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For other uses, see Moose (disambiguation). For other animals called "elk", see Elk (disambiguation).
"Alces" redirects here. For other uses, see Alces (disambiguation).
Moose (North America) or Elk (Europe)

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Cervidae
Subfamily: Capreolinae
Genus: Alces
Gray, 1821
Species: A. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future Least Concern ( LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The even-toed ungulates form the Mammal order Artiodactyla. They are Ungulates whose weight is borne (if they have more than two toes about A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. Capreolinae, also known as Odocoileinae (an invalid junior synonym) or the New World deer (denoting their place or origin not their current distribution John Edward Gray ( 12 February 1800 &ndash 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. alces
Binomial name
Alces alces
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Moose range map
Moose range map

Moose (Alces alces) is the North American name for the largest extant species in the deer family. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Extant is a term commonly used to refer to Taxa (such as Species, genera or families) that are still in existence (living In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. In Biological classification, family ( Latin The same animal is called the Elk in Europe. The name moose is derived from the Algonquian Eastern Abnaki name moz, meaning "he trims, shaves"[2]. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic Eastern Abnaki is an extinct language once spoken by the Penobscot in the coastal area of the state of Maine, United States. Moose are distinguished by the palmate antlers of the males; other members of the family have antlers with a "twig-like" configuration. Antlers are the usually large and complex horn -like appendages of most Deer species mostly worn by males only for some species such as Caribou by both In North America, Elk refers to the second largest deer species, Cervus canadensis. The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in

Contents

Habitat and range

Moose typically inhabit boreal and mixed deciduous forests of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate to subarctic climates. Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate deciduous forest) --> are a Temperate and Humid Biome. Northern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is North of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' Regions having a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) are characterized by long usually very cold winters and brief warm summers In North America, that includes almost all of Canada, most of central and western Alaska, much of New England and upstate New York, the upper Rocky Mountains, Northeastern Minnesota, and Michigan's Upper Peninsula and Isle Royale in Lake Superior. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The Upper Peninsula of Michigan is the northern of the two major land masses that comprise the U Isle Royale is an island of the Great Lakes, located in the northwest of Lake Superior. Lake Superior is the largest of the five Great Lakes of North America. Isolated moose populations have been verified as far south as the mountains of Utah and Colorado. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. [3] In 1978 a few breeding pairs were introduced in western Colorado, and the state's moose population is now more than 1,000. Moose were successfully introduced on the island of Newfoundland in 1904 where they are now the dominant ungulate, and somewhat less successfully on Anticosti Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Ungulates (meaning roughly "being Hoofed quot or "hoofed animal" are several groups of Mammals most of which use the tips of their toes usually Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French golfe du Saint-Laurent) the world's largest Estuary, is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Ten moose were also introduced in Fiordland, New Zealand in 1910, but they were thought to have died off. Fiordland is a geographic region of New Zealand that is situated on the south-western corner of the South Island. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Nevertheless, there have been reported sightings that were thought to be false until moose hair samples were found by a New Zealand scientist in 2002. [4] In 2008 Moose (or Elk) were reintroduced in to the Scottish Highlands. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous

Physical characteristics

Antlers

The male's antlers arise as cylindrical beams projecting on each side at right angles to the midline of the skull, which after a short distance divide in a fork-like manner. The lower prong of this fork may be either simple, or divided into two or three tines, with some flattening.

A full grown bull moose from British Columbia with early (May) antlers
A full grown bull moose from British Columbia with early (May) antlers
A young female in Algonquin Park in early June
A young female in Algonquin Park in early June

In the North Siberian Elk (Alces alces bedfordiae), the posterior division of the main fork divides into three tines, with no distinct flattening. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Algonquin Provincial Park is a provincial park located between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River in central Ontario. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving In the Common Elk (Alces alces alces), on the other hand, this branch usually expands into a broad palmation, with one large tine at the base, and a number of smaller snags on the free border.

There is, however, a Scandinavian breed of the Common Elk in which the antlers are simpler, and recall those of the East Siberian animals. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well

The palmation appears to be more marked in North American Moose (Alces alces americanus) than in the typical Scandinavian Elk. The largest of all is the Alaskan subspecies (Alces alces gigas), which can stand over 2. 1 m (7 ft) in height, with a span across the antlers of 1. 8 m (6 ft). Typically, however, the antlers of a mature specimen are between 1. 2 m (3. 9 ft) and 1. 5 m (4. 9 ft).

The male will drop its antlers after mating season in order to conserve energy for the winter. A new set of antlers will then regrow in the spring. Antlers take three to five months to fully develop, making them one of the fastest growing organs in the world. They initially have a layer of skin called felt which is shed off once the antlers become fully grown. Immature bulls may not shed their antlers for the winter but instead retain them until the following spring.

If a bull moose is castrated, either due to accidental or chemical means, he will quickly shed his current set of antlers and then immediately begin to grow a new set of misshapen and deformed antlers that he will wear the rest of his life without ever shedding again. The distinctive looking appendages (often referred to as "devil's antlers") are the source of several myths and legends among many groups of Inuit as well as several other tribes of indigenous peoples of North America. Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting [5]

Average size and weight

A moose crossing a river.
A moose crossing a river.

On average, an adult moose stands 1. 8–2. 1 m (6–7 ft) high at the shoulder[6]. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Males weigh 380–720 kg (850–1180 pounds) and females weigh 270–360 kg (600–800  pounds). The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass [7] The largest confirmed size for this species was a bull shot at the Yukon River in September 1897 weighing 818 kg (1,800 lb) and was 233 cm (92 in) tall at the shoulder. The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. [8]

Social structure and reproduction

Moose are mostly diurnal. In Animal behavior, diurnality indicates an Animal that is active during the Daytime and rests during the Night. They are generally solitary with the strongest bonds between mother and calf. Calves are also referred to as Mooselings. Two individuals can sometimes be found feeding along the same stream.

Mating occurs in September and October. Males will fight for access to females. They will either assess which is larger, and the smaller bull retreats, or they may engage in battles that can turn violent. Female moose have an eight month gestation period. Most litters consist of a single calf; however, twins are not uncommon and triplets are known to occur. The young will stay with the mother until the next young are born.

Natural predators

A full-grown moose has few enemies, but a pack of wolves can still pose a threat, especially to females with calves. The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora [9] Siberian Tigers [10] and Grizzly Bear[11] [12] are also known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill than to hunt moose on their own. The Siberian tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica) also known as the Amur tiger, Manchurian tiger, or Ussuri tiger, is a rare Subspecies The Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis, also known as the Silvertip Bear, is a Subspecies of Brown bear (Ursus arctos that lives [13]

Meat as a source of nutrition

Moose are hunted as a game species in many of the countries where they are found. Game is any Animal hunted for Food or not normally domesticated (such as Venison) Moose meat tastes, wrote Henry David Thoreau in “The Maine Woods”, “like tender beef, with perhaps more flavour; sometimes like veal”. Veal is the Meat of While the flesh has similar protein levels to other comparable red meats (e. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl For mammal meat see Red meat. For the band see Red Meat (band. g. beef, deer and elk) it has a low fat content and the fat that is found is made up of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fats (rather than saturated fats). Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water In nutrition polyunsaturated fat is an abbreviation of polyunsaturated Fatty acid. Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs [14]

Cadmium levels are high in Finnish elk liver and kidneys, with the result that consumption of these organs from elk more than one year old is prohibited in Finland[15]. Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Cadmium intake has been found to be elevated amongst all consumers of elk meat, though the elk meat was found to contribute only slightly to the daily cadmium intake. However the consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake, with the study revealing that heavy consumers of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin below the levels which would probably cause adverse health effects[16]. Health effects, health impacts or health risks are changes in Health resulting from exposure to a source

History

European rock drawings and cave paintings reveal that the elk or moose has been hunted since the Stone Age. Petroglyphs are Images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising pecking carving and abrading Cave paintings are Paintings on Cave walls and ceilings and the term is used especially for those dating to Prehistoric times The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking Excavations in Alby, Sweden adjacent to the Stora Alvaret have yielded elk antlers in wooden hut remains from 6,000 BC, indicating some of the earliest elk hunting in northern Europe. The Stora Alvaret is a limestone barren plain on the island of Öland, Sweden. In northern Scandinavia one can still find remains of trapping pits used for hunting elk. Trapping pits are deep pits dug into the ground or built from stone in order to trap animals These pits, which can be up to 4 x 7 m wide and 2 m deep, would have been camouflaged with branches and leaves. They would have had steep sides lined with planks, making it impossible for the elk to escape once it fell in. The pits are normally found in large groups, crossing the elk's regular paths and stretching over several kilometres. Remains of wooden fences designed to guide the animals toward the pits have been found in bogs and peat. In Norway, an early example of these trapping devices has been dated to around 3,700 BC. Trapping elk in pits is an extremely effective hunting method, and as early as the 16th century the Norwegian government tried to restrict their use. Nevertheless, the method was in use until the 19th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

The first written description of the elk is in Julius Cæsar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, where it is described thus:

"There are also animals which are called alces. Commentarii de Bello Gallico is Julius Caesar 's third-person account of his nine years of war in Gaul. The shape of these, and the varied colour of their skins, is much like roes, but in size they surpass them a little and are without horns, and have legs without joints and ligatures; nor do they lie down for the purpose of rest, nor, if they have been thrown down by any accident, can they raise or lift themselves up. Trees serve as beds to them; they lean themselves against them, and thus reclining only slightly, they take their rest; when the huntsmen have discovered from the footsteps of these animals whither they are accustomed to betake themselves, they either undermine all the trees at the roots, or cut into them so far that the upper part of the trees may appear to be left standing. When they have leant upon them, according to their habit, they knock down by their weight the unsupported trees, and fall down themselves along with them. "

In chapter 16 of Pliny the Elder's Natural History from 77 AD the elk and an animal called achlis, which is presumably the same animal, are described thus:

". Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. Year 77 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. . . there is, also, the elk, which strongly resembles our steers, except that it is distinguished by the length of the ears and of the neck. There is also the achlis, which is produced in the land of Scandinavia; it has never been seen in this city, although we have had descriptions of it from many persons; it is not unlike the elk, but has no joints in the hind leg. Hence, it never lies down, but reclines against a tree while it sleeps; it can only be taken by previously cutting into the tree, and thus laying a trap for it, as otherwise, it would escape through its swiftness. Its upper lip is so extremely large, for which reason it is obliged to go backwards when grazing; otherwise, by moving onwards, the lip would get doubled up. "

Dr. Valerius Geist, who emigrated to Canada from the Soviet Union wrote in his book Moose: Behaviour, Ecology, Conservation (published in 1999 by Voyageur Press of Stillwater, MN):

"Those who care most passionately about moose are - paradoxically - hunters, in particular people who live in wilderness and rural communities and those who depend on moose for food. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. In Sweden, no fall menu is without a mouthwatering moose dish. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Swedes fence their highways to reduce moose fatalities and design moose-proof cars. Sweden is less than half as large as the Canadian province of British Columbia, but the annual take of moose in Sweden - upward of 150,000 - is twice that of the total moose harvest in North America. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C That is how much Swedes cherish their moose. "

Domestication

Domestication of moose was investigated in the Soviet Union before World War II. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Early experiments were inconclusive, but with the creation of a moose farm at Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve in 1949 a small-scale moose domestication program was started, involving attempts at selective breeding of animals based on their behavioural characteristics. Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (Печоро-Илычский заповедник Pechoro-Ilychsky zapovednik) is a Nature reserve in the Komi Republic, Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals Since 1963, the program has continued at Kostroma Moose Farm, which had a herd of 33 tame moose as of 2003. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kostroma Moose Farm (Костромска́я лосефе́рма is an experimental farm in Kostroma Oblast, Russia, where a herd of Moose Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals Although at this stage the farm is not expected to be a profit-making enterprise, it obtains some income from the sale of moose milk and from visiting tourist groups. Moose milk, also known as elk milk, refers to Milk produced by Alces alces. Its main value, however, is seen in the opportunities it offers for the research in the physiology and behaviour of the moose, as well as in the insights it provides into the general principles of animal domestication. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals Plans to re-introduce the animal into the Scottish Highlands are in an advanced stage with a pair already living in an enclosure at Allandale estate. The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous There will be a controlled release into the wild later in 2008.

In popular culture

Vehicle collisions and moose warning signs

Young moose in Grönåsens Moosepark, Sweden
Young moose in Grönåsens Moosepark, Sweden

A moose's body structure, with a large heavy body suspended on long spindly legs, makes these animals particularly dangerous when hit by motor vehicles. Johan "Moose" Hedberg (born May 5, 1973, in Leksand, Sweden) is a Professional Hockey Goaltender Such collisions are often fatal for both the moose and motorist. This has led to the development of a vehicle test in Scandinavia referred to as the "moose test" (Älgtest in Swedish, Elchtest in German). A test to determine how a certain Vehicle acts when the driver evades a suddenly appearing obstacle (such as a Moose on the road became well-known under the name Älgtest The term was invented by the Swedish motor magazine Teknikens Värld for a test where the tested car needs to make a sharp S-turn at high speed. Teknikens värld ( English: World of Technology) is a leading motor Magazine in Sweden, owned and published by Bonnier. The term "moose test" came to common knowledge when the Mercedes A-class badly failed the test and turned over. The Mercedes-Benz A-Class is a Subcompact car produced by the German Automaker Mercedes-Benz. German reporters didn't see the relevance of the test, and the testers replied that that kind of maneuver was important when trying to avoid collisions with moose. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The test was not referred to as a moose test in Sweden prior to this incident, but simply as an evasion maneuver test, intended to test the car's ability to perform an evasive maneuver to avoid colliding with any obstacle suddenly occurring on the road. However, since the Swedish journalist talking to the German press didn't know what "evasive maneuver test" would be called in German, he simply called it "Elchtest" - which quickly spread in German media and then stuck. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Generally, upon impact the bumper of the car will break the moose's legs. The main body of the moose will then collide with the windscreen, often with disastrous effect to both motorist and animal. In a collision of this nature, a car's airbags may not deploy or be of much use if they do. An airbag is part of a vehicle's safety restraint system a flexible envelope designed for rapid inflation in an automobile Collision, to prevent vehicle occupants [19]

Moose warning signs are used on roads in regions where there is a danger of collision with the animal. The triangular warning signs common in Sweden, Norway and Finland have become coveted souvenirs among the many German tourists traveling in these countries, and authorities have had to issue warnings that it is dangerous and criminal to remove these signs. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The popularity of these signs has led to them being depicted on all kinds of souvenirs, such as coffee mugs, neckties or T-shirts, and full-size copies of the actual signs may be bought. In the mid 1990s, the Swedish postal service issued a triangular stamp with a moose warning sign, intended to cater especially to German tourists writing postcards home. The brand Ahlgrens bilar ("Ahlgren's Cars"), a popular confectionery product which has been on the market since 1953, has in recent years been extended to other car- and road-related products, one of which, depicting Swedish road signs, includes a candy moose warning sign. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a Ahlgrens is a former Swedish Confectionery company It was originally founded by Fredrik Ahlgren in the town of Gävle in 1885 as a store for paint and

In the Canadian province of New Brunswick, collisions with moose are frequent enough that all new highways have fences to prevent moose from accessing the road, similar to how it has long been done in Finland, Norway and Sweden. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Demonstratively, Highway 7 between Fredericton and Saint John, which has one of the highest incidences of moose collisions in the province, does not have these fences, although it is extremely well signed. Fredericton (pronounced ˈfrɛdrɨktɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick, by virtue of the provincial Saint John is the largest city in the Province of New Brunswick, and the oldest incorporated city in Canada. [20] Fence The New Brunswick Highways is an advocate page put up since 2003 to have the Government Fence the Highways so we can be safe from these Collisions

Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten estimated in January 2008 that some 13,000 moose had died in collisions with Norwegian trains since 2000. Aftenposten ( Norwegian for "Evening Post" is Norway 's second largest Newspaper (after Verdens Gang) with a circulation of 250 The state agency in charge of railroad infrastructure (Jernbaneverket) plans to spend 80 million Norwegian kroner to reduce collision rate in the future by fencing the railways, clearing vegetation from near the tracks, and providing alternative snow-free feeding places for the animals elsewhere. The krone ( sign: kr; code: NOK) is the Currency of Norway. The plural form is kroner. [21]

Swedish moose warning sign

Finnish moose warning sign

Norwegian moose warning sign

Swedish candy moose warning sign

A warning sign from Newfoundland, Canada

A moose warning sign from Maine, USA

A moose warning sign from New Hampshire, USA

See also

References

  1. ^ Deer Specialist Group (1996). Alces is a Peer-reviewed Scientific journal that publishes original papers on the biology and management of Moose ( Alces alces) throughout Alces alces. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  2. ^ Silver, S. and W. R. Miller. American Indian Languages: Cultural and Social Contexts. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 1997: 257
  3. ^ Utah Division of Wildlife Resources
  4. ^ Hairs move NZ moose out of realm of Nessie - 06 Oct 2005 - Dunedin and Otago News, Sport and Weather from NZ Herald
  5. ^ Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology, Valerius Geist, Stackpole Books, 1998
  6. ^ Moose Facts from Maine
  7. ^ Moose
  8. ^ Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0851122359
  9. ^ Wolf: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
  10. ^ http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25}
  11. ^ Estimating Grizzly Bear (Ursus Arctos horribilis) Abundance and Density in
  12. ^ Moose: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
  13. ^ Brown Bear: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
  14. ^ http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c22al.html www. nutritiondata. com
  15. ^ All-clear for Finnish foods
  16. ^ Vahteristo, L. , Lyytikäinen, T. , Venäläinen, E. R. , Eskola, M. , Lindfors, E. , Pohjanvirta, R. , & Maijala, R. (2003). Cadmium intake of moose hunters in Finland from consumption of moose meat, liver and kidney. Food Additives and Contamination, 20, 453-463.
  17. ^ Paul O'Mahony (2006-11-26). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" 'World's largest elk' to be built in Sweden. The Local. Retrieved on 2007-11-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
  18. ^ Toronto Moose in the City
  19. ^ Number 1, 2004, of Nordic Road & Transport Research. Annotations Sweden
  20. ^ Moose-Vehicle Collision Information - New Brunswick Department of Transportation
  21. ^ Railroad takes steps to reduce moose crashes Aftenposten 28 January 2008

Animal Diversity Web - Alces americanus Outdated scientific name

External links

Dictionary

moose

-noun

  1. (US) The largest member of the deer family (Alces alces), of which the male has very large, palmate antlers.
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