the European Union countries start with +3x or +4x A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet and M N O P Prague --> Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending This is a list of the largest Metropolitan areas of Europe. The population figures for both the metropolitan area and central city are given Moscow is the country's political, economic, religious, financial, educational and transportation centre. It is located on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District, in the European part of Russia. The Moskva River (Москва is a river that flows through the Moscow and Smolensk Oblasts in Russia, and is a Tributary of the Oka Central Federal District (Центра́льный федера́льный о́круг Tsentralny federalny okrug) is one of the seven federal districts of European Russia refers to the western areas of Russia that lie within Europe, comprising roughly 3960000 km² and spanning across 40% of Europe Historically, it was the capital of the former Soviet Union and the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the pre-Imperial Russian state. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya It is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, which serves as the ceremonial residence of the President of Russia. The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified The President of Russia (Президент России or the President of the Russian Federation, Президент Российской Moscow is a major economic centre and is home to the largest number of billionaires in the world;^[1] in 2007 Moscow was named the world's most expensive city for the second year in a row. A billionaire is a person who has a Net worth of at least one billion units of currency such as United States dollars ( USD /US$ U This is a list of the World 's most expensive cities, according to the Mercer Human Resource Consulting Cost of Living Surveys ^[2] It is home to many scientific and educational institutions, as well as numerous sport facilities. It possesses a complex transport system that includes the world’s busiest metro system, which is famous for its architecture and artwork. The Moscow Metro (Московское метро which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is the world's second most heavily used Rapid-transit

Contents 1 History 2 Government 2.1 Administrative divisions 3 Geography and climate 4 Architecture 5 Culture 5.1 Parks and landmarks 5.2 Sports 5.3 Night life 6 Education and science 7 Transport 8 Economy 8.1 Industry 8.2 Living costs 9 Future development 10 Demographics 11 Media 12 Sister cities 13 Bibliography 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 External links 16.1 Official sites 16.2 Newspapers & media 16.3 Weather information 16.4 Maps 16.5 Photos and videos

History

See also: History of Moscow

The city is named after the river (old Russian: гра́д Моско́в, literally the city by the Moskva River). The oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Stone Age (Schukinskaya Neolithic site on the Moscow River) Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The origin of the name is unknown, although several theories exist. ^[3] One theory suggests that the source of the name is an ancient Finnic language, in which it means “dark” and “turbid”. The Baltic-Finnic languages, spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 7 million people are a branch of Finnic languages belonging to the Finno-Ugric group The first Russian reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when Yuri Dolgoruki called upon the prince of the Novgorod Republic to “come to me, brother, to Moscow. Prince Yuri I Dolgoruki (Юрий Долгорукий "Yuri the Long-arm" also known as George I of Russia, (c The Novgorod Republic (Новгородская республика / Novgorodskaya respublika Новгородская земьля / Novgorodskaya zemlja) was a ”^[4]

Nine years later, in 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgoruki of Rostov ordered the construction of a wooden wall, which had to be rebuilt multiple times, to surround the emerging city. Rostov (Росто́в Old Norse: Rostofa is one of the oldest towns in Russia and an important tourist centre of the so called Golden ^[5] After the sacking of 1237–1238, when the Mongols burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants, Moscow recovered and became the capital of an independent principality in 1327. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince ^[6] Its favourable position on the headwaters of the Volga River contributed to steady expansion. Moscow developed into a stable and prosperous principality for many years and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia.

Under Ivan I the city replaced Tver as a political centre of Vladimir-Suzdal and became the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol-Tatar rulers. The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified The Moskva River (Москва is a river that flows through the Moscow and Smolensk Oblasts in Russia, and is a Tributary of the Oka Ivan I Danilovich Kalita (Ива́н I Дани́лович Калита́ in Russian) (1288 &ndash March 31, 1340, Moscow) Prince of Tver (Тверь is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Tver Oblast. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (Влади́миро-Су́здальское кня́жество The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan. Unlike other principalities, Moscow was not divided among his sons but was passed intact to his eldest. However, Moscow's opposition against foreign domination grew. In 1380, prince Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo which was not decisive, though. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Battle of Kulikovo (Куликовская битва битва на Куликовском поле was fought by the Tartaro - Mongols (the Golden Horde Only two years later Moscow was sacked by khan Tokhtamysh. Tokhtamysh (d ca 1406 was the last khan of the White Horde, who unified the White Horde and Blue Horde subdivisions of the Golden Horde into In 1480, Ivan III had finally broken the Russians free from Tatar control, allowing Moscow to become the centre of power in Russia. Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич ( 22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow also known as Ivan the Great The Great Standoff on the Ugra river ( Великое cтояние на реке Угре in Russian, also Угорщина (Ugorschina ^[7] Under Ivan III the city became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of present-day Russia and other lands.

In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin. The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified ^[8]

In 1609, the Swedish army led by Count Jacob De la Gardie and Evert Horn started their march from Velikiy Novgorod toward Moscow to help Tsar Vasili Shuiski, entered Moscow in 1610 and suppressed the rebellion against the Tsar, but leaving it early next year 1611, following which the Polish-Lithuanian army invaded. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Field Marshal and Count Jacob Pontusson De la Gardie ( Reval, 20 June 1583 - Stockholm, 22 August 1652) was a Statesman Evert Horn ( June 11 1585 – July 30 1615) was a Swedish soldier Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Vasili IV of Russia ( Russian: Василий IV Иванович Шуйский, other Transliterations: Vasily Vasiliy Vasilii) ( September Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the

The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682. The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Хра́м Христа́ Спаси́теля is the tallest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms. The Salt Riot, also known as the Moscow Uprising of 1648 (Соляной бунт Московское восстание 1648 was a Riot in Moscow The Copper Riot, also known as the Moscow Uprising of 1662 ( Russian: Медный бунт, Московское восстание 1662 года Moscow Uprising of 1682, also known as Streltsy Uprising of 1682 (Стрелецкий бунт was an uprising of the Moscow Streltsy

The plague of 1654–1656 had killed half the population of Moscow. The Cathedral of Intercession of the Virgin on the Moat (Собор Покрова что на Рву - The Cathedral of the Protection of the Mother of God, or simply The following is a list of towers of Moscow Kremlin. Borovitskaya The Borovitskaya Tower (Боровицкая башня is a corner tower with a The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified Red Square ( Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad) is the most famous City square in Moscow, and arguably one of the most The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia ^[9] The city ceased to be Russia’s capital in 1712, after the founding of Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great on the Baltic coast in 1703. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Muscovites burned the city and evacuated, as Napoleon’s forces were approaching on 14 September. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. For similar disasters see Fire of Moscow The 1812 Fire of Moscow broke out on September 14, 1812 in Moscow on the Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Napoleon’s army, plagued by hunger, cold and poor supply lines, was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces.

In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor, was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow’s first official mayor. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, on March 12, 1918, Moscow became the capital of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Soviet Union less than five years later. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 ^[10] During the Great Patriotic War (a part of World War II and the official Russian name for the conflict, after German invasion of the USSR), the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the Red Army was located in Moscow. The term Great Patriotic War (Великая Отечественная война Velikaya Otechestvennaya Vojna) is used in Russia and some other World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya

In 1941, sixteen divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), twenty-five battalions (18,500 people) and four engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. That November, German Army Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course of the Battle of Moscow. Army Group Center (Heeresgruppe Mitte was the name of two distinct German strategic Army groups that fought on the Eastern Front in World War II The Battle of Moscow (Битва под Москвой Romanized: Bitva pod Moskvoy, Schlacht um Moskau is the name given by the Soviet historians to the two Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be under siege. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defences, while the city was bombarded from the air. Anti-tank refers to any method of combating military Armored fighting vehicles notably Tanks The most common anti-tank systems It is of some note that Stalin refused to leave the city, meaning the general staff and the council of people's commissars remained in the city as well. Despite the siege and the bombings, the construction of Moscow's metro system, continued through the war and by the end of the war several new metro lines were opened. The Moscow Metro (Московское метро which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is the world's second most heavily used Rapid-transit

On May 1, 1944, a medal For the defence of Moscow and in 1947 another medal In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow were instituted. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the victory in World War II, on May 8, 1965, Moscow was one of twelve Soviet cities awarded the title of the Hero City. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Hero City ( Russian: город-герой gorod-geroy, Ukrainian: Місто-герой Misto-heroy) is a Soviet Honorary In 1980, it hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which was boycotted by the United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in late 1979. The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Moscow in the Soviet The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

In 1991, Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt by the government members opposed to the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow continued to be the capital of Russia.

Since then, the emergence of a market economy in Moscow has produced an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Besides the historical traits of Moscow, it has many different agricultural attributes. In 1998, it hosted the first World Youth Games. The World Youth Games was an international multi-sport competition for athletes 17 or under on the 31st December of the year of competition Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. At the centre of the city, in Central Administrative Okrug, is the Moscow Kremlin, which houses the home of the President of Russia as well as many of the facilities for the national government. Central Administrative District, or Tsentralny Administrative Okrug (Центральный административный округ is an administrative okrug The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified The President of Russia (Президент России or the President of the Russian Federation, Президент Российской This includes numerous military headquarters and the headquarters of the Moscow Military District. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (UTC (Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции Transliteration Vooruzhyónniye Síly Rossíyskoy Federátsii The Moscow Military District is a Military district of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Moscow, like with any national capital, is also the host of all the foreign embassies and diplomats representing a multitude of nations in Russia. A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in Moscow is designated as one of only two Federal cities of Russia (the other one being Saint Petersburg). The Russian Federation is divided into 83  federal subjects, two of which are federal cities. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Among the 85 Federal subjects of Russia, Moscow represents the most populated one and the smallest one in terms of area. Russia is a Federation which consists of 83  subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal Lastly, Moscow is located within the central economic region, one of twelve regions within Russia with similar economic goals. Central economic region (Центра́льный экономи́ческий райо́н Tsentralny ekonomichesky rayon) is one of twelve Economic regions of Russia Russia is divided into twelve economic regions (экономи́ческие райо́ны ekonomicheskiye rayony, sing

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (Yuriy Luzhkov). This is a list of Mayors of Moscow. From 1917 to 1991 de-facto leadership of the city was in the hands of the First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party. Yury Mikhaylovich Luzhkov (Ю́рий Миха́йлович Лужко́в (born September 21 1936 in Moscow, Russia, USSR) is a Russian It is divided into ten administrative okrugs and 123 districts. Nine of the ten administrative districts, except the City of Zelenograd (number 1 on the map), are located within City of Moscow main boundaries. All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms, flags, and elected head officials. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people Additionally, most districts have their own cable television, computer network, and official newspaper. In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status, or territories. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations, such as the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden, large parks, and industrial zones. All-Russian Exhibition Centre (Всероссийский выставочный центр is a permanent general-purpose Trade show in Moscow, Russia Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes

In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. A Chinatown is a section of an urban area with a large number of Chinese outside the majority-Chinese countries of Greater China. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city centre, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious. The Moscow Metro (Московское метро which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is the world's second most heavily used Rapid-transit

Government

Main article: Administrative divisions of Moscow

Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. At the centre of the city, in Central Administrative Okrug, is the Moscow Kremlin, which houses the home of the President of Russia as well as many of the facilities for the national government. Central Administrative District, or Tsentralny Administrative Okrug (Центральный административный округ is an administrative okrug The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified The President of Russia (Президент России or the President of the Russian Federation, Президент Российской This includes numerous military headquarters and the headquarters of the Moscow Military District. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (UTC (Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции Transliteration Vooruzhyónniye Síly Rossíyskoy Federátsii The Moscow Military District is a Military district of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Moscow, like with any national capital, is also the host of all the foreign embassies and diplomats representing a multitude of nations in Russia. A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in Moscow is designated as one of only two Federal cities of Russia (the other one being Saint Petersburg). The Russian Federation is divided into 83  federal subjects, two of which are federal cities. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Among the 85 federal subjects of Russia, Moscow represents the most populated one and the smallest one in terms of area. Russia is a Federation which consists of 83  subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal Lastly, Moscow is located within the central economic region, one of twelve regions within Russia with similar economic goals. Central economic region (Центра́льный экономи́ческий райо́н Tsentralny ekonomichesky rayon) is one of twelve Economic regions of Russia Russia is divided into twelve economic regions (экономи́ческие райо́ны ekonomicheskiye rayony, sing

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (Yuriy Luzhkov). This is a list of Mayors of Moscow. From 1917 to 1991 de-facto leadership of the city was in the hands of the First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party. Yury Mikhaylovich Luzhkov (Ю́рий Миха́йлович Лужко́в (born September 21 1936 in Moscow, Russia, USSR) is a Russian It is divided into ten administrative okrugs and 123 districts. Nine of the ten administrative districts, except the City of Zelenograd (number 1 on the map), are located within City of Moscow main boundaries.

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms, flags, and elected head officials. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people Additionally, most districts have their own cable television, computer network, and official newspaper.

In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status, or territories. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations, such as the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden, large parks, and industrial zones. All-Russian Exhibition Centre (Всероссийский выставочный центр is a permanent general-purpose Trade show in Moscow, Russia Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. A Chinatown is a section of an urban area with a large number of Chinese outside the majority-Chinese countries of Greater China. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city centre, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious. The Moscow Metro (Московское метро which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is the world's second most heavily used Rapid-transit

In addition to being the capital of Russia, Moscow is the administrative centre of Moscow Oblast. Moscow Oblast (Моско́вская о́бласть Moskovskaya oblast) or Podmoskovye (ru Подмоско́вье Podmoskovye) is a Since Moscow has the status of a federal city, it is administratively separate from the oblast. The Russian Federation is divided into 83  federal subjects, two of which are federal cities.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Moscow

Moscow is divided into ten administrative okrugs, one of which (Zelenograd) is located entirely outside the ring road. City of Zelenograd Northern Administrative Okrug North-Eastern Administrative Okrug North-Western Zelenograd (Зеленогра́д lit Green City) is a city, which along with the territories and settlements under its jurisdiction forms one of the administrative MKAD is a Beltway encircling the City of Moscow. The name is a transliteration of the Russian word МКАД, an Acronym Administrative okrugs are in turn divided into 123 districts (raions). For the manufactured regenerated fiber see Rayon A raion (or rayon) (райо́н ra'jon rayon раён რაიონი

Geography and climate

Moscow has a hemiboreal climate (Koppen climate classification Dfb) with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, cold winters. The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist Typical high temperatures in the warm months of July and August are around 22 °C (72 °F); in the winter, temperatures normally drop to approximately -12 °C (10 °F). The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The highest temperature ever recorded was 36. 7 °C (98. 1 °F)^[11], and the lowest ever recorded was -42. 2 °C in January 1940. Monthly rainfall totals vary minimally throughout the year, although the precipitation levels tend to be higher during the summer than during the winter. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Due to the significant variation in temperature between the winter and summer months as well as the limited fluctuation in precipitation levels during the summer, Moscow is considered to be within a continental climate zone. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year

Weather averages for Moscow
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	8. 6 (47)	8. 3 (47)	17. 5 (64)	28. 0 (82)	33. 2 (92)	33. 9 (93)	36. 7 (98)	34. 8 (95)	29. 4 (85)	23. 7 (75)	12. 5 (55)	9. 2 (49)	36. 7 (98)
Average high °C (°F)	-5. 8 (22)	-4. 5 (24)	1. 2 (34)	10. 5 (51)	18. 1 (65)	21. 9 (71)	23. 2 (74)	21. 5 (71)	15. 5 (60)	8. 1 (47)	0. 6 (33)	-3. 5 (26)	9. 0 (48)
Average low °C (°F)	-11. 7 (11)	-11. 2 (12)	-6. 1 (21)	1. 6 (35)	7. 3 (45)	11. 6 (53)	13. 4 (56)	12. 1 (54)	7. 2 (45)	2. 1 (36)	-3. 9 (25)	-8. 4 (17)	1. 3 (34)
Record low °C (°F)	-42. 2 (-44)	-35. 2 (-31)	-27. 9 (-18)	-18. 8 (-2)	-5. 0 (23)	0. 8 (33)	5. 1 (41)	2. 1 (36)	-5. 2 (23)	-16. 1 (3)	-23. 3 (-10)	-38. 0 (-36)	-42. 2 (-44)
Precipitation mm (inches)	42 (1. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 7)	36 (1. 4)	34 (1. 3)	44 (1. 7)	51 (2)	75 (3)	94 (3. 7)	77 (3)	65 (2. 6)	59 (2. 3)	58 (2. 3)	56 (2. 2)	691 (27. 2)
Source: Pogoda. ru. net[12] 7. 09. 2007

Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for just over 500 km through the East European Plain in central Russia. The Moskva River (Москва is a river that flows through the Moscow and Smolensk Oblasts in Russia, and is a Tributary of the Oka The East European Plain (also Russian Plain) is a Plain comprised of a series of river basins in Eastern Europe. There are 49 bridges across the Moskva River and its canals within city limits. This is a partial list of Bridges of Moscow, Russia, including existing rail road and foot bridges over Moskva River, Moskva Canal

Moscow’s road system is centered roughly around the heart of the city, the Moscow Kremlin. The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified From there, the roads in general radiate out to intersect with a sequence of circular roads or “rings” focused at the Kremlin.

The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard Ring), was built at the former location of the sixteenth century city wall around that used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town). The Boulevard Ring (Бульва́рное кольцо́ is Moscow 's centremost Ring road. Bely Gorod (Бе́лый го́род that is "White Town" is the central core area of Moscow, Russia. ^[6] The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-like arc that goes from the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour to the Yauza River. A horseshoe is a U-shaped item made of metal or of modern synthetic materials nailed or glued to the Hooves of Horses and some other Draught The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Хра́м Христа́ Спаси́теля is the tallest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world Yauza (Яуза is a river in Moscow, Russia, a left tributary of the Moskva River and its largest tributary within Moscow city limits In addition, the Boulevard Ring changes street names numerous times throughout its journey across the city.

The second primary ring, located outside the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (Garden Ring). The Garden Ring, also known as the "B" Ring (Садо́вое кольцо́ кольцо́ "Б" is a Circular Avenue around Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a sixteenth century wall that used to encompass part of the city. ^[6] The third ring, the Third Transport Ring, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed freeway. The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, is under construction to further reduce traffic congestion. The outermost ring within Moscow is the Moscow Automobile Ring Road (often called the MKAD from the Russian Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога), which forms the approximate boundary of the city. MKAD is a Beltway encircling the City of Moscow. The name is a transliteration of the Russian word МКАД, an Acronym

Outside the city, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits.

• Weather in Moscow - moscow.the.by.

Architecture

Moscow’s architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is also well known as the site of Saint Basil’s Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters. The Cathedral of Intercession of the Virgin on the Moat (Собор Покрова что на Рву - The Cathedral of the Protection of the Mother of God, or simply An onion dome (Russian луковичная глава lúkovichnaya glava) is a type of unioform architectural Dome seen across Eastern Europe and often associated The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Хра́м Христа́ Спаси́теля is the tallest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world The Seven Sisters is the name given to various Moscow Skyscrapers by British immigrants who came to live in Russia in the 1980s and 90s The Patriarch of Moscow, whose residence is the Danilov Monastery, serves as the head of the Orthodox Church. Metropolitans Maximus ( 1283 - 1305) St Peter ( 1308 - 1326) vacant Danilov Monastery, in full Svyato-Danilov Monastery or Holy Danilov Monastery (Данилов монастырь, Свято-Данилов монастырь in The term Orthodox Christianity may refer to The Eastern Orthodox Church: the Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine Moscow also hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics. The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Moscow in the Soviet For a long time, the view of the city was dominated by numerous Orthodox churches. The look of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, mostly due to Joseph Stalin, who oversaw a large-scale effort to modernise the city. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party He introduced broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, but he also destroyed a great number of historically significant architectural works. The Sukharev Tower, as well as numerous mansions and stores lining the major streets, and various works of religious architecture, such as the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, were all destroyed during Stalin’s rule. Sukharev Tower (Сухарева башня was one of the best known landmarks and symbols of Moscow until its destruction by the Soviet authorities in 1934 Kazan Cathedral is a Russian Orthodox church located on the northeast corner of Red Square in Moscow. The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Хра́м Христа́ Спаси́теля is the tallest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world During the 1990s, however, both the latter were rebuilt.

Architect Vladimir Shukhov was responsible for building several of Moscow’s landmarks during early Soviet Russia. Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (Владимир Григорьевич Шухов ( - February 2 1939) was a Russian Engineer - Polymath The Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov, was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company. The Shukhov radio tower (Шуховская башня also known as the Shabolovka tower is a Broadcasting Tower in Moscow Hyperboloid structures are Architectural structures designed with Hyperboloid Geometry. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending ^[13] Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. Constructivism was an Artistic and architectural movement in Russia from 1919 onward which rejected the idea of " Art for art's sake " He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the Upper Trade Rows (GUM) on Red Square,^[13] bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults. Main Department Store or GUM (ГУМ pronounced as goom, in full Главный Универсальный Магазин, Glavnyi Universalnyi Red Square ( Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad) is the most famous City square in Moscow, and arguably one of the most

Stalin, however, is also credited with building the The Seven Sisters, comprising seven, cathedral-like structures. The Seven Sisters is the name given to various Moscow Skyscrapers by British immigrants who came to live in Russia in the 1980s and 90s A defining feature of Moscow’s skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City, and their style — with intricate exteriors and a large central spire — has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture. The Manhattan Municipal Building, at 1 Centre Street in New York City, is a 40-story building built to accommodate increased governmental space demands after the 1898 The City of New York Stalinist architecture (also referred to as Stalin 's Empire style Stalinist Gothic, or Socialist Classicism All seven towers can be seen from most elevations in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower which, when it was completed in 1967, was the tallest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world’s second-tallest after the CN Tower in Toronto. Ostankino Tower (Останкинская телебашня is a free-standing Television and Radio tower in Moscow, Russia. ^[14] The Soviet policy of providing mandatory housing for every citizen and his or her family, and the rapid growth of the Muscovite population in Soviet times, also led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks, which can often be differentiated by age, sturdiness of construction, or ‘style’ according to the neighbourhood and the materials used. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power — Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc — and they are usually ill-maintained.

The Stalinist-era constructions, usually in the central city, are massive and usually ornamented with Socialist realism motifs that imitate classical themes. Socialist realism is a teleologically -oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of Socialism and Communism The term Classical architecture has a specific Archaeological meaning relating to the architecture of Classical Greece However, small churches — almost always Eastern Orthodox - that provide glimpses of the city's past still dot various parts of the city. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Old Arbat, a popular tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the twentieth century. "Arbat" redirects here For other uses see Arbat (disambiguation. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist facades of Tverskaya Street, for example) are also examples of the bourgeois decadence in Tsarist times. A facade or façade (fəˈsɑːd is generally one side of the exterior of a Building, especially the front but also sometimes the sides and rear Tverskaya Street (Тверская улица known as Gorky Street (улица Горького between 1935 and 1990 and (unofficially Piterskaya (Питерская Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Ostankino, Kuskovo, Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents and monasteries, both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists. Ostankino Palace is a former summer residence and private Opera theater of Sheremetev family, originally situated several miles to the north from Moscow Kuskovo is an extensive estate, or manor, of the Counts Sheremetev originally situated several miles to the east of Moscow but now forming Uzkoe (Узкое is a historic estate in the southwestern part of Moscow.

Attempts are being made to restore many of the city’s best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These revamped structures are easily spotted by their bright new colours and spotless facades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Konstantin Stepanovich Melnikov (Russian Константин Степанович Мельников;, Moscow - November 28 1974, "Arbat" redirects here For other uses see Arbat (disambiguation. Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-Modernist styles employed, such as with the Novy Arbat project, familiarly known as “false teeth of Moscow” and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in the Moscow downtown involved in the project. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century New Arbat Street ( Но́вый Арба́т is Moscow 's major Avenue running west from Arbat Square on the Boulevard Ring to

As in London, but on a broader scale, plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well-known outside of Russia. There are also many ‘house-museums’ of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.

Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing with several new towers under construction. One tower will be the second tallest in the world when it is completed in 2010, the 2,009-foot (612 m) tall Russia Tower. The Russia Tower (Башня Россия Bashnya Rossiya) is a Supertall Skyscraper currently under construction in the Moscow International

Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences	Moscow International House of Music and Swissotel Krasnye Holmy	Paveletsky Tower Business center	Triumphal Arch on Kutuzov Avenue, dedicated to victory over Napoleon's army
Bogdan Khmelnitsky Bridge	Riverside building	Old Andreevsky Bridge	Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Borodinsky Bridge	Moscow International Business Center, Tower 2000	Square of Europe	Winter Moscow at night
Riverside Towers business center	Moscow monorail	Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building	"Fraternity of Peoples" fountain in All-Russia Exhibition Centre

Culture

Moscow’s world-famous museums and galleries with their collections, are some of the largest and most important in the world. The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National Moscow International Performance Arts Center, opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music is situated on the Kosmodamianskaya Embankment off the Garden Swissôtel Hotels and Resorts is a group of hotels pitched at the higher end of the hotel market based in Zürich, Switzerland. A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental Archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war actually used to celebrate a ruler Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The name Krasnoluzhsky Bridge (Краснолу́жский мо́ст refers to three existing bridges across Moskva River, located between Kievsky Rail Terminal Andreyevsky Bridge ( Russian: Андреевский мост St The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Хра́м Христа́ Спаси́теля is the tallest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world Borodinsky Bridge (Бороди́нский мост is a steel Plate girder bridge that spans Moskva River, connecting Dorogomilovo District The Moscow Monorail Transit System (MMTS (Моско́вская моноре́льсовая тра́нспортная систе́ма (ММТС - is a Monorail Kotelnicheskaya Embankment (Котельническая Набережная is a street on the northern bank of Moskva River in central Tagansky District of All-Russian Exhibition Centre (Всероссийский выставочный центр is a permanent general-purpose Trade show in Moscow, Russia The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts (Russian Музей изобразительных искусств им A Museum is distinguished by a collection of often unique objects that forms the core of its activities for exhibitions Education, Research Frequent art exhibitions thrive on both the new and the classic, as they once did in pre-Revolutionary times, and are derived from diverse branches of the arts - painting, photography, and sculpture. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing

One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city. The State Tretyakov Gallery (Государственная Третьяковская Галерея ГТГ in Moscow, Russia, is the foremost depository Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov (Па́вел Миха́йлович Третьяко́в ( December 27, 1832 – December 16, 1898) was ^[15] The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses the works of the classic Russian tradition. Tretyakovskaya (Третьяко́вская is a cross-platform station on the Moscow Metro serving the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya and the Kalininskaya The Moskva River (Москва is a river that flows through the Moscow and Smolensk Oblasts in Russia, and is a Tributary of the Oka ^[16] The works of famous pre-Revolutionary painters, such as Ilya Repin, as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be found in the Old Tretyakov Gallery. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution Ilya Yefimovich Repin (Илья́ Ефи́мович Ре́пин Ілля Юхимович Рєпін ( Chuhuiv, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine Iconography is the branch of Art history which studies the identification description and the interpretation of the content of images Visitors can even see rare originals by early-fifteenth century iconographer Andrei Rublev. Iconography is the branch of Art history which studies the identification description and the interpretation of the content of images Andrei Rublev (Andrew Rublev Andrey Rublev Andrey Roublyov Russian: Андре́й Рублёв (c ^[16] The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary artists, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early twentieth century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin's famous Monument to the Third International and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like Kazimir Malevich and Wassily Kandinsky. Vladimir Yevgrafovich Tatlin ( Russian: Владимир Евграфович Татлин) ( – May 31, 1953) worked as a painter and architect Tatlin’s Tower or The Monument to the Third International was a grand monumental building envisioned by the Russian artist and architect Vladimir Tatlin Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (Казимир Северинович Малевич Kazimierz Malewicz Ukrainian Казимир Северинович Малевич sɛʋɛˈrɪnoʋɪtʃ Wassily Kandinsky (Russian Василий Кандинский first name pronounced as) ( – 13 December 1944 was a Russian painter, Printmaker Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery. Socialist realism is a teleologically -oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of Socialism and Communism

Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, which was founded by, among others, Marina Tsvetaeva's father. The State Tretyakov Gallery (Государственная Третьяковская Галерея ГТГ in Moscow, Russia, is the foremost depository The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts (Russian Музей изобразительных искусств им Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (Мари́на Ива́новна Цвета́ева Marina Ivanovna Cvetaeva ( &ndash 31 August 1941 was a Russian and Soviet Poet The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of world civilisations, with many plaster casts of ancient sculptures. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. However, it also hosts famous paintings from every major Western era of art; works by Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso are all sampled there. Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973

The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history wedged between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей is a Museum of Russian history wedged between Red Square ( Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad) is the most famous City square in Moscow, and arguably one of the most Manege Square (Манежная площадь Manezhnaya ploshchad) is a large pedestrian Open space at the very centre of Moscow bound by the Hotel Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers in the millions. The Polytechnical Museum,^[17] founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata of the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Polytechnical Museum ( Политехнический музей) is a Science museum in Moscow that emphasizes the progress of Soviet technology Its collection contains more than 160,000 items. ^[18] The Borodino Panorama^[19] museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° diorama. The word diorama can refer either to a nineteenth century mobile theatre device or in modern usage a three-dimensional model usually enclosed in a glass showcase for a museum It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon’s army, that includes also the Triumphal arch erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum not to be missed, it includes statues, military hardware, along with powerful tales of that time.

Moscow is also the heart of Russian performing arts, including ballet and film. Russian ballet is a form of Ballet characteristic of or originating from Russia. There are ninety-three theatres, 132 cinemas and twenty-four concert-halls in Moscow. Among Moscow’s many theatres and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre. The Bolshoi Theatre (Большой театр Bol'shoy Teatr Great Theatre) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by famed architect Yevgeny Bagrationovich Vakhtangov (also spelled Evgeny or Eugene) ( 13 February 1883 &ndash 29 May 1922) was a renowned Moscow Art Theatre ( Russian: Московский Художественный Академический Театр МХАТ is a theatre company in Moscow The repertories in a typical Moscow season are exhaustive and modern interpretations of classic works, whether operatic or theatrical, are quite common. State Central Concert Hall Rossia,^[20] famous for ballet and estrade performances, is the place of frequent concerts of pop-stars such as Alla Pugacheva and is situated in the soon to be demolished building of Hotel Rossiya, the largest hotel in Europe. Alla Borisovna Pugacheva (Алла Борисовна Пугачёва Alla Borisovna Pugachyova) or Pugachova (more accurately reflecting pronunciation The Rossiya Hotel (Россия) was a large Hotel built in Moscow in 1967 at the order of Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev.

Moscow International Performance Arts Centre,^[21] opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music, is known for its performances in classical music. The Bolshoi Theatre (Большой театр Bol'shoy Teatr Great Theatre) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by famed architect Moscow International Performance Arts Center, opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music is situated on the Kosmodamianskaya Embankment off the Garden It also has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov hall. The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each

There are also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard^[22] named after Yuri Nikulin. A circus is most commonly a traveling company of performers that may include acrobats, Clowns trained animals trapeze acts Hoopers, tightrope walkers The Great Moscow State Circus ( Большой Московский государственный цирк на проспекте Вернадского is an auditorium in Moscow Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoi Boulevard was the only Circus in Moscow between 1926 and 1971 and still remains the most popular one Yuri Vladimirovich Nikulin (Юрий Владимирович Никулин 18 December 1921 &ndash 21 August 1997) was a well-known

Soviet films are integral to film history and the Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many Soviet classic films as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions. Mosfilm ( Russian: Мосфильм məs'fʲɨlʲm is a Film studio, which is often described as the largest and oldest in Russia and in ^[23] However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally-renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in Salut cinema where films from the Museum of Cinema^[24] collection are shown regularly.

Parks and landmarks

See also: List of Moscow tourist attractions

Patriarshiye Ponds

Novodevichy Convent is just one of many medieval monuments that dot the city. UNESCO World Heritage Sites Red Square Iberian Gate and Chapel Kilometre Zero Upper Patriarshiye Ponds ( Patriarch's Ponds, Патриаршие пруды nicknamed Patriki (ru Патрики is an affluent residential area in downtown Presnensky Novodevichy Convent, also known as Bogoroditse-Smolensky Monastery (Новоде́вичий монасты́рь Богоро́дице-Смоле́нский

The Moscow Zoo entrance

Ostankino palace

Ice palace, built in 2006

Central Moscow Hippodrome facade

All-Russia Exhibition Centre Golden Fountain

There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, Including 4 botanical gardens. Megasport Arena (formerly Khodynka Arena or Ise Sport Palase on the Khodynka Field, Ледовый дворец спорта на Ходынском поле There are also 450 square kilometers (174 sq mi) of green zones besides 100 square kilometers (39 sq mi) of forests. ^[25] Moscow is a very green city if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and America. There are average 27 square meters (290 sq ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris, 7. The square foot is an Imperial unit / US customary unit (non- SI non- metric) of Area, used mainly in the United States Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city 5 in London and 8. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. 6 in New York. The City of New York ^[26]

The Central Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky founded in 1928. Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure is an amusement park in Moscow Russia, named after Maxim Gorky. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov ( In Алексе́й Макси́мович Пешко́в ( &ndash June 18, 1936) better known as Maxim Gorky (Максим The main part with area of 689,000 square metres (170 acres)^[26] along the Moskva river contains estrades, children attractions, including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles, dancing, tennis courts and other sport facilities. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U This page is a glossary of architecture. A Aisle - subsidiary space alongside the body of a building separated from it by columns piers or It borders the Neskuchniy Garden with area of 408,000 square metres (101 acres)  — the oldest park in Moscow, and a former Emperor's residence, created as a result of integration of three estates of XVIII century, which contains also the Green Theatre, one of the largest open amphitheatres in Europe, able to contain up to 15 thousand people. Neskuchniy Garden ("non-boring" in Russian - is the oldest park in Moscow with area of 408 hectares and a former Emperor's residence created as a result of integration of three ^[27]

Izmaylovskiy Park created in 1931 is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London. See also Izmaylovsky Izmaylovsky Park or Izmaylovo Park is one of the largest parks ( Urban forests in Moscow, Russia, situated Richmond Park is a 955 hectare (2360 acre urban park near central London UK London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Its area of 15. 34 square kilometers (5. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 92 sq mi) is 6 times greater than that of Central Park in New York. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually The City of New York ^[26]

Sokolniki Park, which got its name from the falcon hunting that occurred here in the past, is one of the oldest in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometers (2 sq mi). Sokolniki Park, named for the famous Tsarist Falcon hunts formerly conducted there is one of the oldest parks in Moscow. A falcon (fɔlkən or fælkən is any Species of raptor in the Genus Falco. From a central circle with a large fountain radiate birch, maple and elm tree alleys. Farther, after the Deer ponds, there is a labyrinth, composed of green paths.

Losiny Ostrov National Park (literally — "Elk Island"), bordering the Sokolniki park, with total area of more than 116 square kilometers (45 sq mi) is the first national park of Russia, located in Moscow and Moscow Oblast. Losiny Ostrov National Park (Национальный парк "Лосиный Остров" literally - Elk Island) is the first National Moscow Oblast (Моско́вская о́бласть Moskovskaya oblast) or Podmoskovye (ru Подмоско́вье Podmoskovye) is a It is also known as the "city taiga", where elk can be seen.

Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe. Tsytsin Main Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in April 1945 is the largest in Europe. ^[28] It covers territory of 3. 61 square kilometers (1. 39 sq mi) bordering the All-Russian Exhibition Centre and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand of different species of plants from different parts of the world as well as scientific research laboratory. All-Russian Exhibition Centre (Всероссийский выставочный центр is a permanent general-purpose Trade show in Moscow, Russia It also contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest with average age of trees exceeding 100 years as well as a greenhouse on more than 5000 square meters. ^[26]

Lilac Park, founded in 1958, is known for its permanent sculpture exposition and a large rosarium.

Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the better known attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,^[29] which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified Red Square ( Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad) is the most famous City square in Moscow, and arguably one of the most ^[30] Kolomenskoye is another popular attraction with its UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Church of the Ascension, which dates from 1532. Kolomenskoye (Коло́менское is a former royal estate situated several miles to the south-east of Moscow downtown on the ancient road leading to the town Kolomenskoye (Коло́менское is a former royal estate situated several miles to the south-east of Moscow downtown on the ancient road leading to the town ^[31]

Other popular attractions include the Moscow Zoo, home to nearly a thousands species and more than 6,500 specimens. The Moscow Zoo is the largest and oldest zoo in Russia It was founded in 1864 by a group of professor-biologists K ^[32] Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1. 2 million visitors. ^[32] The long days will also afford one more time to cover the immense wealth of historical, cultural or simply popular sites in Moscow.

Sports

Moscow possesses a large number of various sport facilities and over 500 Olympic champions lived in the city by 2005. ^[33] Moscow is home to sixty-three stadia (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the UEFA Cup 1998-99 and UEFA Champions League 2007-08 finals). The Grand Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex ( Большая спортивная арена Олимпийского комплекса Лужники) in Forty other sport complexes are located within the city, including twenty-four with artificial ice. There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow,^[25] of which Central Moscow Hippodrome,^[34] founded in 1834, is the largest. This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Central Moscow Hippodrome, founded in 1834 is the largest Horse racing track as well as Horse breeding research facility in Moscow and Russia

Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics, although the yachting events were held at Tallinn, in present-day Estonia. The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Moscow in the Soviet Yachting is an activity involving boats It may be racing Sailing boats cruising to distant shores or day-sailing along a coast Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Large athletic facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had also made a bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Games were finally awarded to London.

The two most titled multi-sport clubs in the world are Moscow's CSKA Moscow and Dynamo Moscow. The Grand Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex ( Большая спортивная арена Олимпийского комплекса Лужники) in Sparrow Hills (Воробьёвы го́ры in 1935 &ndash 1999: Lenin Hills, ru Ле́нинские го́ры is a Hill on the CSKA Moscow (Central Sports Army Club Moscow Russian: ЦСКА Москва, full name Федеральное государственное учреждение

The most titled Ice Hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 See also CSKA Moscow History A Russian hockey powerhouse CSKA won 32 Soviet championships during the Soviet League's 46-year existence including Another big Ice Hockey clubs from Moscow are HC Dynamo Moscow, which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, Krylya Sovetov Moscow, and HC Spartak Moscow. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. HC Dynamo Moscow ( ru Динамо Москва is a Russian professional Ice hockey club based in Moscow competing in the Kontinental The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Krylya Sovetov Moscow (Крылья Советов Москва lit HC Spartak Moscow (ХК Спартак Москва is a professional Ice hockey team based in Moscow Russia

The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled Euroleague clubs, is the Basketball club from Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending EuroLeague WomenThe Euroleague (EL is one of the professional Basketball competitions in Europe, with teams from thirteen different European countries Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m See also CSKA Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow is a Russian professional Basketball club often referred to as " Red Army " for its past Another strong Basketball club from Moskow is MBC Dynamo Moscow. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m MBC Dynamo Moscow ( МБК Динамо Москва) is a Russian professional Basketball club in the Russian Basketball Super League from

Moscow had more winners at the USSR and Russian Chess Championship then any other city. This is a list of all the winners of the USSR Chess Championship. The Russian Chess Championship has taken various forms throughout history Some of them were the best players in the world.

The most titled Volleyball team in the Soviet Union and in Europe (CEV Champions League) is CSKA Moscow. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Women's CEV Champions LeagueThe CEV Champions League or Indesit European Champions League is the top official competition for men's Volleyball clubs of Europe CSKA Moscow (Central Sports Army Club Moscow Russian: ЦСКА Москва, full name Федеральное государственное учреждение

Two of the best teams in the world in Water Polo are CSKA Moscow and Dynamo Moscow. Water polo is a team water sport A team consists of six field players and one Goalkeeper. CSKA Moscow (Central Sports Army Club Moscow Russian: ЦСКА Москва, full name Федеральное государственное учреждение

In Bandy on of the most successful clubs in the world is Dynamo Moscow. Bandy is a Winter sport, where a ball is hit with a stick It shares a common ancestry with Ice hockey, in that it likely developed from the informal "ball and Dynamo Moscow is a Russian Bandy club from Moscow who were founded in 1923

One of the best Futsal clubs in Europe, is the club MFK Dinamo Moskva. Futsal is an indoor version of Association football. Its name is derived from the Portuguese fut ebol de sal ão and the Spanish MFK Dinamo Moskva is a futsal club based in Moscow. It won the UEFA Futsal Cup in 2007

In Football FC Spartak Moscow is the club that won most championship titles in the Russian Premier League than any other team, and were second only to Dynamo Kyiv in the Soviet Union. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered FC Spartak Moscow (Футбольный клуб «Спартак» Москва is a football club from Moscow, Russia. The Russian Premier League (also known as Rosgosstrakh Championship of Russia) is the top division of Russian football. FC Dynamo Kyiv (ФК Динамо Київ FK Dynamo Kyiv; Динамо Киев Dinamo Kiev) is a professional football Club from the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 PFC CSKA Moscow is the first Russian football team who won an UEFA title. See also CSKA Moscow PFC CSKA Moskva (Профессиональный футбольный клуб ЦСКА Москва or Professional Football Club — Central Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Union of European Football Associations (Union des associations européennes de football is the administrative and controlling body for European football.

Because of Moscow's cold local climate, winter sports have a large following as well. A winter sport is a Sport commonly played during Winter. As a formal term it refers to a sport played on Snow or Ice, but informally can refer Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiers and frozen ponds for skaters.

Moscow also hosts the annual Kremlin Cup, a popular tennis tournament on both the WTA and ATP tours. The Kremlin Cup (Кубок Кремля is a professional Tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP was formed in 1972 to protect the interests of male professional Tennis players It is regarded as a very prestigious tournament and is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.

Slava Moscow are a professional rugby union club, competing in the national Professional Rugby League. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Professional Rugby League (Профессиональная регбийная лига is the premier Rugby union competition in Russia. Moscow recently became home to the offices of the Rugby Union of Russia, formerly located in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia. Rugby Union of Russia (Союз регбистов России is the governing body for Rugby union in Russia. Krasnoyarsk (Красноя́рск is the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai of Russia, and the third largest city in Siberia. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving

Night life

There is a vibrant night life in Moscow. The major and one of the most popular nightlife areas is around Tverskaya Street. Tverskaya Street (Тверская улица known as Gorky Street (улица Горького between 1935 and 1990 and (unofficially Piterskaya (Питерская The southern part of Tverskaya Street near the Manege Square and the Red Square area is known as an area with many expensive, luxurious bars and restaurants, and is considered being a playground for New Russians and celebrities. Manege Square (Манежная площадь Manezhnaya ploshchad) is a large pedestrian Open space at the very centre of Moscow bound by the Hotel Red Square ( Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad) is the most famous City square in Moscow, and arguably one of the most New Russian (новый русский— novyi russkiy in Russian) is a term denoting a stereotypical caricature of the newly rich Business class Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.

The adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd, also south of Tverskaya Street, in Kitai-gorod, is host to upscale boutique stores such as Bulgari, Tiffany & Co., Armani, Prada and Bentley. Tretyakov Drive (Третьяковский проезд is a short street with Boutiques and shops with many Luxury goods located in Kitai-gorod in Kitai-gorod (Китай-город is a business district within Moscow, Russia encircled by mostly-reconstructed medieval walls Bulgari ( is an Italian jeweler and Luxury goods Retailer. The name is usually written "BVLGARI" in ancient Roman style and comes from Tiffany & Co ( is a US jewelry and silverware company founded by Charles Lewis Tiffany and Teddy Young in New York City Giorgio Armani SpA is an Italian fashion company The company designs and manufactures products in several categories including fashion accessories apparel cosmetics Prada SpA is an Italian high-fashion company (also referred to as fashion House or Label) specializing in Luxury goods for men and women Bentley Motors Limited is an English manufacturer of luxury Automobiles and Grand Tourers Bentley Motors was founded in England ^[35]

Education and science

See also: Education in Russia

There are 1696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges. Education in Russia is provided predominantly by the state and is regulated by the federal Ministry of Education. Sparrow Hills (Воробьёвы го́ры in 1935 &ndash 1999: Lenin Hills, ru Ле́нинские го́ры is a Hill on the ^[25] Besides these, there are 222 institutions offering higher education in Moscow, including 60 state universities^[25] and the Lomonosov Moscow State University, which was founded in 1755. ^[36] The university main building located in Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills) is 240 meters (787 ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building outside the United States. Sparrow Hills (Воробьёвы го́ры in 1935 &ndash 1999: Lenin Hills, ru Ле́нинские го́ры is a Hill on the ^[37] The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to learn the Russian language. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

Bauman Moscow State Technical University, founded in 1830, is located in the centre of Moscow and provides more than 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering offering a wide range of technical degrees. The Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Bauman MSTU (Московский государственный технический университет им ^[38] Since it opened enrolment to students from outside Russia in 1991, Bauman Moscow State Technical University has increased its international enrolment to up to two hundred. ^[39]

The Moscow Conservatory,^[40] founded in 1866 is a prominent music school in Russia, whose graduates included Sergey Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Aram Khachaturian, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Alfred Schnittke. The Moscow Conservatory (Московская Государственная Консерватория им WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff (Сергей Васильевич Рахманинов Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Скря́бин Aleksandr Nikolaevič Skrjabin; sometimes transliterated as Skriabin Aram Khachaturian ( Armenian: Արամ Խաչատրյան Aram Xačatryan; Russian: Аpaм Ильич Xaчaтypян Aram Il'ič Hačaturjan WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich KBE ( Russian: Мстисла́в Alfred Garyevich Schnittke (Альфре́д Га́рриевич Шни́тке November 24, 1934 Engels - August 3, 1998 Hamburg

The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in Cinematography, founded by Vladimir Gardin in 1919. Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Technical University is a university in Moscow, Russia, founded in 1930 The All-Russian State University of Cinematography named after S See also Filmmaking Cinematography (from Greek: kinesis κινησις (movement and grapho γραφω (to record is the discipline Vladimir Rostislavovich Gardin (Владимир Ростиславович Гардин ( Moscow — 28 May, 1965, Leningrad) was a pioneering Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, and Aleksey Batalov were among its most distinguished professors and Mikhail Vartanov, Sergei Parajanov, Andrey Tarkovsky, Nikita Mikhalkov, Eldar Ryazanov, Aleksandr Sokurov, Yuriy Norshteyn, Aleksandr Petrov, Vasily Shukshin, Konrad Wolf among graduates. Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн January 23, 1898 &ndash February 11, 1948) was Vsevolod Illarionovich Pudovkin (Всеволод Илларионович Пудовкин ( February 16, 1893 – June 20, 1953) was a Aleksey Vladimirovich Batalov is a Russian actor who has been acclaimed for his portrayal of noble and positive characters Mikhail Vartanov ( Михаил Вартанов Միխայիլ Վարդանով Միքայել Վարդանով Mikhaïl Vartanov b Sergei Parajanov (Սարգիս Հովսեփի Փարաջանյան Sargis Hovsepi Parajanyan; Georgian: სერგეი (სერგო Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (Андре́й Арсе́ньевич Тарко́вский (April 4 1932 - December 29 1986 was a Soviet Film director, writer and opera director Nikita Sergeyevich Mikhalkov ( Russian: Никита Сeргеевич Михалков; born October 21 1945 in Moscow) is an Academy Award Eldar Aleksandrovich Ryazanov (Эльдар Александрович Рязанов b Alexander Nikolayevich Sokurov (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Соку́ров (b Yuriy Borisovich Norshteyn (Ю́рий Бори́сович Норште́йн or Yuri Norstein or Yuri Norshtein (born Aleksandr Konstantinovich Petrov (also Alexander or Alexandre) (Александр Константинович Петров (July 17 1957 is a Russian Vasily Makarovich Shukshin ( Васи́лий Мака́рович Шукши́н; 25 July 1929 &ndash 2 October 1974) was a notable Konrad Wolf ( 20 October 1925, Hechingen - 7 March 1982, Berlin) was an East German film director son of

Moscow State Institute of International Relations, founded in 1944, remains Russia's best known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six different schools focused on international relations. Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University (Московский государственный институт международных отношений Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books — of which 20,000 are considered rare — can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. ^[41]

Among other prominent institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, also known as Phystech, Moscow Aviation Institute and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. Moscow Aviation Institute (State University of Aerospace Technology (Московский авиационный институт named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze, is Moscow Engineering Physics Institute ( Russian: Московский Инженерно-Физический Институт abbreviated МИФИ, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Noble Prize winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa, Nikolay Semyonov, Lev Landau and Alexandr Prokhorov, while the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa ( Russian Пётр Леонидович Капица ( July 9, 1894 &ndash April 8, 1984) was an innovative Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov (Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов ( April 15 ( April 3, Old Style) 1896 – September 25 Lev Davidovich Landau ( Russian language: Ле́в Дави́дович Ланда́у ( January 22, 1908 &ndash April 1, 1968 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (Александр Михайлович Прохоров (11 July 1916 &ndash 8 January 2002 was a Soviet / Russian physicist Moscow Engineering Physics Institute ( Russian: Московский Инженерно-Физический Институт abbreviated МИФИ, Nuclear physics is the field of Physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of Atomic nuclei. ^[42] Other institutions, such as the Financial Academy, the State University of Management, the Plekhanov Academy of Economics and the Higher School of Economics offer degrees in management and economic theory. Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics ( Российская экономическая академия им Several Moscow institutions have divisions in other regions and countries around the world.

Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental science, in recent years Moscow has seen a significant growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in Business Administration Management (covering theory practice and scope of management and Manager' (covering the people who manage might help clarify and systematise Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and increased their student enrolments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described The Master of Business Administration ( MBA) is a Master's degree in Business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines Student exchange programs with different (especially, European) countries also have become widespread in Moscow's universities, while many schools within the Russian capital will also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen. A student exchange program is a program in which a Student, typically in secondary or Higher education, chooses to live in a foreign country to learn

Moscow is known as one of the most important science centres in Russia. The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as numerous research and applied science institutions. The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National

The Kurchatov Institute, Russia's leading research and development institution in the field of nuclear energy, where the first nuclear reactor in Europe was built, Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems and Steklov Institute of Mathematics are all situated in Moscow. Kurchatov Institute ( Роcсийский научный центр "Курчатовский Институт" Russian Scientific Centre "Kurchatov Institute" is This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled The LD Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a research institution located in the small town of Chernogolovka near The Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP ( Russian Институт теоретической и экспериментальной физики is located PL Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Steklov Institute of Mathematics or Steklov Mathematical Institute ( Russian: Математический институт имени В

There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children. ^[25] The Russian State Library,^[43] founded in 1862 is the national library of Russia. Not to be confused with the Russian National Library, located in St Petersburg. The Russian State Library is home to over 275 kilometres of shelves and forty-two million items, including over seventeen million books and serial volumes, thirteen million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 different languages comprise approximately twenty-nine percent of the collection. ^[44][45]

The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library, specialising in Russian history. Early history Pre-Slavic inhabitants See also Steppe nomads, Scythians, Bosporan Kingdom, Khazaria In prehistoric times Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry, numismatics, and the history of science. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. Numismatics (numisma nomisma "coin" from the νομίζειν nomízein, "to use according to law" is the study or collection of Currency Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers ^[46]

Transport

There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: Sheremetyevo International Airport, Domodedovo International Airport, Bykovo Airport, Ostafievo International Airport and Vnukovo International Airport. Sheremetyevo International Airport (Международный Аэропорт Шереметьево Mezhdunarodniy Aeroport Sheremet'evo ʂerʲi'mʲetʲjivɘ, is an The Moscow Monorail Transit System (MMTS (Моско́вская моноре́льсовая тра́нспортная систе́ма (ММТС - is a Monorail The North River Terminal or Rechnoy Vokzal ( Russian: Речной вокзал meaning "River Station" is one of two passenger terminals of river Sheremetyevo International Airport (Международный Аэропорт Шереметьево Mezhdunarodniy Aeroport Sheremet'evo ʂerʲi'mʲetʲjivɘ, is an Bykovo Airport (Аэропорт Быково is a small regional airport serving Moscow, Russia. Ostafyevo International Airport (Междунаро́дный аэропо́рт «Оста́фьево» is a "B" class international airport near Moscow owned Vnukovo International Airport (Международный аэропорт Внуково Mezhdunarnodniy aeroport Vnukovo), is an international airport located 28 km (18 Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most common entry point for foreign passengers, handling sixty percent of all international flights. ^[47] Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput, and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo's. The three other airports particularly offer flights within Russia and to and from states from the former Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 ^[48] Moscow's airports vary in distances from MKAD beltway: Bykovo is the farthest, at 35 kilometres (21 mi); Domodedovo is next at 22 kilometres (13. MKAD is a Beltway encircling the City of Moscow. The name is a transliteration of the Russian word МКАД, an Acronym 7 mi); Vnukovo is 11 kilometres (6. 8 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 kilometres (6. 25 mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometers (5 mi) from MKAD. ^[47]

There are also several smaller airports near Moscow, such as Airport Myachkovo, intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters. Myachkovo Airport (Аэропорт Мячково is an airport in Moscow Oblast, Russia located 31 km southeast of Moscow. History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. ^[49]

Likewise, Moscow employs several train stations to serve the city. All of Moscow's nine rail terminals (or vokzals) – Belorussky Rail Terminal, Kazanskiy Rail Terminal, Kiyevsky Rail Terminal, Leningradsky Rail Terminal, Paveletsky Rail Terminal, Rizhsky Rail Terminal, Savyolovsky Rail Terminal, and Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal - are located close to the city centre, but they each handle trains from different parts of Europe and Asia. Belorussky Rail Terminal (Белорусский вокзал bʲeɫa'ruskʲij vag'zaɫ is one of nine rail terminals in Moscow Kazansky Rail Terminal (Каза́нский вокза́л Kazansky vokzal) is one of nine rail terminals in Moscow, situated on the The Kiyevsky Rail Terminal is one of the nine rail terminals of Moscow, Russia. Leningradsky Rail Terminal (Ленингра́дский вокза́л Leningradsky vokzal) is the oldest of Moscow 's nine principal Railway Paveletsky Terminal is one of Moscow 's nine Railroad terminals Rizhsky Rail Terminal (Рижский вокзал Rizhsky vokzal, Riga Railway Terminal is one of the nine rail terminals in Moscow, Russia Savyolovsky Rail Terminal (Савёловский вокза́л Savyolovsky vokzal) alternatively spelled Savyolovskiy, Savelovsky or Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal (Яросла́вский вокза́л Yaroslavsky vokzal) is one of the nine railway terminals in Moscow, situated ^[50] There are also many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As trains are relatively cheap, they are the mode of preference for travelling Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Moscow is also the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometers (5,779 mi) of Russian territory to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast. The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad (Транссибирская магистраль Транссиб in Russian, or Transsibirskaya magistral' Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions

Moscow also has two passenger terminals, (South River Terminal and North River Terminal or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. South River Terminal is one of two passenger river terminals in Moscow. The North River Terminal or Rechnoy Vokzal ( Russian: Речной вокзал meaning "River Station" is one of two passenger terminals of river The Moskva River (Москва is a river that flows through the Moscow and Smolensk Oblasts in Russia, and is a Tributary of the Oka Oka (Ока́ is a River in central Russia, the largest right Tributary of the Volga. North river terminal, built in 1937, is also the main hub for long-range river routes. There are also three freight ports serving Moscow. Besides this Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses (Central Bus Terminal) with daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow. Moscow Central Bus Terminal is a Bus terminal in Moscow for long-range and intercity passenger buses with daily overturn of about 25 thousand passengers serving about ^[51]

Local transport includes the Moscow Metro, a metro system famous for its art, murals, mosaics, and ornate chandeliers. The Moscow Metro (Московское метро which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is the world's second most heavily used Rapid-transit A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway A mural is a Painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic A chandelier is a branched decorative ceiling-mounted light fixture with two or more arms bearing lights When it first opened in 1935, the system had just one line. But today, the Moscow Metro contains twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 176 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance the Park Pobedy station, completed in 2003, at 84 metres underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. An escalator is a Conveyor transport device for transporting people consisting of individual linked steps that move up or down on tracks which keep the treads The Moscow Metro is one of world's busiest metro systems, serving more than nine million passengers daily. The most-used metro systems in terms of passenger rides per year Tokyo Subway ( Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway) 2 ^[52] There is also a monorail line, operated by the same company. The Moscow Monorail Transit System (MMTS (Моско́вская моноре́льсовая тра́нспортная систе́ма (ММТС - is a Monorail Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has wide plans of expansion of Moscow Metro.

As Metro stations outside the city centre are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to four kilometres (2. 5 mi), an extensive bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Suburbs and satellite cities also connected by commuter elektrichka (electric rail network). Elektrichka (электри́чка електри́чка elektrychka) is an informal word for elektropoyezd (электропо́езд a Soviet or Every large street in the city is served by at least one bus route. There are also extensive tram and trolleybus networks. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train

There's a saving-time search engine for tracing all kinds of Moscow's city transport routes at Moscow Routes website.

There are over 2. 6 million cars in the city on a daily basis. ^[25] Recent years have seen the growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and the lack of parking space to become major problems.

The MKAD, along with the Third Transport Ring and the future Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. MKAD is a Beltway encircling the City of Moscow. The name is a transliteration of the Russian word МКАД, an Acronym However, as one can easily observe from a map of Moscow area, there are several other roadway systems that form concentric circles around the city. Concentric objects share the same center, axis or origin with one inside the other

See also: Moscow Metro

Economy

See also: Economy of Russia

In 2006, Mercer Management Consulting named Moscow the world's most expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable Russian ruble as well as increasing housing prices within the city. The Moscow Metro (Московское метро which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is the world's second most heavily used Rapid-transit Russia is a unique emerging market in the sense that being the nucleus of a former superpower shows more anomalies Oliver Wyman is a global strategy consulting firm It was created in May 2007 when Mercer Oliver Wyman joined with Mercer Management Consulting and Mercer Delta to become one firm This is a list of the World 's most expensive cities, according to the Mercer Human Resource Consulting Cost of Living Surveys officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The ruble or rouble (рубль rublʹ, plural ru рубли́ rubli; see note on English spelling and Russian plurals with numbers ^[53]

A significant portion of Russia's profits and development is concentrated in Moscow as many multi-national corporations have branches and offices in the city. The plush offices and the lifestyles of the typical corporate employee in Moscow are often indistinguishable from any Western European city, although the average salary for the Muscovite is a bit lower. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' ^[54] Since the Russian financial crisis in late 1998, various business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centres and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use.

However, while the overall stability has improved in the recent years, crime and corruption continue to remain a problem hindering business development.

The Cherkizovskiy marketplace, controlled by the Azeri diaspora is the largest marketplace in Europe with daily turnover of about thirty million dollars and about ten thousand sellers^[55] from different countries (including the China, Turkey, Azerbaijan and India). The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country It is administratively divided into twelve parts and covers a wide sector of the city.

Moscow is one of the top cities in the world for billionaires; in 2006, Forbes ranked Moscow second in highest number of billionaires, surpassed only by New York City. A billionaire is a person who has a Net worth of at least one billion units of currency such as United States dollars ( USD /US$ U Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly The City of New York ^[56] In 2004, Russia's thirty-six billionaires (of whom only three did not live in Moscow) held the equivalent of twenty-four percent of Russia's gross domestic product. ^[57] The nouveau riche, also called the "New Russians", often pejoratively, have a reputation for flaunting their wealth; the avenues for doing so, and subtly, have also increased in recent times — a sense of fashion and self-consciousness has instilled itself through the many haute couture and haute cuisine spots in Moscow. Nouveau riche ( French for "new rich" or new money, refers to a person who has acquired considerable Wealth within his or her Haute couture ( French for "high sewing" or "high dressmaking" oːt kuˈtyʁ refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted fashions Haute cuisine (literally "high cooking" in French) or grande cuisine refers to the cooking of the grand restaurants and hotels of

Industry

Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food, textile, furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their The food industry is the complex global collective of diverse Businesses that together supply much of the Food energy consumed by the World population. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal Energy development is the ongoing effort to provide sufficient Primary energy sources and secondary Energy forms to meet civilization's needs Software development is the translation of a user need or marketing goal into a Software product A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity

The Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is one of the leading producers of military and civil helicopters in the world. Mil Helicopters (Миль is the short name of the Soviet Russian Helicopter producer Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant (Московский вертолетный завод Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir, Salyut and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center ( ГКНПЦ им Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and The Salyut program (Салют lit  Salute or Fireworks) was the first Space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted The Proton rocket Automobile plants ZiL and AZLK, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and Metrowagonmash metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. This page is about the Russian car and truck factory For other meanings see ZIL (disambiguation. AZLK ( АЗЛК in Russian) is a Russian Automobile factory ( Moscow) the maker of the Metrowagonmash (ОАО "Метровагонмаш" is an engineering company in Russia. The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces reliable military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. Poljot (Полёт literally meaning "flight" a brand of watches from Russia, originated in the USSR and was produced by the First Moscow Watch Yuri Gagarin in his trip into space used "Shturmanskie", produced by this factory. The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery^[58] is the oldest distillery in Russia producing various vodka types, including "Stolichnaya" while a wide assortment of wines are produced at several Moscow wine plants, including Moscow Interrepublican Vinery. Vodka is one of the world's most popular Distilled beverages It is a clear liquid which consists of mostly Water and Ethanol purified by Distillation Stolichnaya ( also known as Stoli) is a Russian Vodka produced from Wheat and rye grains in Russia. ^[59] The Moscow Jewelry Factory^[60] and the Jewellerprom^[61] are important producers of jewelry in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the famous and exclusive Order of Victory, awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II. The Order of Victory (Орден Победы was the highest Military decoration in the Soviet Union, and one of the rarest orders in the world The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including There are also many other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as many microelectronic industries in Zelenograd. Zelenograd (Зеленогра́д lit Green City) is a city, which along with the territories and settlements under its jurisdiction forms one of the administrative

Moscow also hosts headquarters of various software development companies, including such as worldwide-known producer of anti-virus software Kaspersky Lab, business software and games producer 1C Company, developer of text recognition and translation software ABBYY software house, game developer Akella company and many others. Kaspersky Lab (pronounced /kæsˈpɝski læb/) is a Computer security company co-founded by Natalia Kasperskaya and Eugene Kaspersky in Business software While virtually unknown in the West 1CPredpriyatie (1CEnterprise is a market leader in Russia ABBYY (ˈæbi is a software house based in Moscow, Russia. The company was founded in 1989 by David Yang. Akella is a Russian Software company specializing in the development, publishing and distribution of Computer games and multimedia

Despite the economic growth experienced in Moscow since the dawn of the twenty-first century, many industries have undergone various crises in recent years. The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Some of them have been sold to foreign investors, such as OTIS and British American Tobacco, and others have been closed down to make room for new buildings constructed as business centres. Investment or investing is a term with several closely-related meanings in Business management, Finance and Economics, related to saving The Otis Elevator Company is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transportation systems today principally Elevators and Escalators Founded in Yonkers British American Tobacco Plc (, KLSE: BAT is a leading British -based Tobacco company Additionally, some industry is now being transferred out of Moscow to improve the ecological state of the city. Nevertheless, the city of Moscow remains one of Russia's major industrial centres.

Living costs

During Soviet times apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honours). Triumph-Palace (Триу́мф-Пала́с is the name of an Apartment building in Moscow. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Private ownership of apartments was limited until the 1990s, when people were permitted to secure property rights to the places they inhabited. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area. Due to the current economic situation, the price of real estate in Moscow continues to rise. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom Today, one could expect to pay US$4000 in average per square meter (11 sq ft) in the outskirts of the city^[62] or US$6000-$7000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40000 per square meter in a flat. ^[63][64][65] It costs about US$2500 per month to rent a 1-bedroom apartment and about US$1500 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow. A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square meters (323 sq ft), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square meters (485 sq ft), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square meters (753 sq ft). Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas (country house) outside the city. Dacha ( is a Russian word for seasonal or year-round second homes located in the Exurbs of Soviet and Russian cities

In 2007, Moscow ranked top on the List of most expensive cities for second year in a row. This is a list of the World 's most expensive cities, according to the Mercer Human Resource Consulting Cost of Living Surveys

As of 2006, there are 8. 47 million Muscovites able to work. 1. 73 million are employed by the state, 4. 42 million are employed by private companies, and 1. 99 million are employed by small businesses. There are 74,400 officially registered unemployed working age, of which 34,400 are eligible for unemployment benefits. ^[25]

Future development

Moscow International Business Centre or Moscow-City is a projected part of central Moscow. Geographically situated in Presnensky District, located at the Third Ring, the Moscow-City area is under intense development. History This section is based on PVSytin's "History of Moscow Streets" (1948 The name of Presnya (noun adjective Presnensky district is inherited

The goal of MIBC "Moscow-City" is to create a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe, that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. It will be a city within a city. The project was conceived by the Moscow government in 1992.

The construction of MIBC "Moscow-City" takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up 1 square kilometer (247 acres). This area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.

The Federation Tower, now being built is to be completed in 2008, will become the tallest building in Europe when completed. The Federation Tower (Башня «Федерация» is a Skyscraper currently under construction as part of the Moscow International Business Center in

At overall completion the plan is to have one of the tallest buildings in the world; the Russia Tower is planned to be completed by 2012 at a height of 612,2 meters (2009 ft), second only to the Burj Dubai. The Russia Tower (Башня Россия Bashnya Rossiya) is a Supertall Skyscraper currently under construction in the Moscow International Burj Dubai ( برج دبي "Dubai Tower" is a Skyscraper under construction in the Business Bay district of Dubai, United Arab ^[66] Also to be included in the project are a waterpark and other recreational facilities; trade and entertainment complexes, numerous prestigious office and residential buildings, the transport node and the new site of the Moscow government. See List of waterparks (for a list of all waterparks in the world A waterpark is an Amusement park that features waterplay areas such For the historic structure see Moscow City Hall. The City Hall and City Duma project currently under construction will be the new home for The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has already been completed, of which two have already opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned. A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with Sheremetyevo Airport is also planned. Sheremetyevo International Airport (Международный Аэропорт Шереметьево Mezhdunarodniy Aeroport Sheremet'evo ʂerʲi'mʲetʲjivɘ, is an

A Fourth Ring freeway (in addition to Moscow Automobile Ring Road, Garden Ring and the Third Ring) has been designed and is being built around Moscow. MKAD is a Beltway encircling the City of Moscow. The name is a transliteration of the Russian word МКАД, an Acronym The Garden Ring, also known as the "B" Ring (Садо́вое кольцо́ кольцо́ "Б" is a Circular Avenue around It is to be completed by 2012 and will have total length of 61 kilometers (38 mi). ^[67][68][69]

Demographics

Population: According to the 2002 Census the population of the city was 10,382,754, however, this figure only takes into account legal residents, and not the several million estimated illegal immigrants and guest workers living in the city. Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term

For centuries Moscow has been the largest city in Russia and/or the Soviet Union, however the collapse of the latter has led to a decline in Siberian as well as many other Russian cities, so that Moscow's growth and dominance over Saint Petersburg and the rest of the nation has become even more pronounced. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River

Due to a low birth rate^[70] and high mortality rate, the population of Russia has been declining by about 700,000 persons per year since the fall of the Soviet Union. This page consists of two tables Table 1 is sourced from the CIA World Factbook''' The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In 2003 the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by approximately 49,400. Whilst the birth rate has risen in more recent years, the average age of Moscow's population continues to increase. In 2004 there were more than twice as many people over the age of 55 as there were under the age of 14.

Substantial numbers of internal migrants mean that Moscow's population is still increasing, whereas the population of many other Russian cities is in decline. Migrants are attracted by Moscow's strong economy which contrasts sharply with the stagnation in many other parts of Russia. In order to help regulate population growth, Moscow has an internal passport system that prohibits non-residents from staying in the capital for more than ninety days without registration. An internal passport is an Identity document that can be compared to Identity card used in some countries to control the internal movement and residence of people

Ethnic groups: The 2002 Census reported the national composition as:

• Russian 84. Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries 83%
• Ukrainian 2. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens 44%
• Tatar 1. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups 60%
• Armenian 1. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large 2%
• Azeri 0. This article is about Azeris in Russia For Azeris in general see the respective article 92%
• Jews 0. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ 67%
• Belarusian 0. Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also 57%
• Georgian 0. The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the 52%
• Moldovan 0. Moldovans, or Moldavians (original name Moldoveni; Молдовень in the Moldovan Cyrillic script, used nowadays only in Transnistria 35%
• Tajik 0. Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of 34%
• Uzbek 0. The Uzbeks (Self designation sg O‘zbek, pl O‘zbeklar) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. 23%
• Mordvin 0. 22%
• Chuvash 0. The Chuvash ( Chuvash Чǎвашсем Russian Чуваши Tatar: Çuaşlar Чуашлар are a Turkic -speaking people 16%
• Vietnamese 0. The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. 15%
• Chechen 0. Chechens ( Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native Ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region 14%
• Chinese 0. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. 12%
• Ossetian 0. The Ossetians (ирæттæ irættæ are an Iranic Ethnic group indigenous to Ossetia, a region that spans the Caucasus Mountains 10%
• Korean 0. Koryo-saram (Корё сарам Hangul: 고려사람 is the name which ethnic Koreans in the Post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves 08%
• Kazakh 0. The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated 08%
• Pushtu 0. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called 06%
• Bashkir 0. The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. 06%
• German 0. This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general 05%
• Avar 0. Avars or Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan, in which they are the predominant group 05%
• Polish 0. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. 04%
• and many other groups of less than five thousand persons each.

• Just over 4% of the inhabitants declined to state their ethnicity on the census questionnaire. ^[71]

Media

See also: List of Moscow newspapers

Moscow is the headquarters of nearly all Russian nationwide television networks, radio stations, newspapers and magazines. This is a list of newspapers headquartered in Moscow, Russia. A television network is a distribution network for Television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many Television stations This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally

English-language media include The Moscow Times and Moscow News which are, respectively, the largest^[72] and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. The Moscow Times is an English-language daily Newspaper published in Moscow, Russia since 1992. The Moscow News, which began publication in 1930 is Russia ’s oldest English-language publication Newspaper. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The eXile is a newspaper intended for English-speaking expatriates in Moscow and is known for its satirical nature and pranks on Russian politicians. The eXile was a Moscow -based English-language biweekly free Newspaper, aimed at the city's Expatriate community which combined ^[73] Expert, Kommersant, and Gazeta are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. Kommersant ( Cyrillic: Коммерса́нтъ (which literally translates as "The Businessman" is a commerce-oriented newspaper published in Газетаru is a Russian online Newspaper covering politics and business Expert and Kommersant are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers.

Other notable media of Moscow include the Echo of Moscow, the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV, one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. Echo of Moscow (Эхо Москвы Ekho Moskvy) is a Russian radio station based in Moscow, broadcasting in many Russian cities in some of the former-Soviet republics NTV ( НТВ in Cyrillic) is a Russian television channel. As a subsidiary of Vladimir Gusinsky 's company Media-Most, it

Sister cities

Moscow has many sister cities:

Nicosia, Cyprus. Nicosia, known locally as Lefkosia (Λευκωσία Lefkoşa is the Capital and largest city of Cyprus. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Belgrade, Serbia. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Tel Aviv, Israel. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Warsaw, Poland. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Krakow, Poland. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Athens, Greece. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Dubai (in دبيّ,) is one of the seven emirates and most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE Yerevan, Armenia. Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Astana, Kazakhstan. Astana ( Kazakh: Астана آستانه former names include Akmola, Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Aqmola) is the capital Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Berlin, Germany. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Prague, Czech Republic. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Chicago, Illinois. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union.

Seoul, South Korea. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Tokyo, Japan. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Beijing, China. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Santo Domingo de Guzmán (known as Santo Domingo population 2084852 (Metro (2003 estimated 2253437 (Metro in 2006 is the Capital and largest city in the The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Podgorica, Montenegro. Podgorica ( Montenegrin / Serbian: Подгорица Podgorica ˈpɔdgɔˌriʦa is the Capital and largest city of Montenegro Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Cusco, Peru. ||} Cusco (also spelled Cuzco, and in the local Quechua language as Qusqu 'qos Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Valenciennes, France. Valenciennes (Old Dutch: Valencijn, Latin: Valentianae) is a Town and commune in northern France in the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ankara, Turkey. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana ( is the largest and Capital city of Slovenia. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270000 inhabitants Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Algiers, Algeria. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's London, United Kingdom. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Banja Luka or Banjaluka ( Cyrillic: Бања Лука ˌbaɲaˈluːka is the capital and the largest Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan

Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Dushanbe (Душанбе Dushanbe; formerly Dyushambe or Stalinabad) population 661100 people (2006 census is the Capital and largest city Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of Cairo, Egypt. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Vienna, Austria. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Havana, Cuba. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Riga, Latvia. Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Madrid, Spain. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Manila, Philippines. The City of Manila The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Tirana, Albania. Tirana (Tiranë or Tirana is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Albania. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. [74] Beirut, Lebanon. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Düsseldorf, Germany. Düsseldorf (ˈdʏsəldɔɐf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Ulan Bator, Mongolia. Ulan Bator, or Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар is the Capital and largest city of Mongolia. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Rejkjavik, Iceland. For the Greater Reykjavík Area see the Greater Reykjavík Area. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( [75]

Bibliography

• Caroline Brooke. Moscow: A Cultural History. 2006 (Oxford University Press)
• Karel Neubert. "Portrait of Moscow". 1964
• Albert J. Schmidt. "The Architecture and Planning of Classical Moscow: A Cultural History". 1989
• Kathleen Berton. "Moscow: An Architectural History". St. Martin's, 1991
• Marcel Girard. "Splendours of Moscow and Its Surroundings", trans. from French. 1967
• John Bushnell. "Moscow Graffiti: Language and Subculture". Unwin Hyman, 1990
• S. S. Hromov et al. (eds. ). "History of Moscow: An Outline", trans. from Russian. 1981
• Galina Dutkina. "Moscow Days: Life and Hard Times in the New Russia". Trans. Catherine Fitzpatrick. Kodansha America, 1995

See also

• 1904 Moscow tornado
• First World Youth Games
• History of Russia
• List of cities by population
• List of mayors of Moscow
• List of Moscow tourist attractions
• Moscow Millionaire Fair
• Moscow-City
• Moya Moskva (My Moscow) - Anthem of Moscow
• Muscovy
• Third Rome
• Pokrovsky Hills

Notes and references

External links

• Moscow on Wikitravel
• smartmoscow.com - independent, detailed guide
• White Pages of Moscow
• Website of Modern Moscow (Russian)
• Moscow Guide (tr) (Russian)
• Moscow.Info
• Moscow Information
• Travel guide to Moscow

Official sites

• Committee for Tourism of Moscow City Government
• Official Moscow Administration Site (Russian)

Newspapers & media

• The Moscow Times - Moscow's leading English-language newspaper
• The Moscow News - one of Moscow's oldest English-language newspapers
• Russia Profile - In-depth coverage of international, political, business and cultural events in Russia (in English)

Weather information

• Historical weather records for Moscow
• Weather of Moscow, 6 days — moscow.the.by

Maps

• WikiMapia: Moscow - aerial, satellite view of Moscow showing city landmarks
• Virtual Moscow, integrates Google Maps with significant tourist locations, photographs and panoramic views.
• Interactive digital map of Moscow (English) (Russian)
• 360 Panorama Guide to Moscow (English) (Russian)

Photos and videos

• Moscow House of Photography
• Some images from Ukraina Hotel (plus maps from area around the hotel)
• Christmas Moscow. Photo gallery
• Sights of Moscow, photographs
• Photogallery of Moscow

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