Mordechai ben Hillel, also known as The Mordechai, (c. 1250 – 1298), was a 13th century German rabbi and posek. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Posek ( Hebrew פוסק po·ˈseq pl Poskim, פוסקים is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the His main legal commentary on the Talmud, referred to as the Mordechai, is one of the sources of the Shulchan Aruch. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The Shulchan Aruch (שולחן ערוך literally " Set Table " (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a Codification He died a Martyr's death at Nuremberg. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom
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Biography
Little is known of the Mordechai's early life. He belonged to one of the most prominent families of scholars in Germany: his grandfather Hillel, on his mother's side was a grandson of Eliezer ben Joel ha-Levi, who was in turn a grandson of Eliezer ben Nathan. Eliezer ben Nathan ( Hebrew: אליעזר בן נתן) of Mayence (1090-1170 Ra'aven (ראב"ן was a Halakist and liturgical Mordechai was also a relative of Rabbi Asher ben Jehiel. Asher ben Jehiel ( Hebrew, אשר בן יחיאל, or Asher ben Yechiel sometimes Asheri) (1250 or 1259 &ndash 1328 was an eminent Rabbi and He was married to Selda (nee?) and they had five children.
His principal teacher was Meir ben Baruch of Rothenburg; he was also taught by Perez ben Elijah of Corbeil, Ephraim ben Nathan, Jacob ha-Levi of Speyer (Jacob ben Moses ha-Levi), Abraham b. Meir of Rothenburg (c 1215 &ndash 2 May 1293) was a German Rabbi and Poet, a major author of the Tosafot Speyer (English formerly Spires) is a City in Germany ( Rhineland-Palatinate) with approx Baruch (Meir of Rothenburg's brother), and Dan Ashkenazi. In addition to his knowledge of Talmud and Halakha, the Mordechai was also an expert on Hebrew grammar. Hebrew Grammar is partly analytical, expressing such forms as dative, ablative, and accusative using Prepositional
About 1291 the family moved to Goslar. Goslar is a historic Town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the administrative centre of the district of Goslar and located on the northwestern But his right of residence there was disputed by Moses Tako, the local Rabbi; although the suit was decided in Mordechai's favor, it was conducted with such bitterness that Mordechai left Goslar and settled at Nuremberg. For the next seven years, he operated a Yeshiva there which attracted students from all over Europe. Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n The Mordechai was murdered, along with his wife and children, in the Rintfleisch Massacres; see Nuremberg: Middle ages. The Rintfleisch-Pogrom was a Pogrom against Jews in the year 1298
Works
Magnum opus
Mordechai, is a great legal (Halachic) work, which acquired wide authority, and was one of the sources of the Shulchan Aruch of Joseph Caro; it has also been printed as an appendix to the Talmud, since the Soncino edition of 1482. The Shulchan Aruch (שולחן ערוך literally " Set Table " (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a Codification Yosef ben Ephraim Caro (sometimes Joseph Caro) (1488 ( Portugal) - March 24, 1575 ( Safed, Ottoman Empire) was one of the The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The Soncino family is an Italian family of printers deriving its name from the town of Soncino in the Duchy of Milan. The work is written as a compilation of existing halakhic material, and also provides conclusions and results of long discussions in other works. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law It thus serves both a source of analysis, as well a source of decided law. Posek ( Hebrew פוסק po·ˈseq pl Poskim, פוסקים is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the Mordechai's knowledge of halakhic literature was phenomenal. He quotes the works, and written or verbal responsa, of about 350 authorities; in fact, Mordechai is now the only source for many Ashkenazi authors. Responsa ( Latin: plural of responsum, "answers" comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by Legal scholars in response to questions Posek ( Hebrew פוסק po·ˈseq pl Poskim, פוסקים is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing He frequently quotes his teacher, Meir ben Baruch, and much of the Mordechai is written in support of the Tosafists, the last of whom were Mordechai's teachers. Tosafists were Medieval Rabbis who created critical and explanatory Glosses on the Talmud.
The Ashkenazi authorities, as well as those in Italy, were great admirers of Mordechai, and assiduously studied the Mordechai and recognized its authority as a source of Halakha. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Moses Isserles lectured on the Mordechai in his yeshivah, and many of his responsa are devoted to questions regarding difficult passages of the book. Moses Isserles is commonly known as "the Rema" ( Hebrew: רמ"א Responsa ( Latin: plural of responsum, "answers" comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by Legal scholars in response to questions Its status was such that, the Mordechai is one of the sources of the Shulchan Aruch of Joseph Caro. The Shulchan Aruch (שולחן ערוך literally " Set Table " (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a Codification Yosef ben Ephraim Caro (sometimes Joseph Caro) (1488 ( Portugal) - March 24, 1575 ( Safed, Ottoman Empire) was one of the In Italy and Poland, where the Mordechai was especially studied, a whole Mordecha literature came into existence.
The Mordechai although linked textually with the Halakhot of Rabbi Isaac Alfasi, is, in fact, an independent work. Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob Alfasi (1013 - 1103 - also Isaac Hakohen, Alfasi or the Rif (רי"ף - was a Talmudist and Posek (decisor The connection with Alfasi is an external one: single sentences, sometimes even single words, of the Halakot serve as "catchwords" introducing the relevant material found in the Jerusalem Talmud, the tosafot, as well as other codices and compendiums. The Jerusalem Talmud or Talmud Yerushalmi (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשָׁלְמִי often the Yerushalmi for short is a collection The Tosafot or Tosafos (תוספות are Mediæval commentaries on the Talmud. The Mordechai is published in two forms: glosses to Alfasi's "Halakhot" in various manuscripts, and also as an appendix to the "Halakhot" - the standard form in today's editions of the Talmud. Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob Alfasi (1013 - 1103 - also Isaac Hakohen, Alfasi or the Rif (רי"ף - was a Talmudist and Posek (decisor The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history
The work has a "most peculiar history". As the early critics pointed out, the Mordechai was not issued in its final form by the author. He collected the material, but the work was in fact arranged and published by his pupils, partly during his lifetime and partly after his death. Thus within two generations after Mordechai's death there were two entirely different versions of his work, respectively designated as the "Rhenish" and the "Austrian" versions. The Rhenish is the shorter one of the two. These were not merely two different copies of the Mordechai, but are in fact two materially different compendiums. It is thought that the Austrian Mordechai, as found in the manuscripts, is the original form of the work. The version published in the Talmud is the Rhenish with glosses from the Austrian Mordechai, by Rabbi Samuel ben Aaron of Schleastailt. This article is about the literary term For other uses see Gloss (disambiguation.
Other works
- Mordechai was the author of Responsa - however, these have not been preserved but are quoted in other works and responsa; see: History of Responsa: Twelfth century. Responsa ( Latin: plural of responsum, "answers" comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by Legal scholars in response to questions History of responsa in Judaism spans a period of 1700 years Responsa constitute a special class of Rabbinic literature, differing in form,
- He authored several selichot. Selichot ( Hebrew: סליחות are Jewish penitential poems and prayers especially those said in the period leading up to the High Holidays, and on
References
- Mordechai b. Hillel b. Hillel, jewishencyclopedia. com
- Rabbi Mordechai Ben Hilel Ashkenazi (circa 4010-5058; 1250-1298), chabad. org
- Mordechai b. Hillel, 1911encyclopedia. org
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