Morning sickness, also called nausea, vomiting of pregnancy (emesis gravidarum or NVP), or pregnancy sickness, affects between 50^[1] and 95 percent of all pregnant women as well as some women who use hormonal contraception or hormone replacement therapy. Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Hormonal contraception refers to Birth control methods that act on the hormonal system Hormone replacement therapy may refer to Hormone replacement therapy (menopause Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male The nausea can be mild or induce actual vomiting. In extreme cases, known as hyperemesis gravidarum, hospitalization may be required to treat the resulting dehydration, which occurs in about 1% of pregnancies. Hyperemesis gravidarum (from Greek hyper and emesis and Latin gravida; meaning "excessive vomiting of pregnant women" is Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object

Contents 1 Duration of condition 2 Causes 3 Treatments 3.1 Thalidomide tragedy 3.2 Research 4 Associations with miscarriage risk 5 References 6 External links

Duration of condition

Morning sickness can occur at any time of the day, though it occurs most often upon waking, because blood sugar levels are typically the lowest after a night without food. Blood sugar, used in a physiological context is a misnomer and misleading

Morning sickness usually starts in the first month of the pregnancy, peaking in the fifth to seventh weeks, and continuing until the 14th to 16th week. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female For half of the sufferers, it ends by the 16th week of pregnancy. It may take the others up to another month to get relief, and some women suffer intermittent episodes throughout their pregnancy.

Causes

There is insufficient evidence to find a single (or multiple) cause, but the leading theories for proximate causes include:

• An increase in the circulating level of the hormone estrogen. Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Estrogen levels may increase by up to a hundredfold during pregnancy.
• Low blood sugar during pregnancy.
• An increase in progesterone relaxes the muscles in the uterus, which prevents early childbirth, but may also relax the stomach and intestines, leading to excess stomach acids. Progesterone is a C-21 Steroid Hormone involved in the Female Menstrual cycle, Pregnancy (supports Gestation Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor.
• An increase in human chorionic gonadotropin. Human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG) is a Glycoprotein Hormone produced in Pregnancy that is made by the Embryo soon after conception
• An increase in sensitivity to odors, which overstimulates normal nausea triggers. The sensitivity or insensitivity of a Human, often considered with regard to a particular kind of stimulus, is the strength of the Feeling it
• An increase in bowel movement.
• The body's effort to detoxify thoroughly for the health of the unborn child. This is supported by evidence that the liver and kidneys become more active than usual at the start of a pregnancy.

As for root causes, this issue is still somewhat controversial. A notable current scientific hypothesis is that morning sickness exists as a safeguard for the embryo's health. Biologists Gillian V. Pepper and S. Craig Roberts have done a study that indicates that the intake of alcohol, sugar, oils, and meat can trigger morning sickness. This then acts as a way of discouraging ingestion of less healthy foods. ^[2]

Although Margie Profet has argued that eating vegetables may be a factor as well,^[3], this idea has been rejected by a prospective, population-based study which concluded that "claims made in the popular press about food and health relationships should be evaluated by the media as fiction unless supported by scientific research". Margie Profet holds bachelors degrees from both Harvard and the University of California Berkeley, she was a Visiting Scientist at the University of Washington The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however ^[4] Both Profet's vegetable theory and Deutsch's suggestion morning sickness's role is to reduce frequency of sexual intercourse, so preventing sexual uterine cramping that might be a cause spontaneous abortion,^[5] have been rejected by a cross-cultural study that suggested morning sickness is more frequently observed in societies that have animal products as dietary staples which may "be dangerous to pregnant women and their embryos because they often contain parasites and pathogens" and hence "that morning sickness serves an adaptive, prophylactic function". ^[6]

Treatments

Treatments for morning sickness typically aim to lessen the symptoms of nausea, rather than attacking the root cause(s) of the nausea. Treatments include:

• Lemons, particularly the smelling of freshly cut lemons. The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants
• Avoiding an empty stomach.
• Accommodating food cravings and aversions.
• Eating five or six small meals per day, rather than three large ones.
• Many sources recommend Cabbage. ^[7][8]
• Trying the BRATT diet: bananas, rice, applesauce, toast and tea. The BRAT diet is a historically prescribed treatment for patients with various forms of gastrointestinal distress such as Diarrhea, Dyspepsia, and/or Gastroenteritis ^[9]
• Ginger, in capsules, tea, ginger ale, or ginger snaps. Ginger is commonly used as a cooking spice throughout the world Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Ginger ale is a Soft drink flavored with Ginger. History Ginger beer, a strongly flavoured fermented product appeared in the British This page is about the biscuit/cookie For the film see Ginger Snaps (film. ^[10]
• Eating dry crackers in the morning.
• Drinking liquids 30 to 45 minutes after eating solid food.
• Vitamin B6 (either pyridoxine or pyridoxamine), often taken in combination with the antihistamine doxylamine (Diclectin). Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble Vitamin. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of Amino acid metabolism including Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called Vitamin B6, along with Pyridoxal and Pyridoxamine. Pyridoxamine is one of the compounds composing Vitamin B6, along with Pyridoxal and Pyridoxine. A histamine antagonist is an agent which serves to inhibit the release or action of Histamine. Doxylamine succinate is one of the many sedating Antihistamines used by itself as a short-term Sedative, in combination with other drugs as a night-time cold

A doctor may prescribe anti-nausea medications if the expectant mother suffers from dehydration or malnutrition as a result of her morning sickness, a condition known as hyperemesis gravidarum. An anti-emetic is a drug that is effective against Vomiting and Nausea. Hyperemesis gravidarum (from Greek hyper and emesis and Latin gravida; meaning "excessive vomiting of pregnant women" is In the US, Zofran (ondansetron) is the usual drug of choice, though the high cost is prohibitive for some women; in the UK, older drugs with which there is a greater experience of use in pregnancy are preferred, with first choice being promethazine otherwise as second choice metoclopramide, or prochlorperazine. Ondansetron ( INN) (ɒnˈdænsɛtrɒn or Zofran is a Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly as an Antiemetic to Promethazine is a first-generation H1 receptor antagonist Antihistamine and Antiemetic medication Metoclopramide ( INN) (ˌmɛtəˈkloʊprəmaɪd or /ˌmɛtəˈklɒprəmaɪd is a potent Dopamine receptor antagonist used for its Antiemetic and Prokinetic Prochlorperazine (marketed under the names Compazine, Buccastem, Stemetil and Phenotil) is a drug that belongs to the Phenothiazine ^[11]

Thalidomide tragedy

Further information: Thalidomide#History

Thalidomide was originally developed and prescribed as a cure for morning sickness in West Germany, but its use was discontinued when the drug's teratogenic properties came to light. Thalidomide is a Sedative - Hypnotic, and Multiple myeloma Medication. Thalidomide is a Sedative - Hypnotic, and Multiple myeloma Medication. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Teratology stems from the Greek ( Genitive) meaning monster, or marvel and, meaning word, speech. The United States Food and Drug Administration never approved thalidomide for use as a cure for morning sickness. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Research

A recent Canadian survey conducted by researchers at the University of British Columbia and the University of Victoria suggested that the use of medical marijuana may be effective in combating morning sickness,^[12] although the researchers noted that their survey was not conclusive. The University of British Columbia ( UBC) is a Canadian public research University with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna The University of Victoria (UVic is located in Greater Victoria British Columbia, Canada (northeast of Victoria) Medical cannabis refers to the use of the Cannabis plant as a physician-recommended Herbal therapy as well as synthetic THC and Cannabinoids ^[13]

Associations with miscarriage risk

Studies have shown that women who suffer from morning sickness are less likely to have miscarriages as well as less likely to give birth to a baby with birth defects. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth ^[14] Other doctors disagree with these links and claim that the mother's sensitivity to the changes in her body is not a variable that indicates risk of miscarriage. It is also mentioned that many women having a molar pregnancy or an ectopic pregnancy suffer strong nausea. Molar pregnancy is an abnormal form of Pregnancy, characterized by the presence of a hydatidiform mole (or hydatid mole, mola hytadidosa An ectopic pregnancy is a Complication of pregnancy in which the fertilized Ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall

References

External links

• Help and medical advice about nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, NVP

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