| Mortar and pestle | |
 Mortar used to pulverise plant material
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| Other names | Mortar Grinder |
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| Uses | Grinding Mixing |
| Related items | Mill |
A mortar and pestle is a tool used to crush, grind, and mix substances. A grinding mill is a Unit operation designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other The pestle is a heavy stick whose end is used for pounding and grinding, and the mortar is a bowl. The substance is ground between the pestle and the mortar.
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Etymology
The English "pestle" derives from classical Latin "pistillum", meaning "pounder". The classical Latin "mortarium" led to the English "mortar", meaning, among several other usages, "receptacle for pounding" and "product of grinding or pounding". The Roman poet Juvenal applied both "mortarium" and "pistillum" to articles used in the preparation of drugs, reflecting the early use of the mortar & pestle as a pharmacist's or apothecary's symbol as described below. Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis, known in English as Juvenal, was a Roman Poet active in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD author of the [1] The antiquity of these tools is well documented in some early literature, such as the Egyptian "Papyrus Ebers" of c. 1550 B. C. E. (the oldest preserved medical literature piece) and the Old Testament (Numbers 11:8 and Proverbs 27:22). [2]
Medical use
Mortars and pestles were traditionally used in pharmacies to crush various ingredients prior to preparing an extemporaneous prescription. Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences A prescription (℞ is a health-care program implemented by a Physician or other medical practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual The mortar and pestle is the most common icon associated with pharmacies. An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn, "image" is a religious work of art most commonly a painting from Eastern Christianity. For pharmaceutical use, the mortar and the head of the pestle are usually made of porcelain, while the handle of the pestle is made of wood. Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs This is known as a Wedgwood mortar and pestle and originated in 1779. Wedgwood, strictly Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, is a British Pottery firm originally founded in 1759 by Josiah Wedgwood, which in 1987 Today the act of mixing ingredients or reducing the particle size is known as trituration. Trituration is the name of several different methods of processing materials Mortars and pestles are also used as drug paraphernalia in order to grind up pills to speed up absorption when they are ingested or in preparation for insufflation (snorting). Drug paraphernalia is defined by the American Federal Drug Enforcement Administration as any equipment product or material that is modified for making using or concealing In general terms eating (formally ingestion) is the process of consuming Food to provide for the Nutritional needs of an Animal, particularly Insufflation (Latin insufflatio "blowing on or into" is the practice of inhaling substances into a Body cavity.
Food preparation
Mortars are also used in cooking to prepare ingredients such as guacamole and pesto (which derives its name from the pestle pounding), as well as grinding spices into powder. Guacamole (called guacamol in Central America and Cuba) is an Avocado -based Relish or dip. Pesto ( Italian, Genoese) is a Sauce that originates in the city of Genoa in the Liguria region of northern Italy ( Native American tribes used mortars carved into the bedrock to grind acorns and other nuts. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Bedrock is the native consolidated rock underlying the surface of a terrestrial planet usually the Earth. The acorn is the nut of the Oak tree (genera Quercus, Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis, in the Many such depressions can be found in their former territories. Very large mortars are used with wooden mallets to prepare mochi. A mallet is a type of hammer with a head made of softer materials than the Steel normally used in hammerheads so as to avoid damaging a delicate surface Mochi ( Japanese: ja [[wiktiary餅 餅]] Chinese: zh-TW [[wiktionary麻 麻]][[wiktionary糬 糬]] is a Japanese and Chinese Rice cake A regular sized Japanese mortar and pestle is called suribachi and surikogi. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Suribachi (すり鉢 or 擂鉢 literally grinding-bowl and surikogi (すりこぎ or 擂粉木 literally grind-powder-wood are a Japanese Mortar Suribachi (すり鉢 or 擂鉢 literally grinding-bowl and surikogi (すりこぎ or 擂粉木 literally grind-powder-wood are a Japanese Mortar Granite mortars and pestles are used in Southeast Asia and India. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country In Malay, it is known as lesung. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Traditional Mexican mortar and pestles, made of basalt, are known as molcajetes. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. A molcajete ( Mexican Spanish, from Nahuatl mulcazitl) is a Stone tool, the traditional Mexican version of the Mortar and Large stone mortars, with long (2-3 feet) wood pestles were also used in the Middle East to grind meat in order to prepare a type of meatloaf, or kibbeh, as well as the hummus variety known as masabcha. In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Meatloaf is a Meat dish consisting of seasoned ground meat (usually Ground beef or a combination of ground beef with Veal, lamb Kibbeh or kibbe (also kubbeh) ( Arabic كبة 'kibbeh or 'kubbah is a family of Levantine dishes made of Burghul, chopped For the biological matter in soil see Humus; for the band see Humus (band. Masabcha (מֶסָבָּחָה or m'sabcha (sometimes called " mashawsha " is a variation of Hummus popular in Israel
Material
Good mortar and pestle-making materials must be hard enough to crush the substance rather than be worn away by it. They cannot be too brittle either, or they will break during the pounding and grinding. The material should also be cohesive, so that small bits of the mortar or pestle do not get mixed in with the ingredients. Smooth and non-porous materials are chosen that will not absorb or trap the substances being ground. In food preparation, a rough or absorbent material may cause the strong flavor of a past ingredient to be tasted in food prepared later. Flavor or flavour is the sensory impression of a Food or other substance, and is determined Also, the food particles left in the mortar and on the pestle may support the growth of microorganisms. A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually When dealing with medications, the previous prepared drugs may interact or mix, contaminating the currently used ingredients. Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease
Rough ceramic mortar and pestle sets can be used to reduce substances to very fine powders, but stain easily and are brittle. Porcelain mortars are sometimes conditioned for use by grinding some sand to give them a rougher surface which helps to reduce the particle size. Glass mortars and pestles are fragile, but stain-resistant and suitable for use with liquids. However, like the porcelain type, they do not grind as finely as the ceramic type. Other materials used include marble, stone, wood (highly absorbent), bamboo, iron, steel, brass, and basalt. A molcajete ( Mexican Spanish, from Nahuatl mulcazitl) is a Stone tool, the traditional Mexican version of the Mortar and Uncooked rice is sometimes ground in mortars to clean them. This process must be repeated until the rice comes out completely white. Some stones, such as molcajete, need to be seasoned first before use. Metal mortars are kept lightly oiled.
Automatic mortar grinder
Since the results obtained with hand grinding are neither reproducible nor reliable, most laboratories work with automatic mortar grinders. Grinding time and pressure of the mortar can be adjusted and fixed easily and work force can be saved. The first automatic Mortar Grinder was invented by F. Kurt Retsch in 1923 – the "Retschmill". Since then a lot of predecessors of this mill have been introduced up to the current model Retsch RM200. Retsch GmbH is a German company operating in the characterization of solids and the preparation of samples for analytical testing
See also
External links
References
- ^ Satire VII line 170: et quae iam ueteres sanant mortaria caecos. Millstones or mill stones are used in Windmills and Watermills including Tide mills for grinding Wheat or other grains A muddler is a Bartender 's tool used like a Pestle to mash &mdash or muddle &mdash fruits herbs and/or spices in the bottom of a glass to release Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences A molcajete ( Mexican Spanish, from Nahuatl mulcazitl) is a Stone tool, the traditional Mexican version of the Mortar and A Show globe is a glass vessel of various shapes and sizes which has a colorful liquid within The (and the mortars that cure old blind men)
- ^ www.usip.edu - The mortar and pestlefrom the renaissance to the present
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