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The Morini were a Belgic tribe in the time of the Roman Empire. The Belgae were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul in the 1st century BC and later also attested in Britain. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial We know little about their language but one of their cities, Boulogne-sur-Mer was called Bononia by Zosimus and Bonen in the Middle Ages. Boulogne-sur-Mer ( Bonen in Dutch is a City in Northern France. Zosimus ( ''fl'' 490s-510s was a Byzantine historian who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius Zosimus mentioned the Low Germanic character of the city (Bononia germanorum). Zosimus ( ''fl'' 490s-510s was a Byzantine historian who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius In Historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift was a phonological development ( Sound change) which took place Their civitas during the Roman Empire was Terouanne (Terwaan), today in France. In the history of the Roman empire, civitas (pl civitates mainly referred to the condition of Roman Citizenship It was also used to describe a type of settlement The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Thérouanne is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais département in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France. The region is known to be Flemish until the end of the Middle Ages.

Together with the Menapii they were mentioned in the Commentarii de Bello Gallico written by Julius Caesar. The Menapii were a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul in pre-Roman and Roman times Commentarii de Bello Gallico is Julius Caesar 's third-person account of his nine years of war in Gaul. [1]

Contents

Etymology

The tribe's name Morini is derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *mor-i[2] and either meant "sea" or "lake". The word occurs in most Proto-Indo-European languages either as *mori or *mari. (see Armorica). Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany Peninsula and the territory between the The proto-Flemish word for "polder" is moer (plural: moeren). A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity meaning it has no connection with A French part of the region is called Les Moëres. The name Morini probably refers to salty marshes and not to the sea itself. The "-in" in Morini is most probably a Germanic plural (today written '-en' like in children).

Location

The Morini inhabited the low-lying plains and coastal wetlands awashed by tidal forces of the North Sea in the historic Flanders region (the province of West Flanders) of western Belgium and the present-day departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais of northernmost France. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. West Flanders (West-Vlaanderen is the westernmost province of the Flemish Region also named Flanders, in Belgium. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Nord (North is a department in the far north of France. It is the country's most populated department Pas-de-Calais is a department in northern France. Its name is the French language equivalent of the Strait of Dover, which it borders The word "Flanders" is a contraction of "flooded lands" and refers the north of the Morini territory.

Way of life

The Morini built their houses on the edges of the wet polders, on reclaimed land drained away for expandable farming, and on man made hills in the polders called pol or terp. A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity meaning it has no connection with Remainders of those pols can still be observed.

They were successful farmers as polders are very fertile. Traces were found of dikes. LeveeEmbankmentDitch A dike (or dyke) levee, levée, embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial They traded with other tribes, like the ancient (Kentish) Britons of nearby Great Britain and the Batavi of present-day Holland. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The Batavians ( Latin Batavi) were a Germanic tribe originally part of the Chatti, reported by Tacitus to Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of

History

Caesar was very interested in that part of the Morini territory where the crossing of the sea to Britannia was "the shortest" [3], now known as the present-day region of Calais. Britannia was the term originally used by the Romans to refer first to the British Isles, and later to the island of Great Britain. Calais (kaˈlɛ in English often kæˈleɪ traditional English pronunciation /ˈkælɨs/ Kales is a town in northern France. The Morini had several harbours of which Portus Itius, the modern city of Boulogne, was only one of them. Boulogne-sur-Mer ( Bonen in Dutch is a City in Northern France. [4] Caesar wanted to induce mainly fear in the northern Morini so "that they wouldn't attack him. "[5] The territory of the Morini and Menapii was well protected by marshes and woodland and suited for guerilla tactics. The Menapii were a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul in pre-Roman and Roman times The dangers outweighed the benefits of subduing those economically less interesting regions. In 55 BC Labienus tightened the Roman grip upon the strategically more important western side of the Morini tribal areas. Titus Labienus (ca 100 BC– March 17, 45 BC was a professional Roman soldier in the late Roman Republic. [6] In 54 BC Caesar let one legion, under the command of legate Caius Fabius, hibernate there. [7] In 53 BC the Morini were joint most probably with the Menapii under the command of the Atrebate Commius. [8] During the great Gallic rebellion led by Vercingetorix, the Morini sent a contingent of some 5000 (or 7000?) men to the relief force which had to liberate Alesia. Vercingetorix (werkiŋˈɡetoriks in Latin) born around 82 BC died 46 BC was chieftain of the Arverni, originating from the Arvernian city of [9]

Caesar gave some interesting details: The tribe counted some pagi (subregions), which, apparently, could make their own decisions. [10] The Morini fled into or behind the "moeren" and became unreachable for the Roman army. In 56 BC, when autumn was very wet, this tactic worked. The year after, which was much dryer, it failed. [11] The Morini would have participated together with other coastal people (Lexovii, Namnetes, Ambiliati, Diablintes and Menapii) and tribes from Britain, in the uprising of the Veneti. The Lexovii ( Strabo;, Ptol ii 8 § 2 were a Celtic people on the coast of Gallia, immediately west of the mouth of the Seine The Diablintes or Diablintres or Diablindi or Aulerci Diaulitae were an ancient people of Gaul, a division of the Aulerci. The Menapii were a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul in pre-Roman and Roman times [12] Theoretically, the named people were involved in trade and transport to south Britain, an activity Caesar wanted for himself.

Although Caesar fought the Morini, he managed to conquer only a part of their territory around Calais. Calais (kaˈlɛ in English often kæˈleɪ traditional English pronunciation /ˈkælɨs/ Kales is a town in northern France. The rest of the Morini were annexed by emperor Augustus between the years 33-23 B. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was C. and their tribal lands became part of the Roman province of Belgae. The Belgae were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul in the 1st century BC and later also attested in Britain.

They were converted to Christianity by Saints Victoricus and Fuscian, but the region was re-evangelized by Saint Omer in the seventh century. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Saints Victoricus (Victorice Victoric Fuscian (Fulcian Fulcien Fuscien and Gentian (Gentien (d

Modern Morini

The tribe of the Morini persists today in the indigenous people of the modern Belgian province of West Flanders, which corresponds closely to the ancient territory of the Morini. West Flanders (West-Vlaanderen is the westernmost province of the Flemish Region also named Flanders, in Belgium. They speak a particular and difficult dialect ("West-Vlaams") of Dutch. According to Stephen Oppenheimer their genetic signature is virtually identical to the people of south-east Britain (Kent)[13]. Stephen Oppenheimer (born 1947 a British physician a member of Green College Oxford and an honorary fellow of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, performs and KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format

References

  1. ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2.4
  2. ^ Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands - (Ke-R)
  3. ^ Caes. , D. B. G. , IV 21. 3 - previously, Caesar knew only the crossing from the Veneti region
  4. ^ Caes. , D. B. G. , V 2. 3; Strabo, Geographia IV 5. 2. From Boulogne the crossing was the easiest, from Wissant (?) the shortest.
  5. ^ Caes. , D. B. G. , IV 22
  6. ^ Caes. , D. B. G. , IV 38. 1-2
  7. ^ Caes. , D. B. G. , V 24. 2
  8. ^ Caes. , D. B. G. , VI 8. 4 en VII 76. 2
  9. ^ Caes. , D. B. G. , VII 75. 3
  10. ^ Caes. , D. B. G. , IV 22. 1, 5. "apparently" because Caesar seems to believe initially all too easily that all of the Morini subjected to him, except some pagi. The last paragraph of book IV demonstrates that this was an illusion.
  11. ^ Caes. , D. B. G. , III 28-29; IV 38. In book III Caesar writes about "uninterrupted woodlands and marshes". In Book IV he notes that the Morini had withdrawn in the marshes and the Menapii in the woods (IV 38. 2-3).
  12. ^ Caes. , D. B. G. , III 9. 10
  13. ^ The Origin of the British (2006) by Stephen Oppenheimer

See also

Nehalennia (spelled variously is a Germanic or Celtic goddess attested by Votive deposits discovered around what is now called the province of Zeeland
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