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The title of Mormaer designates a regional or provincial ruler in the medieval Kingdom of the Scots. The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe In theory, although not always in practice, a Mormaer was second only to the King of Scots, and the senior of a toisech. The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland.

Contents

Origin

The etymology is variously debated as "Great Steward" (incorporating Gaelic and Picto-Latin), or "Sea Lord" (perhaps defenders against the attacks of Vikings). Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time The position of Lord High Steward of England is the first of the Great Officers of State. The Goidelic languages, (also sometimes called particularly in colloquial situations the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) historically formed a Dialect Pictish is a term used for the Extinct language or languages thought to have been spoken by the Picts, the people of northern and central Scotland A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Historians do not know if the institution was Gaelic or Pictish. The Picts were a Confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century It is notable that the word Mormaer occurs only in the post-Pictish period, and so it is difficult to sustain any argument for Pictish origins. There is also debate whether the term mormaer was simply the east-coast equivalent of Kinglet (Gaelic: ruirí or rí). For the earliest periods, we are unsure about the exact difference between a Mormaer and a Toisech. The earliest Scottish Latin sources use the word thanus (Thane) for the word Toisech. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A thegn or thane was an attendant servant retainer or official in Early Medieval Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon culture. This word was adopted from the Anglo-Saxon lands to the south. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south It is possible that both Thanus and Comes, and Mormaer and Toisech, all originally meant similar things, or at least were not part of a stratified hierarchy as we have come to think.

Earliest Mormaers

The office of Mormaer is first mentioned in the context of the Battle of Corbridge (918), in the Annals of Ulster. The Battles of Corbridge both took place at the same Corbridge, between the same contestants in 915 and 918. Events By Place Asia Taebong has been overthrown and Goryeo established in the Korean peninsula, when Wang Kon The Annals of Ulster ( Annála Uladh) are a Chronicle of medieval Ireland. The first individual Mormaer to be named was Dubacan mac Indrechtaich, one of the companions of Amlaib, the son of King Causantín II (Constantine II). Dubacan of Angus is usually regarded as one of the earliest attested Mormaers He is mentioned as Dubucan filius Indrechtaig mormair Oengusa (i Constantine son of Áed ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Constantín mac Áeda; Modern Gaelic: Còiseam mac Aoidh) known in most modern regnal lists His death at the Battle of Brunanburh (937) is recorded in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba. The Battle of Brunanburh was a West Saxon victory in 937 by the army of Athelstan, King of England, and his brother Edmund, Events By Place Europe Battle of Brunanburh: King Athelstan of England defeats the Viking king of The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, or Scottish Chronicle, is a short written chronicle of the Kings of Alba, covering the period from the time of He is mentioned as Mormair Oengusa (Mormaer of Angus). The Mormaer or Earl of Angus was the ruler of the medieval Scottish province of Angus.

Another three Mormaers are named, though without provinces, in the Annals of Tigernach, s. The Annals of Tigernach ( abbr AT) is a Chronicle probably originating in Clonmacnoise, Ireland. a. 976. For the 976 telephone prefix see Premium-rate telephone number Events By Place Byzantine Empire January 10 — However, the earliest Mormaers of each province are generally unknown until the 12th century, by which time the Mormaer is being referred to in Latin documents as Comes. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Mormaer, Comes and "Earl"

This has led to the erroneous impression that "Mormaerdoms" were scrapped and replaced by "Earldoms. " In fact, Comes (literally Companian, in the feudal age Count, which word derives from it) is just a Franco-Latin word used on the British Isles to render either Mormaer or Earl into Latin (with French). The French Solar Energy Authority ( Commissariat à l'Energie Solaire, ComES) a public Scientific and industrial entity was set up in A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the Liturgical language of the medieval Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people For instance, several Irish sources call King Robert Bruce Mormaer (of Carrick) in the 14th century. Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( Carrick ( Gaelic: A' Charraig, əˈxar̴ɛg̊ʲ is a former comital district of Scotland which today forms part of South Ayrshire. As this is not an Irish word, it is clear that the word is being used by the Scots for the office. Moreover, the term is still recorded as being used for the "Earl" of Lennox a century later. The Mormaer of Lennox or Earl of Lennox was the ruler of the long-lasting provincial Mormaerdom / Earldom of Lennox in the Medieval On the other hand, the West Germanic word Earl is not recorded as being in use in Scotland until the mid-14th century, and then only in an English literary text. The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of Languages and include languages such as English Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of

As a result, scholars now recognize that Mormaer was the vernacular word used by the Gaels. Earl on the other hand is an English or Scots translation, alien to the Gaelic tradition. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern

There might be nothing wrong with this. However, many authors use the term Jarl to describe contemporary Scandinavian lords of the same rank, and the term Count for French and German ones. In this context, using the term Earl for Mormaer is simplistic and inappropriate, and might be compared with calling a Roman Emperor Shah. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages Some of this objection is removed as the Scottish comital lordships become increasingly acquired by families of French or Anglo-French origin, and as English becomes the dominant language of Lowland Scotland in the later Middle Ages. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 Of course, Count would still be safer, but almost no Scottish historian employs this word. In fact, one might even use Duke, especially in the case of Moray, since Mormaer was the highest noble rank under the King.

Mormaers and other Lordships

A Mormaerdom was not simply a regional lordship, it was a regional lordship with official comital rank. This is why other lordships, many of them more powerful, such as those of Lords of Galloway, Argyll and Innse Gall, are not and were not called Mormaerdoms or Earldoms. The Lords, or Kings of Galloway ruled over Galloway, in south west Scotland, for a large part of the High Middle Ages. The designation Lord of the Isles (Triath nan Eilean or Rí Innse Gall now a Scottish title of nobility, emerged from a series of hybrid Viking / Gaelic

List of Mormaers

This map pertains to the Scotland of the reign of Alexander II. The map is a rough guide only, and not intended to be 100% accurate.
This map pertains to the Scotland of the reign of Alexander II. Alexander II ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Uilliam; Modern Gaelic Alasdair mac Uilleim) (24 August 1198 &ndash 6 July 1249 King of Scots The map is a rough guide only, and not intended to be 100% accurate.

This list does not include Orkney, which was a Norwegian Earldom, and became ruled by Scotland in the 15th century. Earldom of Orkney The Earl of Orkney was originally a Norse jarl ruling Orkney, Shetland and parts of Caithness and Sutherland Sutherland might be included, but it was created only late, and for a foreign family (see Earl of Sutherland)

Bibliography

External links


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