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This article is about the ethnic group. For the landscape see Moorland. Moorland or moor is a type of habitat found in upland areas characterised by low growing vegetation on Acidic soils
A self-depiction by the Muslims in Spain. Taken from the "Tale of Bayad and Riyad".
A self-depiction by the Muslims in Spain. Taken from the "Tale of Bayad and Riyad".

Moor was a common term to refer to the Muslims of the Islamic Iberian Peninsula and North Africa, who were of Berber and Arab descent. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding They inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Arab conquests of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history At the beginning of the eighth century, Moorish soldiers crossed over from Morocco into Spain, Portugal and southern France which for a time they took control of until the Reconquista. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Southern France (or the South of France) colloquially known as Le Midi, is a loosely defined geographical area consisting of the regions of France that The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period

Today, the word remains associated with the Morrocan immigrants in Spain, and is considered a pejorative word. It is sometimes used in a wider context to describe any denizen of North Africa. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Similarly, in Spanish, the cognate moro is considered a racist and derogative term. But the Spanish still use it and even think of it as a neutral word in local sayings such as "no hay moros en la costa" (lit. "there are no moors on the coast," meaning "the coast is clear").

Contents

Etymology

Moor is believed to come from the Greek word mauros (Greek orthography μαύρος, plural μαύροι), meaning "black" or "very dark". The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c In Latin it became maurus (plural mauri). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In the Medieval Romance languages (such as Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Italian), the root appeared with such forms as "mouro", moro,, moir, and mor. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents Derivatives are found in today's versions of the languages. Through nominalization, the root has always referred to various things conveniently identified by their dark color, for example, blackberries. In Linguistics, nominalization refers to the use of a Verb or an Adjective as a Noun, with or without morphological transformation Moreno, from the Latin root, can mean "tanned" in Spain and "black person" in Cuba and other Spanish-speaking territories. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Also in Spanish, morapio is a humorous name for "wine", specially that has not been "baptized" with water, i. e. , pure unadulterated wine.

Modern texts, such as Webster's New World Dictionary, group all Moors together under the terms Arab and Berber, which has to omit the association with Africans that are racially considered "black". Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language is an American Dictionary first published in 1951 and presently published by John Wiley & Sons Considering that Berbers were a mixture of various shades of diverse nomadic groups comprising of North Africans and some Sub-Saharan Africans, the claims of racial heritage being of one specific ethnic group are at best dubious. Today, it is the inhabitants of Morocco and Mauritania in addition to groups from various countries who are referred to as Moors.

In Spanish usage, moro ("Moor") came to have an even broader usage, to moros of Mindanao in the Philippines, and the moriscos of Granada. Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Moro is also used to describe all things dark, as in "Moor", "moreno", etc. ; and it has led to many European surnames such as Moore, Mauro, Moura, and so on. The Milanese Duke Ludovico Il Moro was so-called because of his dark complexion. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Ludovico Sforza Duke of Milan ( Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor" July 27, 1452 &ndash May 27, 1508) a member

History

Overview

Eastern Hemisphere in 476AD, showing the Moorish kingdoms after the fall of Rome.
Eastern Hemisphere in 476AD, showing the Moorish kingdoms after the fall of Rome.

Although the Moors came to be associated with Muslims, the name Moor pre-dates Islam. It derives from the small Numidian Kingdom of Maure of the third century BC in what is now Morocco. Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC was an ancient Berber kingdom in present-day Algeria and part of Tunisia ( North Africa) that later alternated Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa [1] The name came to be applied to people of the entire region. "They were called Maurisi by the Greeks," wrote Strabo, "and Mauri by the Romans. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. "[2] During that age, the Maure or Moors were trading partners of Carthage, the independent city state founded by Phoenicians. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun During the second Punic war between Carthage and Rome, two Moorish Numidian kings took different sides, Syphax with Carthage, Masinissa with the Romans, decisively so at Zama. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC and were probably the largest wars yet of the ancient Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC was an ancient Berber kingdom in present-day Algeria and part of Tunisia ( North Africa) that later alternated For the Canadian mountain see Mount Syphax. For the mythological figure see Sufax. Masinissa or Massinissa (c 240 or 238 BC - c 148 BC was the first King of Numidia, an ancient North African nation of Ancient Libyan tribes The Battle of Zama, fought around October 19 of 202 BC, marked the final and decisive end of the Second Punic War. Thereafter, the Moors entered into treaties with Rome. Under King Jugurtha collateral violence against merchants brought war. Jugurtha (ca 160 &ndash 104 BC was a Libyan King of Numidia, born in Cirta. Juba, a later king, was a friend of Rome. Juba II ( Iuba in Latin Ιóβας (Ιóβα or Ιουβας in Greek) or Juba II of Numidia (reigned 25 BC - 23 AD was a king Eventually, the region was incorporated into the Roman Empire as the provinces of Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis; the area around Carthage already being the province of Africa. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Mauretania Tingitana was a Roman province located in northwestern Africa coinciding roughly with the northern part of modern Morocco and spanish cities of Ceuta Mauretania Caesariensis was a Roman province located in northwestern Africa Roman rule was beneficial and effective enough so that these provinces became fully integrated into the empire. During the Christian era, two prominent African churchmen were Tertullian and St. Augustine. Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, Anglicised as Tertullian, (ca After the fall of Rome, the Germanic kingdom of the Vandals ruled much of the area; a century later they were displaced by Byzantine incursions. This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM Neither Vandal nor Byzantine exercised an effective rule, the interior being under Moorish Berber control. [3] The Berbers resisted for over 50 years Arab armies from the east. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Especially memorable was that led by Kahina the Berber prophetess of the Awras, during 690-701. al-Kāhinat ( Classical Arabic for "female seer" modern Maghreb Arabic l-Kahna, commonly romanised as Kah(ina, also known as Yet by the 92nd lunar year after the Hijra, the Arab Muslims had prevailed across North Africa. The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری ‎ For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [4] (The words Islam and Muslims appeared only after Muhammad became a prophet around 600 AD. )

In 711 AD, the now Islamic Moors conquered Visigothics, mainly Christian Hispania. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Under their leader, an African Berber general named Tariq ibn-Ziyad, they brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule in an eight-year campaign. Tariq Ibn Ziyad or Taric bin Zeyad (طارق بن زياد d 720 known in Spanish history and legend as Taric el Tuerto (Taric the one-eyed was The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra They moved northeast across the Pyrenees Mountains but were defeated by the Frank, Charles Martel, at the Battle of Poitier in 732 AD. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Charles "The Hammer" Martel (Carolus Martellus Charles "the Hammer" (ca The Battle of Tours (October 10 732 also called the Battle of Poitiers and in معركة بلاط الشهداء (ma‘arakat Balâṭ ash-Shuhadâ’ Battle of Court The Moorish state fell into civil conflict in the 750s. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state The Moors ruled in the Iberian peninsula, except for areas in the northwest (such as Asturias, where they were defeated at the battle of Covadonga) and the largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees, and in North Africa for several decades. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an Covadonga - ( Asturian: Cuadonga) from Latin Cova Dominica, "Cavern of the Lady" Arabic: صخرة بلاي Ṣakhraḧ Bilāy Though the number of "Moors" remained small, many native inhabitants converted to Islam. According to Ronald Segal, author of Islam's Black Slaves[5], some 5. 6 million of Iberia's 7 million inhabitants were Muslim by 1200 AD, virtually all of them native inhabitants. The persecution and forced conversion to Catholicism of the Muslim population during the time of the Catholic reconquista in the second part of the 15th century, causing a mass exodus, are considered the main reasons why their number shrank to one-third by 1600. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period

As a sign of decline, the country had broken up into a number of mostly Islamic fiefdoms, which were partly consolidated under the Caliphate of Cordoba. Under the system of Feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic خلافة قرطبة ruled the Iberian peninsula ( Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of

Dress of Moorish Princes.
Dress of Moorish Princes.

A Christian enclave from the Muslim conquest in Asturias, a small Visigothic northwestern Spanish kingdom, initiated conflicts in earnest between Christian and Muslim in the 10th century AD. The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Christian states based in the north and west slowly extended their power over the rest of Iberia. The Navarre, Galicia, León, Portugal, Aragón, Catalonia or Marca Hispanica, and Castile in fits and starts began a process of expansion and internal consolidation during the next several centuries under the flag of Reconquista. The Kingdom of Navarre (Reino de Navarra Nafarroako Erresuma Royaume de Navarre originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either The Kingdom of Galicia (410-1833 was a kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula for two distinct periods Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The Marca Hispanica (or Spanish March, also March of Barcelona) was a Buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period

In 1212, a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of Alfonso VIII of Castile drove the Muslims from Central Iberia. Alfonso VIII ( 11 November 1155 &ndash 5 October 1214) called the Noble or Él de las Navas, was the King However, the Moorish Kingdom of Granada continued for three more centuries in the southern Iberian peninsula. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. This kingdom is known in modern times for magnificent architectural works such as the Alhambra palace. This article is about the Alhambra in Granada Spain For other meanings see Alhambra (disambiguation. On January 2, 1492, the leader of the last Muslim stronghold in Granada surrendered to armies of a recently united Christian Spain (after the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile). Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón The remaining Muslims and Jews were forced to leave Spain, forced to convert to Roman Catholic Christianity or be murdered for not doing so. In 1480, Isabella and Ferdinand instituted the Inquisition in Spain, as one of many changes to the role of the church instituted by the monarchs. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Inquisition was aimed mostly at Jews and Muslims who had overtly converted to Christianity but were thought to be practicing their faiths secretly -- known respectively as marranos and moriscos -- as well as at heretics who rejected Roman Catholic orthodoxy, including alumbras who practiced a kind of mysticism or spiritualism. Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal They were an important portion of the peasants in some territories, like Aragon, Valencia or Andalusia, until their systematic expulsion in the years from 1609 to 1614. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Henri Lapeyre has estimated that this affected 300,000 out of a total of 8 million inhabitants of the peninsula at the time. [6]

In the meantime, the tide of Islam had rolled not just westward to Iberia, but also eastward, through India, the Malayan peninsula, and Indonesia up to Mindanao-—one of the major islands of an archipelago which the Spaniards had reached during their voyages westward from the New World. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. By 1521, the ships of Magellan and other Spanish expeditioners had themselves reached that island archipelago, which they named Las Islas de Filipinas, after Philip II of Spain. Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães fɨɾˈnɐ̃ũ dɨ mɐgɐˈʎɐ̃ĩʃ Fernando de Magallanes (Spring 1480 &ndash April 27 1521 Mactan Island, Cebu The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 In Mindanao, the Spaniards also named these kris-bearing people as Moros or 'Moors'. The kris or keris is a distinctive asymmetrical dagger indigenous to Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Southern Thailand and The Moro are a Multilingual ethnic group and the largest mainly non-Christian ethnic group in the Philippines, comprising about 5 Today in the Philippines, this ethnic group of people in Mindanao who are generally Muslims are called 'Moros'. This article is concerned with the religion of Islam in the Philippines This identification of Islamic people as Moros persists in the modern Spanish language spoken in Spain; and as Mouros in the modern Portuguese language. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. See Reconquista, and Maure. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period A Maure, since 11th Century, is the Symbol of an African head.

According to historian Richard A. Fletcher[7], 'the number of Arabs who settled in Spain was very small. Richard A Fletcher (born on March 28, 1944, died on February 28, 2005) was a Historian who specialized in the medieval "Moorish" Spain does at least have the merit of reminding us that the bulk of the invaders and settlers were Moors, i. e Berbers from Morocco. ' Aline Angoustures[8] says that the Berbers were about 900,000 and the Arabs about 90,000 in Spain.

Modern age

Beside its usage in historical context Moor and Moorish (Italian and Spanish: moro, French: maure, Portuguese: mouro / moiro, Romanian: maur) is used to designate an ethnic group speaking the Hassaniya Arabic dialect, inhabiting Mauritania and parts of Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria, Niger and Mali. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa.

In modern, colloquial Spanish the sometimes pejorative term "Moro" refers to any Moroccan person. Similarly, in modern, colloquial Portuguese the term "Mouro" is used as a derogatory term by citizens of Northern Portugal to refer to the inhabitants of the southern areas of the country, although "Mouro" is also an enchanted people and "Moura" also means stone in Northern Portugal. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal.

This usage has also been maintained in the Philippines, a former Spanish colony, where the local Muslim population in the Southern islands are called (and call themselves) "Moros" (see Muslim Filipino), a term introduced by the Spanish colonizers. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP This article is concerned with the religion of Islam in the Philippines Within the same context of colonization, Sri Lankan Muslims of Arab origin are also called "Moors"(see Sri Lankan Moors). Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The Sri Lankan Moors (also called Muslims, Marakallayos or Sonagar) are the third largest ethnic group in Sri Lanka comprising 9% of the country's

Notable Moors

Religious relations

The initial rule of the Moors in the Iberian peninsula under this Caliphate of Cordoba is generally regarded as tolerant in its acceptance of Christians, Muslims and Jews living in the same territories. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ In some periods Jews were expelled and Christians relegated to a kind of second class status Dhimmis. A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish The Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed in 1031 and the Islamic territory in Iberia came to be ruled by North African Moors of the Almoravid Dynasty. The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic خلافة قرطبة ruled the Iberian peninsula ( Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during This second stage started an era of Moorish rulers guided by a version of Islam that left behind the tolerant practices of the past.

Architecture

The arches of red-and-white stripes inside the "La Mezquita" in Córdoba, Spain represent some of the pinnacles of the Moorish architectures.
The arches of red-and-white stripes inside the "La Mezquita" in Córdoba, Spain represent some of the pinnacles of the Moorish architectures. The Mezquita (Spanish for " Mosque " of Cordoba is a Roman Catholic Cathedral and former mosque situated in the Andalusian city of Córdoba ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.

Moorish Iberia excelled in city planning; the sophistication of their cities was astonishing. According to one historian, Córdoba "had 471 mosques and 300 public baths … the number of houses of the great and noble were 63,000 and 200,077 of the common people. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. There were … upwards of 80,000 shops. Water from the mountain was distributed through every corner and quarter of the city by means of leaden pipes into basins of different shapes, made of the purest gold, the finest silver, or plated brass as well into vast lakes, curious tanks, amazing reservoirs and fountains of Grecian marble. " The houses of Córdoba were air conditioned in the summer by "ingeniously arranged draughts of fresh air drawn from the garden over beds of flowers, chosen for their perfume, warmed in winter by hot air conveyed through pipes bedded in the walls. " This list of impressive works includes lamp posts that lit their streets at night to grand palaces, such as the one called Azzahra with its 15,000 doors. [9] During the height of the Caliphate of Córdoba, the city of Córdoba proper was one of the major capitals in Europe and one of the most cosmopolitan cities of its time.

Population genetics

Dr. Shomarka Keita, a biological anthropologist from Howard University, has suggested that populations in Carthage circa 200 BC and northern Algeria 1500 BC were very diverse. Shomarka Omar Sundiata Yahye (SOY Keita MD DPhil ( May 25, 1954) née Jon Derryll Walker is an African American Howard University is a private, Coeducational Nonsectarian University located in Washington D As a group, they plotted closest to the populations of Northern Egypt and intermediate to Northern Europeans and tropical Africans. Keita stated “The data supported the comments from ancient authors observed by classicists: everything from “fair-skinned blonds to peoples who were dark skinned 'Ethiopian' or part Ethiopian in appearance. ” Modern evidence showed a similar diversity among present North Africans. Moreover, this “diversity” of phenotypes and peoples was probably due to in situ differentiation, not foreign influxes. In situ (ɪn siːˈtuː is a Latin phrase meaning in the place. Of course foreign influxes certainly had an impact: Phoenician, Greek, Roman Vandal, Sub Saharan Africans, and Arab migration had some impact from 900 BC to 730 AD. But they did not replace the indigenous Berber population. Only about 4% of the North African DNA landscape is traceable to Europeans.

The Y chromosome p49a,f TaqI Haplotype V, which corresponds to Y haplogroup [[E3b1b] referred to as a "Berber marker", has been found among 68. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers 9% of modern Berbers in North Africa and is indigenous to this area, as high as 80% in one group. It is believed to be about 6,000 years old, and arrived with the neolithic expansion from the near East. M81 is not seen in sub Saharan Africa. This haplotype has also been found as high as 40% of one small group of Andalusians tested, but generally at much lower frequencies among Iberian populations, and lower as distance from North Africa increases. [10]

Y DNA Haplogroup E3b predominates among North African populations; its E3b1b subgroup (M81+) is identified especially with the Berber people. The Vb subtype of p49a,f Haplotype V, apparently corresponding to E3b1b, has been found to occur in two thirds of the Haplotype V Southern Iberians, that is, about a quarter of all Andalusians tested. The frequency of Vb is at its highest among Berbers, and was found to decline rapidly from West to East among North Africans sampled, and to be uncommon in France and Italy. [11]

A 2006 Mitochondrial DNA study of 12th-13th century Islamic remains from Priego de Cordoba, Spain, indicate a higher proportion (4%) of sub-Saharan African lineages attributed at least partially to Moorish occupation, in addition to more ancient migrations to Europe. [12]

“ Mitochondrial DNA sequences and restriction fragment polymorphisms were retrieved from three Islamic 12th-13th century samples of 71 bones and teeth (with >85% efficiency) from Madinat Baguh (today called Priego de Cordoba, Spain). Compared with 108 saliva samples from the present population of the same area, the medieval samples show a higher proportion of sub-Saharan African lineages that can only partially be attributed to the historic Muslim occupation. In fact, the unique sharing of transition 16175, in L1b lineages, with Europeans, instead of Africans, suggests a more ancient arrival to Europe from Africa. The present day Priego sample is more similar to the current south Iberian population than to the medieval sample from the same area. The increased gene flow in modern times could be the main cause of this difference. ”

See also

References

  1. ^ Michael Brett and Elizabeth Fentress, The Berbers at 25 & 77; Gabriel Camps, Les Berberes (Edisud 1996) at 20-21, 25
  2. ^ Strabo, Geographica (c. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during Arab diaspora refers to the numbers of Arab immigrants, and their descendants who voluntarily or as Refugees emigrated from their native countries The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic خلافة قرطبة ruled the Iberian peninsula ( Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of The Char Bouba war (variously transliterated as Sharr Bubba Shar Buba etc or the Mauritanian Thirty Years War, took place between 1644-74 in the tribal areas of Moorish Revival or Neo-Moorish is one of the exotic revival Architectural styles that were adopted by architects of Europe and the Americas in the wake of the The Nasrid dynasty or Banuu Nasri (بنو نصر was the last Arab and Muslim dynasty in Spain. A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal Slavery in Africa continues today Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans - as did a slave trade that exported millions The Moorish Science Temple of America is a Religious organization founded in 1913 by Noble Drew Ali Moorish architecture is a term used to describe the articulated Islamic architecture of North Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. The History of Spain spans the period from Prehistoric Iberia, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spain's current position Ricote (Spain is also a village formerly inhabited by Moriscoes 17 A. D. ) at XVIII,3,ii (cited by Rene Basset in Moorish Literature (N. Y. , Collier 1901) at iii.
  3. ^ Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib (Cambridge Univ. , 1971) at 27, 38 & 43; Michael Brett and Elizabeth Fentress, The Berbers (Blackwell 1996) at 14, 24, 41-54; Henri Terrasse, History of Morocco (Casablanca: Atlantides 1952) at 39-49, esp. 43-44; Serge Lancel, Carthage (Librairie Artheme Fayard 1992, Blackwell 1995) at 396-401; Glenn Markoe, The Phoenicians (Univ. of California 2000) at 54-56.
  4. ^ "The conquest of North Africa and Berber resistance" in General History of Africa (UNESCO / Univ. of Calif. 1992) III: 118-129, at 124-126; Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib (Cambridge Univ. 1971) at 70; Brett and Fentress, The Berbers (Blackwell 1996) at 85; Tarrasse, A History of Morocco (Casablanca: Atlantides 1952) at 50-51.
  5. ^ Ronald Segal, Islam's Black Slaves (2003), Atlantic Books, ISBN 1-90380981-9
  6. ^ See History of Al-Andalus
  7. ^ Richard Fletcher. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Moorish Spain p10. University of California Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0520084964
  8. ^ specialist of Spain history, Aline Angoustures. L'Espagne page 17. Le cavalier bleu, 2004. ISBN 2-84670-078-8
  9. ^ Ivan Van Sertima, The Golden Age of the Moor (Journal of African Civilizations, Vol 11, Fall 1991), Transaction Publishers, 1991, ISBN 1-56000-581-5
  10. ^ Nathalie Gérard et al, North African Berber and Arab Influences in the Western Mediterranean Revealed by Y-Chromosome DNA Haplotypes, Human Biology, Volume 78, Number 3, June 2006, pp. 307–316.
  11. ^ Nathalie Gérard et al, North African Berber and Arab Influences in the Western Mediterranean Revealed by Y-Chromosome DNA Haplotypes, Human Biology, Volume 78, Number 3, June 2006, pp. 307–316.
  12. ^ Biologisk institutt

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Dictionary

moors

-noun

  1. Plural form of moor.

-verb

  1. Third-person singular simple present indicative form of moor.

Moors

-proper noun

  1. Plural form of Moor.
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