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Embarkation of moriscos in Valencia by Pere Oromig
Embarkation of moriscos in Valencia by Pere Oromig

A morisco (Spanish "Moor-like") or mourisco (Portuguese) was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal who converted to Catholicism during the reconquista of Spain. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The term also became a a pejorative regarding those who had converted, but were suspected of secretly practicing Islam. Converted Jews, or conversos, who secretly held to Judaism were called marranos. Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or [1]

Contents

History

From the middle ages to the early 1600s Spanish Muslims were encouraged, sometimes peacefully, sometimes forcibly, to adopt Catholicism. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Muslims who refused to convert faced penalties for adhering to Islam. Muslim converts were known as Moriscos. However, many Moriscos continued to remain crypto-Muslims. Furthermore, adherent Muslims were busily re-proselytizing among the Moriscos. This became a matter of concern to the Spanish crown, which finally expelled the remaining Muslim population in the decree of 1610; most of whom made their way to lands controlled by the Ottoman Empire, or to North Africa

Prior to their conversions, Muslims were known as Mudéjars, and were allowed to practice Islam among Christians with certain restrictions. Mudéjar is the name given to the Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus, who remained in Christian territory after the Reconquista but were For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

The exact status of Mudéjars depended on the capitulation pacts and later royal decrees. After the fall of the city of Granada in 1492, the Muslim population was granted religious freedom by the Treaty of Granada, but that promise was short-lived. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. The Treaty of Granada was signed and ratified on November 25, 1491 between the king of Granada Abú `Abd Allah Muhammad Boabdil and When peaceful conversion efforts on the part of Granada's first archbishop, Hernando de Talavera, brought subversive opposition, Cardinal Cisneros took more forceful measures: forced conversions, burning Islamic texts and the prosecution of some of Granada's Muslims. In response to these and other violations of the treaty, Granada's Muslim/Morisco population rebelled in 1499. The revolt, which lasted until early 1501, gave the Spanish authorities a reason to void the remaining terms in the treaty of surrender. In 1501, Granada's Muslims were given the ultimatum of either converting to Christianity or leaving. Most did convert, but usually only superficially, continuing to dress and speak as they had before and to secretly practice Islam and using the aljamiado writing system, i. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aljamiado texts are manuscripts which utilize the Arabic alphabet for transcribing Romance languages such as Mozarabic or Ladino. e. , Castilian or Aragonese texts in Arabic writing with scattered Arabic expressions. In 1502, however, the ultimatums were extended to the Mudéjars of Castile and Leon and in 1508, authorities banned traditional fashion. The Mudéjars of Navarre had to convert or leave by 1515 and those of Aragon by 1525.

Aljamiado text by Mancebo de Arévalo. c. 16th century
Aljamiado text by Mancebo de Arévalo. c. 16th century[2]

More restrictive legislation was introduced in 1526 and 1527 under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was

Moriscos could buy a 40-year suspension of the laws, but in 1567, Philip II of Spain issued an edict requiring Moriscos to give up their Muslim names, their traditional Muslim dress, and prohibited the speaking of Arabic. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language They were even told that they would have to give up their children to be educated by Christian priests. This led to another uprising in the Alpujarras from 1568 to 1571, resulting in the forced resettlement of the Moriscos of Granada upon its defeat - especially to the kingdom of Valencia. The Morisco Revolt occurred in 1568. It was a rebellion by the remnants of the community of Muslim converts to Christianity in Granada against La Alpujarra (sometimes Las Alpujarras is a mountainous district in Southern Spain, which stretches south from the Sierra Nevada mountains near Granada The Christian Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. Only a few Moriscos, who had collaborated with the royal forces, were permitted to remain in the city and territory of Granada. The relocation affected not only the Arabized Granadines but also the Moriscos of Castile, quite assimilated by that time.

The Moriscos, whose Christianity was often dubious, were suspected of being in contact with the Turkish Empire and the Barbary pirates, conspiring against Spain. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from In a political sense conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power Spies reported that the Ottoman Emperor, Selim II was planning to attack Malta; and from there move on to Spain - with the idea of inciting an uprising among Spanish Muslims and Moriscos. Thus persuaded, Philip enacted restrictive measures against them. However, many had risen to positions of wealth and prominence, and wielded considerable counteracting influence, which further hardened Philip's resolve to deal with them. Aragonese and Valencian nobles in particular appreciated their work ethic and tried to protect them from expulsion, advocating a line of patience and religious instruction. Moorish businessmen and workers were especially important to the agriculture of Valencia and Murcia. The Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia (Spanish Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia) is one of Spain 's seventeen autonomous communities

Towards the end of the 16th Century, Morisco writers sought to challenge the perception of their culture as alien to Spain, with literary works purporting to present a version of early Spanish history in which Arabic-speaking Spaniards played a positive role. Chief among these is Miguel de Luna's Verdadera historia del rey don Rodrigo (c. 1545-1615).

La Expulsión de los Moriscos. A painting by Vicente Carducho. Museo del Prado, Madrid
La Expulsión de los Moriscos. A painting by Vicente Carducho. Vincenzo Carducci (in Spanish, sometimes Vicencio or Vicente Carducho; 1568&ndash1638 was an Italian painter Museo del Prado, Madrid

The Moriscos were ultimately expelled from Spain between 1609 (Castile) and 1614 (rest of Spain), by Philip III, at the instigation of the Duke of Lerma. The Museo del Prado is a Museum and Art gallery located in Madrid, the capital of Spain. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King Don Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma ( Seville, 1552/1553 — Valladolid, 1625 the Favourite of Philip Estimates have varied on the number of expelled although contemporary accounts set the number at around 300,000 (about 4% of the Spanish population), a majority of which were expelled from the Crown of Aragon (modern day Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia). [3] Some historians have blamed the subsequent crisis of the Spanish Mediterranean on the replacement of Morisco workers by Christian newcomers, who were fewer and less familiar with the local techniques.

Adult Moriscos were often assumed to be covert Muslims (i. e. crypto-muslims), but the arrangements for expulsion of their children presented Catholic Spain with a dilemma, as they had all been baptized, and consequently could not legally or morally be transported to Muslim lands. Crypto-Islam is the secret adherence to Islam while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Islam are referred to as "crypto-Muslims" Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Some authorities proposed that children should be forcibly separated from their parents, but sheer numbers showed this to be impractical. Consequently, the official destination of the expellees was generally stated to be France (more specifically Marseille); but, after the assassination of Henry IV in 1610 few or none actually settled there. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III Those Moriscos who wished to remain Catholic were generally able to find new homes in Italy (especially Livorno) but the overwhelming majority settled in Muslim held lands, either within the Ottoman Empire or Morocco. "Leghorn" redirects here For the breed of chicken see Leghorn chicken. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa

Some communities fought as corsairs based at Algiers,Cherchell and Salé, against Christians , and some Morisco mercenaries (in the service of the Moroccan sultan) armed with European-style guns, crossed the Sahara and conquered Timbuktu and the Niger Curve in 1591, and it is recorded that a Morisco worked as military advisor for Sultan Al-Ashraf Tumanbay II of Egypt (the last Egyptian Mamluk Sultan) during his struggle against Ottoman invasion of Egypt in 1517 led by Sultan Selim I, Morisco military advisor asked Sultan Tomanbey to use guns instead of depending mainly on cavalries. A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Cherchell (older Cherchel) is a seaport town in the Province of Tipaza, Algeria, 55 Miles West of Algiers. For the Canadian figure skater see Jamie Salé. For the Finnish Union of Sex Workers see Salli. Timbuktu ( Timbuctoo; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; French: Tombouctou) is a city in Tombouctou Region, in the West African Niger is a Landlocked nation in West Africa located along the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions Selim I ( Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ISelim; also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave" Yavuz in

An large number of Moriscos did remain in Spain, camouflaged among the Christian population, some stayed on for genuine religious reasons, some for merely economic reasons. It is estimated that, in the kingdom of Granada alone, between 10,000 and 15,000 Moriscos remained after the general expulsion of 1609. [4] It has been suggested that the Mercheros (also Quinquis), a group of nomadic tinkerers traditionally based in the northern half of Spain, may have their origin from vagrant Moriscos. Quinqui is the Jargon of a reduced and possibly vanishing semi-nomadic group present mainly in the northern half of Spain known as Quinquilleros

In literature

Miguel de Cervantes' writings, such as Don Quixote and Conversation of the Two Dogs, offer interesting views of Moriscos and put them in a favorable light. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( in modern Spanish; September 29, 1547 &ndash April 22, 1616) was a Spanish Novelist es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don In the first part of Don Quixote (before the expulsion), a Morisco translates a found document containing the Arabic "history" that Cervantes is merely "publishing". In the second part, after the expulsion, Ricote is a Morisco and a good mate of Sancho Panza. Ricote (Spain is also a village formerly inhabited by Moriscoes Sancho Panza is a Fictional character in the novel Don Quixote written by Spanish author Don Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra in He cares more about money than religion, and left for Germany, from where he returned as a false pilgrim to unbury his treasure. He however admits the righteousness of their expulsion. His daughter María Félix is brought to Berbery but suffers since she is a sincere Christian. The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the 19th century to refer to the middle and western coastal regions of North Africa—what

Extended meaning

In historical studies of minoritisation, Morisco is sometimes applied to other historical crypto-Muslims, in places such as Norman Sicily, 9th century Crete, and other areas along the medieval Christian-Muslim frontier. Crypto-Islam is the secret adherence to Islam while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Islam are referred to as "crypto-Muslims" The Italo-Normans, or Siculo-Normans when referring to Sicily, were the Italian -born descendants of the first Norman conquerors to travel to

In the racial classification of colonial Spanish America, morisco was used for a certain combination of European and African ancestry.

Morisco descendants and Spanish citizenship

In October 2006, the Andalusian Parliament asked the three parliamentary groups that form the majority to support an amendment that would grant Morisco descendants facilities in access to Spanish citizenship. October 2006 was a month that began on a Sunday The month was marked by a nuclear test by North Korea that prompted that passing of Resolution 1718 Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those The proposal was originally made by IULV-CA, the Andalusian branch of the United Left. United Left ( Izquierda Unida) is a political coalition that was organized in 1986 during the mobilizations in Spain against NATO. [5] Spanish Civil Code Art. 22. 1, in its current form, provides facilities to nationals of several countries historically linked with Spain and Sephardic Jews. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural [6]

This measure could benefit about five million Moroccan citizens, who are considered to be descendants of Moriscos. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa It could also benefit an indeterminate number of people in Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania, Libya, Egypt and Turkey. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches [7]

This decision was a consequence of calls by some Spanish and Moroccan historians and academics since 1992 demanding similar treatment for Moriscos and Sephardic Jews. The bid was welcomed by Mansur Escudero, the chairman of Islamic Council of Spain. [8]

See also

External links

Further reading

Sources

References

  1. ^ Rothstein, Edward (2005-06-13), Regarding Cervantes, Multicultural Dreamer, New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/13/arts/13conn.html?pagewanted=all>. Retrieved on 15 December 2007 .
  2. ^ The passage is an invitation directed to the Spanish Moriscos or Crypto-Muslims so that they continue fulfilling the Islamic prescriptions in spite of the legal prohibitions and so that they disguise (taqiyya) and they are protected showing public adhesion the Christian faith. A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal Crypto-Islam is the secret adherence to Islam while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Islam are referred to as "crypto-Muslims" For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Persecution of Shia MuslimsWithin Shi'ite Islamic tradition the concept of Taqiyya (تقية - 'fear guard against' refers to a dispensation allowing believers to conceal Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings
  3. ^ Patrick Harvey, Leonard (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. The University of Chicago Press is the largest University press in the United States 7. ISBN 0-226-31962-8.  
  4. ^ La guerra de los moriscos en las Alpujarras. Retrieved on 2006-11-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus"
  5. ^ Propuesta de IU sobre derecho preferente de moriscos a la nacionalidad (Spanish)
  6. ^ Código Civil (Spanish)
  7. ^ Piden la nacionalidad española para los descendientes de moriscos (Spanish)
  8. ^ La Junta Islámica pide para descendientes de moriscos la nacionalidad española (Spanish)

Dictionary

morisco

-noun

  1. A Moor.
  2. The Moorish-style of architecture.
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