Chart of the Morse code letters and numerals

Morse code is a character encoding for transmitting telegraphic information, using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters, numerals, punctuation and special characters of a given message. A character encoding consists of a code that pairs a sequence of characters from a given character set (sometimes incorrectly referred to as Code page Alphanumeric is a is Portmanteau of Alphabetic and Numeric and is used to describe the collection of Latin letters and Arabic digits A character encoding consists of a code that pairs a sequence of characters from a given character set (sometimes incorrectly referred to as Code page The short and long elements can be formed by sounds, marks or pulses, in on off keying and are commonly known as "dots" and "dashes" or "dits" and "dahs". Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies In Signal processing, the term pulse has the following meanings A rapid transient change in the amplitude of a signal from a baseline value to a higher On-off keying ( OOK) is a type of Modulation that represents Digital Data as the presence or absence of a Carrier wave.

International Morse code is composed of five elements:

1. short mark, dot or 'dit' (·) — one unit long
2. longer mark, dash or 'dah' (–) — three units long
3. intra-character gap (between the dots and dashes within a character) — one unit long
4. short gap (between letters) — three units long
5. medium gap (between words) — seven units long^[1]

Morse code can be transmitted in a number of ways: originally as electrical pulses along a telegraph wire, but also as an audio tone, a radio signal with short and long tones, or as a mechanical or visual signal (e. g. a flashing light) using devices like an Aldis lamp or a heliograph. Signal lamp, also called Aldis lamp, is a visual signaling device for Optical communication (typically using Morse code) &ndash essentially a focused lamp A Heliograph (from the Greek Helios ( Ἥλιος meaning "sun" and graphein (γραφειν = write is a wireless Morse code is transmitted using just two states (on and off) so it was an early form of a digital code. However, it is technically not binary, as the pause lengths are required to decode the information. The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a Numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols usually 0 and 1.

Originally created for Samuel F. B. Morse's electric telegraph in the early 1840s, Morse code was also extensively used for early radio communication beginning in the 1890s. Samuel Finley Breese Morse ( April 27, 1791 &ndash April 2, 1872) was an American painter of portraits and historic Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. For the first half of the twentieth century, the majority of high-speed international communication was conducted in Morse code, using telegraph lines, undersea cables, and radio circuits. However, the variable length of the Morse characters made it hard to adapt to automated circuits, so for most electronic communication it has been replaced by more machinable formats, such as Baudot code and ASCII. The Baudot code, invented by Émile Baudot, is a character set predating EBCDIC and ASCII, and the root predecessor to International Telegraph American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII)

The most popular current use of Morse code is by amateur radio operators, although it is no longer a requirement for amateur licensing in many countries. See also Amateur radio An amateur radio operator is an individual who typically uses equipment at an Amateur radio station to engage in two-way It also continues to be used for specialized purposes, including identification of navigational radio beacon and land mobile transmitters, plus some military communication, including flashing-light semaphore communications between ships in some naval services. Electric beacons are a kind of Beacon used with direction finding equipment to find ones relative bearing to a known location (the Beacon Morse code is designed to be easily read by humans without a computer, making it appropriate for sending automated digital data in voice channels, as well as making it ideal for emergency signaling, such as by way of improvised energy sources that can be easily "keyed" by supplying and removing electric power (e. g. by flipping a switch or turning a flashlight on and off).

In situations in which the pulse can only be the same length (such as when tapping on wood or on the wall of a prison cell), a slightly longer pause between beats can be used in place of a long pulse ("dah").

Development and history

A typical "straight key. " This U. S. model, known as the J-38, was manufactured in huge quantities during World War II, and remains in widespread use today. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In a straight key, the signal is "on" when the knob is pressed, and "off" when it is released. Length and timing of the dits and dahs are entirely controlled by the operator.

Beginning in 1836, Samuel F. B. Morse and Alfred Vail developed an electric telegraph, which sent pulses of electrical current to control an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph wire. Samuel Finley Breese Morse ( April 27, 1791 &ndash April 2, 1872) was an American painter of portraits and historic Alfred Lewis Vail ( September 25, 1807, in Morristown New Jersey – January 18, 1859) was a Machinist and Inventor The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals The electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission The technology available at the time made it impossible to print characters in a readable form, so the inventors had to devise an alternate means of communication. Beginning in 1837, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone operated electric telegraphs in England, which also controlled electromagnets in the receivers; however, their systems used needle pointers that rotated to indicate the alphabetic characters being sent. William Cooke may refer to some of the following people William Fothergill Cooke - 1806-1879 English inventor William Ernest Cooke Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS (6 February 1802 - 19 October 1875 was a British Scientist and Inventor of many scientific breakthroughs

In contrast, Morse and Vail's initial telegraph, which first went into operation in 1844, made indentations on a paper tape when an electrical current was transmitted. Morse's original telegraph receiver used a mechanical clockwork to move a paper tape. When an electrical current was received, an electromagnet engaged an armature that pushed a stylus onto the moving paper tape, making an indentation on the tape. When the current was interrupted, the electromagnet retracted the stylus, and that portion of the moving tape remained unmarked.

The Morse code was developed so that operators could translate the indentations marked on the paper tape into text messages. In his earliest code, Morse had planned to only transmit numerals, and use a dictionary to look up each word according to the number which had been sent. However, the code was soon expanded to include letters and special characters, so it could be used more generally. The shorter marks were called "dots", and the longer ones "dashes", and the letters most commonly used in the English language were assigned the shortest sequences. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

In the original Morse telegraphs, the receiver's armature made a clicking noise as it moved into and out of position to mark the tape. Operators soon learned to translate the clicks directly into dots and dashes, making it unnecessary to use the paper tape. When Morse code was adapted to radio, the dots and dashes were sent as short and long pulses. It was later found that people become more proficient at receiving Morse code when it is taught as a language that is heard, instead of one read from a page. ^[2] To reflect the sound of Morse code, practitioners began to vocalise a dot as "dit", and a dash as "dah".

Morse code was an integral part of international aviation. Commercial and military pilots were required to be familiar with it, both for use with early communications systems and identification of navigational beacons which transmitted continuous three letter ID's in Morse code. As late as the 1990s, aeronautical charts listed the three letter ID of each airport in Morse and sectionals still show the Morse signals for Vortac and NDB used for in flight navigation. This article is about the radio navigation aid see VOR for other uses A Non-directional beacon ( NDB) is a Radio transmitter at a known location used as an aviation or marine Navigational aid

Morse code was also used as an international standard for maritime communication until 1999, when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress Safety System. The Global Maritime Distress Safety System ( GMDSS) is an internationally agreed-upon set of Safety procedures types of equipment and communication protocols used When the French navy ceased using Morse code in 1997, the final message transmitted was "Calling all. The French Navy, officially the Marine nationale ( National Navy) and often called La Royale ( The Royal Navy) is the maritime arm This is our last cry before our eternal silence. " See also: 500 kHz

Modern International Morse Code

Morse code has been in use for more than 160 years — longer than any other electronic encoding system. Since early in the 20th century the radio frequency of 500 Kilohertz ( 500 kHz) has been an international calling and distress frequency for Morse What is called Morse code today is actually somewhat different from what was originally developed by Vail and Morse. The Modern International Morse code, or continental code, was created by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and initially used for telegraphy between Hamburg and Cuxhaven in Germany. After some minor changes, in 1865 it was standardised at the International Telegraphy congress in Paris (1865), and later made the norm by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as International Morse code. Morse's original code specification, largely limited to use in the United States, became known as American Morse code or "railroad code. American Morse Code — also known as Railroad Morse—is the latter-day name for the original version of the Morse Code developed in the mid-1840s by Samuel Morse " American Morse is now very rarely used except in historical re-enactments.

Amateur radio

Vibroplex semiautomatic key. The Vibroplex is a popular brand of side-to-side mechanical semi-automatic Morse key (also known as a bug) first manufactured in 1905 by the Vibroplex company The paddle, when pressed to the right by the thumb, generates a series of dits, the length and timing of which are controlled by a sliding weight toward the rear of the unit. When pressed to the left by the knuckle of the index finger, the paddle generates a dah, the length of which is controlled by the operator. Multiple dahs require multiple presses. Left-handed operators use a key built as a mirror image of this one.

International Morse code today is most popular among amateur radio operators, where it is used as the pattern to key a transmitter on and off in the radio communications mode commonly referred to as "continuous wave" or "CW". Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a Hobby and a service in which participants called "hams" use various types of Radio communications The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively, as voice-capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around 1920. Until 2003 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide. However, the World Radiocommunication Conference of 2003 (WRC-03) made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional. ^[3] Many countries subsequently removed the Morse requirement from their licence requirements. ^[4]

Until 1991, a demonstration of the ability to send and receive Morse code at 5 words per minute (WPM) was required to receive an amateur radio license for use in the United States from the Federal Communications Commission. Demonstration of this ability was still required for the privilege to use the HF bands. High frequency (HF radio frequencies are between 3 and 30 MHz. Until 2000, proficiency at the 20 WPM level was required to receive the highest level of amateur license (Extra Class); effective April 15, 2000, the FCC reduced the Extra Class requirement to 5 WPM. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ^[5] Finally, effective February 23, 2007, the FCC eliminated the Morse code proficiency requirements for all amateur licenses. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

While phone (voice) and data transmissions are limited to specific amateur radio bands, CW is the only form of communication that is permitted on all amateur bands—LF, MF, HF, UHF, and VHF. In some countries, certain portions of the amateur radio bands are reserved for transmission of Morse code signals only. Because Morse transmissions employ an on-off keyed radio signal, it requires less complex equipment than other forms of radio communication. On-off keying ( OOK) is a type of Modulation that represents Digital Data as the presence or absence of a Carrier wave. Morse code also requires less signal bandwidth than voice communication, typically 100-150 Hz, compared to the roughly 2400 Hz used by single-sideband voice. Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower Cutoff frequencies of for example a filter, a Communication channel, or a Signal spectrum Single-sideband modulation ( SSB) is a refinement of Amplitude modulation that more efficiently uses electrical power and bandwidth. Morse code is received as a high-pitched audio tone, so transmissions are easier to copy than voice through the noise on congested frequencies, and it can be used in very high noise / low signal environments. The fact that the transmitted energy is concentrated into a very limited bandwidth makes it possible to use narrow receiver filters, which suppress or eliminate interference on nearby frequencies. The narrow signal bandwidth also takes advantage of the natural aural selectivity of the human brain, further enhancing weak signal readability. This efficiency makes CW extremely useful for DX (distance) transmissions, as well as for low-power transmissions (commonly called "QRP operators", from the Q-code for "reduce power"). In Amateur radio, QRP operation means transmitting at reduced power levels while aiming to maximize one's effective range while doing so There are several amateur clubs that require solid high speed copy, the highest of these has a standard of 60 WPM. For a slower level, the American Radio Relay League offers a code proficiency certification program that starts at 10 WPM. The American Radio Relay League (ARRL is the largest membership association of Amateur radio enthusiasts in the USA.

The relatively limited speed at which Morse code can be sent led to the development of an extensive number of abbreviations to speed communication. These include prosigns and Q codes, plus a restricted standardized format for typical messages. In Morse code, prosigns or procedural signals are dot/dash sequences that have a special meaning in a transmission This use of abbreviations also facilitates communication between operators who do not share a common language and thus would have great difficulty in communicating using voice modes.

Although the traditional telegraph key (straight key) is still used by many amateurs, the use of semi- and fully-automatic electronic keyers (known as "bugs") is prevalent today. Telegraph key, also known as a Morse key, are generic terms for any switching device used primarily to send Morse code. A keyer is a device for signaling by hand by way of pressing one or more switches Computer software is also frequently employed to produce and decode Morse code radio signals.

Other uses

A commercially manufactured iambic paddle used in conjunction with an electronic keyer to generate high-speed Morse code, the timing of which is controlled by the electronic keyer. Manipulation of dual-lever paddles is similar to the Vibroplex, but pressing the right paddle generates a series of dahs, and squeezing the paddles produces dit-dah-dit-dah sequence. The Vibroplex is a popular brand of side-to-side mechanical semi-automatic Morse key (also known as a bug) first manufactured in 1905 by the Vibroplex company The actions are reversed for left-handed operators.

Operators skilled in Morse code can often understand ("copy") code in their heads at rates in excess of 40 WPM. International contests in code copying are still occasionally held. In July 1939 at a contest in Asheville in the United States Ted R. Asheville is a City in and the County seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina, United The United States of America —commonly referred to as the McElroy set a still-standing record for Morse copying, 75. 2 WPM. ^[6] In his online book on high speed sending, William Pierpont N0HFF notes some operators may have passed 100 WPM. By this time they are "hearing" phrases and sentences rather than words. The fastest speed ever sent by a straight key was achieved in 1942 by Harry Turner W9YZE (d. 1992) who reached 35 WPM in a demonstration at a U. S. Army base. ^[7]

As of 2007 commercial radiotelegraph licenses are still being issued in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission. Designed for shipboard and coast station operators, they are awarded to applicants who pass written examinations on advanced radio theory and show 20 WPM code proficiency [this requirement is waived for "old" (20 WPM) Extra Class licensees]. However, since 1999 the use of satellite and very high frequency maritime communications systems (GMDSS) have essentially made them obsolete. The Global Maritime Distress Safety System ( GMDSS) is an internationally agreed-upon set of Safety procedures types of equipment and communication protocols used

Radio navigation aids such as VORs and NDBs for aeronautical use broadcast identifying information in the form of Morse Code, though many VOR stations now also provide voice identification. This article is about the radio navigation aid see VOR for other uses A Non-directional beacon ( NDB) is a Radio transmitter at a known location used as an aviation or marine Navigational aid ^[8]

Applications for the general public

An important application is signaling for help through SOS or . Early developments Before the development of radio communication in the early 1890s seagoing vessels had already adopted a wide variety of visual and audio distress signals using . . --- . . . . This can be sent many ways: keying a radio on and off, toggling a flashlight, banging on a structure, arranging earth material (best to make a triangle instead), and any other method imaginable.

In speed contests between expert Morse code operators and expert cellphone SMS text messaging users, Morse code has consistently won, leading to speculation that cellphone manufacturers might someday build interfaces for Morse code input. Text messaging, or texting is the common term for the sending of "short" (160 characters or fewer including spaces text messages from Mobile phones This interface would translate the Morse code input into text, so that it could be sent to any SMS-capable cellphone, thus the recipient would not need to know Morse code in order to read it. (There are third party applications already available for some cellphones that allow Morse code input for sending SMS (see external links)). Other speculated applications include taking an existing assistive application of Morse code (see below) and using the vibrating alert feature on the cellphone to translate SMS messages to Morse code for silent, hands free "reading" of the incoming messages.

Morse code as an assistive technology

Morse code has been employed as an assistive technology, helping people with a variety of disabilities to communicate. Assistive technology (AT is a generic term that includes assistive adaptive and rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities and includes the process used in selecting Morse can be sent by persons with severe motion disabilities, as long as they have some minimal motor control. In some cases this means alternately blowing into and sucking on a plastic tube ("puff and sip" interface). People with severe motion disabilities in addition to sensory disabilities (e. g. people who are also deaf or blind) can receive Morse through a skin buzzer.

In one case reported in the radio amateur magazine QST an old shipboard radio operator who had a stroke and lost the ability to speak or write was able to communicate with his physician (a radio amateur) by blinking his eyes in Morse. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain A better confirmed case occurred in 1966 when prisoner of war Jeremiah Denton, brought on television by his North Vietnamese captors, Morse-blinked the word TORTURE. Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr (born July 15 1924 in Mobile Alabama) is a retired United States Navy admiral and a former U

Representation and timing

Morse messages are generally transmitted by a hand-operated device such as a telegraph key, so there are variations introduced by the skill of the sender and receiver — more experienced operators can send and receive at faster speeds. Telegraph key, also known as a Morse key, are generic terms for any switching device used primarily to send Morse code. There are two "symbols" used to represent letters, called dots and dashes or (more commonly among CW users) dits and dahs. The length of the dit determines the speed at which the message is sent, and is used as the timing reference.

The speed of Morse code is typically specified in "words per minute" (WPM). In text-book, full-speed Morse, a dah is conventionally 3 times as long as a dit. The spacing between dits and dahs within a character is the length of one dit; between letters in a word it is the length of a dah (3 dits); and between words it is 7 dits. The Paris standard defines the speed of Morse transmission as the dot and dash timing needed to send the word "Paris" a given number of times per minute. The word Paris is used because it is precisely 50 "dits" based on the text book timing.

Under this standard, the time for one "dit" can be computed by the formula:

T = 1200 / W

Where: W is the desired speed in words-per-minute, and T is one dit-time in milliseconds.

Below is an illustration of timing conventions. The phrase "MORSE CODE", in Morse code format, would normally be written something like this, where - represents dahs and · represents dits:

-- --- ·-· ··· ·       -·-· --- -·· ·
M   O   R   S  E        C    O   D  E

Next is the exact conventional timing for this phrase, with = representing "signal on", and . representing "signal off", each for the time length of exactly one dit:

         1         2         3         4         5         6         7         8            
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
 
M------   O----------   R------   S----   E       C----------   O----------   D------   E
===. ===. . . ===. ===. ===. . . =. ===. =. . . =. =. =. . . =. . . . . . . ===. =. ===. =. . . ===. ===. ===. . . ===. =. =. . . =
   ^               ^    ^       ^             ^          
   |              dah  dit      |             |               
symbol space                letter space    word space  

People learning Morse code using the Farnsworth method, named for Donald R. "Russ" Farnsworth, also known by his call sign, W6TTB, are taught to send and receive letters and other symbols at their full target speed, that is with normal relative timing of the dots, dashes and spaces within each symbol for that speed. In Broadcasting and Radio communications a call sign (also known as a callsign or call letters, or abbreviated as a call, or otherwise However, initially exaggerated spaces between symbols and words are used, to give "thinking time" to make the sound "shape" of the letters and symbols easier to learn. The spacing can then be reduced with practice and familiarity. Another popular teaching method is the Koch method, named after German psychologist Ludwig Koch, which uses the full target speed from the outset, but begins with just two characters. Once strings containing those two characters can be copied with 90% accuracy, an additional character is added, and so on until the full character set is mastered.

Morse code is often spoken or written with "dah" for dashes, "dit" for dots located at the end of a character, and "di" for dots located at the beginning or internally within the character. Thus, the following Morse code sequence:

M   O   R   S  E          C    O   D  E
-- --- ·-· ··· · (space) -·-· --- -·· ·

is verbally:

Dah-dah dah-dah-dah di-dah-dit di-di-dit dit, Dah-di-dah-dit dah-dah-dah dah-di-dit dit.

Note that there is little point in learning to read written Morse as above; rather, the sounds of all of the letters and symbols need to be learnt, for both sending and receiving.

Letters, numbers, punctuation

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There is no standard representation for the exclamation mark (! ), although the KW digraph (— · — · — —) was proposed in the 1980s by the Heathkit Company (a vendor of assembly kits for amateur radio equipment). A comma ( ,   is a Punctuation mark It has the same shape as an Apostrophe or single closing Quotation mark in many typefaces but it differs A semicolon (   ) is a conventional Punctuation mark with several usages The question mark (? also known as an interrogation point, question point, query, or eroteme, is a punctuation mark that replaces History The "=" symbol that is now universally accepted by mathematics for equality was first recorded by Welsh mathematician Robert Recorde in The The plus and minus signs ( + and &minus) are Mathematical symbols used to represent the notions of positive and negative as well as the operations A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes The plus and minus signs ( + and &minus) are Mathematical symbols used to represent the notions of positive and negative as well as the operations The slash ( /) is a punctuation mark It is also called a virgule, diagonal, stroke, forward slash, oblique dash, In Mathematics, a fraction (from the Latin fractus, broken is a concept of a proportional relation between an object part and the object The underscore _ (also called understrike, underbar, low line, or low dash is a character that originally appeared on the Typewriter. Brackets are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set apart or interject text within other text Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech An ampersand ( &) also commonly called an " 'and' sign," is a Logogram representing the conjunction "and" The typographic character @, the at sign, denotes a pan-lingual abbreviation of the word 'at' A digraph, bigraph, or digram is a pair of characters used to write one Phoneme (distinct sound or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond Heathkits were products of the Heath Company Benton Harbor Michigan. While Morse code translation software prefers this version, on-air use is not yet universal as some amateur radio operators in Canada and the USA continue to prefer the older MN digraph (— — — ·) carried over from American landline telegraphy code.

The &, $ and the _ sign are not defined inside the ITU recommendation on morse code. But the $ sign code was defined inside the Phillips Code (huge collection of abbreviations used on land line telegraphy) as a SX representation. The above given representation for the &-sign is the morse pro sign used for wait.

On May 24, 2004—the 160th anniversary of the first public Morse telegraph transmission—the Radiocommunication Bureau of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) formally added the "@" ("commercial at" or "commat") character to the official Morse character set, using the sequence denoted by the AC digraph (· — — · — ·). Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The ITU Radiocommunication Sector ( ITU-R) is one of the three sectors (divisions or units of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU and is responsible for The typographic character @, the at sign, denotes a pan-lingual abbreviation of the word 'at' This sequence was reportedly chosen to represent "A[T] C[OMMERCIAL]" or the letter "a" inside the swirl appearing to be a "C". ^[9] The new character facilitates sending electronic mail addresses by Morse code and is notable since it is the first official addition to the Morse set of characters since World War I. Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Prosigns

Main article: Prosigns for Morse code

Defined in the ITU recommendation. In Morse code, prosigns or procedural signals are dot/dash sequences that have a special meaning in a transmission

Non-English extensions to the Morse code

Non-Latin extensions to Morse code

See Other alphabets in Morse code. " Ä " or " ä " is a character which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets or the letter A with Æ ( minuscule: æ) is a Grapheme formed from the letters A and E. È can be The letter E with a Grave accent. 鄂 or È is an abbreviation for the Hubei province of the Ñ (lower case ñ) is a letter of the modern Roman alphabet formed by an N with a diacritical Tilde. Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the The letter Å represents various sounds in the Swedish, Finnish (although no native Finnish words contain the letter å Danish, Norwegian É, é ( E - acute) is a letter of Hungarian, Icelandic, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, and Uyghur language Đ (lowercase đ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from D with the addition of a bar or stroke through the letter O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. The " Ø " ( minuscule: " ø " is a Vowel and a letter used in the Danish, Faroese and Norwegian Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language Ĉ or ĉ (C Circumflex) is a Consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a Voiceless Postalveolar Affricate The grapheme Č (Latin C with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar affricate Consonant not unlike Ŝ or ŝ (S Circumflex) is a Consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a Voiceless postalveolar fricative (either Palato-alveolar The Grapheme Š, š (Latin S with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar fricative, including Ĥ, or ĥ is a Consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a Voiceless velar fricative or Voiceless uvular fricative. Î, î ( I - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Romanian language. Eth ( Ð, ð; also spelled edh or eð) is a letter used in Old English, Icelandic, Faroese (in Ĵ or ĵ (J Circumflex) is a Consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a Voiced Postalveolar Fricative Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Ŭ or ŭ is a letter in the Belarusian language, when written in the 20th cent This is a summary of the use of Morse code to represent alphabets other than Latin. For Chinese, Chinese telegraph code is used to map Chinese characters to four-digit codes and send these digits out using standard Morse code. The Chinese telegraph code ( or) is a four-digit decimal code for electrically telegraphing messages written with Chinese characters Encoding and decoding A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( For Korean, SKATS maps the hangul through Korean Morse code to the same codes in Morse code and back to their equivalents in the Roman alphabet. This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system SKATS stands for Standard Korean Alphabet Transliteration System.

Alternative display of more common characters for the international code

Some methods of teaching or learning morse code use the dichotomic search table below. In Computer science, a dichotomic search is a Search algorithm that operates by selecting between two distinct alternatives (dichotomies at each step

A graphical representation of the dichotomic search table: the user branches left at every dot and right at every dash until the character is finished.

Trivia

• Some Slavic languages like Czech have a mnemonic device for remembering the Morse code letters in a form of example words, beginning with each appropriate letter, having so called "long vowel" (á, é, í, ó, ú, ý) in the syllables corresponding to dashes and regular vowel in the syllables corresponding to dots. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember Example for letter K (— · —) is Království (Czech for Kingdom).

See also

• High Speed Telegraphy
• Morse Code Abbreviations
• Morse Code Mnemonics
• NATO phonetic alphabet
• Wabun Code
• Chinese telegraph code
• SKATS

References

External links

• Morse code at the Open Directory Project