Moonshine is a common term for home-distilled alcohol, especially in places where this production is illegal.

The name is often assumed to be derived from the fact that moonshine producers and smugglers would often work at night (i. e. under the light of the moon) to avoid arrest for producing illegal liquor. The 1811 edition of the Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, originally by Francis Grose, defines "moonshine" as follows: "A matter or mouthful of moonshine; a trifle, nothing. A slang dictionary is a Reference book containing an Alphabetical list of Slang, Vernacular Vocabulary not generally acceptable This article is about the writer For his son the Governor of New South Wales, see Francis Grose (Lieutenant-Governor. The white brandy smuggled on the coasts of Kent and Sussex, and the gin in the north of Yorkshire, are also called moonshine. "^[1] It has been suggested that the term might derive from smugglers' explaining away their boxes and barrels as "mere moonshine" (that is, nothing). Moonlight is the light that comes to Earth from the Moon. This light does not originate from the Moon but is actually reflected Sunlight. ^[2]

Contents 1 Production 2 Uses 3 Product safety 3.1 Mixtures 3.2 Tests 4 Moonshine worldwide 4.1 Armenia 4.2 Australia 4.3 Brazil 4.4 Bulgaria 4.5 Canada 4.6 Colombia 4.7 Croatia 4.8 Czech Republic 4.9 Denmark 4.10 Dominican Republic 4.11 Ecuador 4.12 Finland 4.13 France 4.14 Georgia 4.15 Germany 4.16 Greece 4.17 Guatemala 4.18 Haiti 4.19 Hungary 4.20 Iceland 4.21 India 4.22 Ireland 4.23 Italy 4.24 Japan 4.25 Kenya 4.26 Laos 4.27 Malawi 4.28 Malaysia 4.29 Republic of Macedonia 4.30 Mexico 4.31 Myanmar 4.32 Nepal 4.33 New Zealand 4.34 Nigeria 4.35 Norway 4.36 Pakistan 4.37 Peru 4.38 Poland 4.39 Puerto Rico 4.40 Romania 4.41 Russia 4.42 Saudi Arabia 4.43 Scotland 4.44 Slovakia 4.45 Slovenia 4.46 South Africa 4.47 Sweden 4.48 Sri Lanka 4.49 Switzerland 4.50 Thailand 4.51 United Kingdom 4.52 United States 5 Moonshine in popular culture 5.1 Literature 5.2 Movies 5.3 Music 5.4 Television 5.5 Miscellaneous 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Production

Moonshine is made by yeast fermenting a sugar source to produce ethanol and then separating the alcohol from the fermenting mixture (the mash) through distillation using a still. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions In Brewing and Distilling, mashing is the process of combining a mix of milled Grain (typically Malted Barley with supplementary Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture A still is an apparatus used to distill Miscible or immiscible (eg Because of its illegal nature in many states and simple production, moonshine is usually not aged in barrels as are other, similarly-produced liquors such as whisky or bourbon, and it sometimes contains impurities, off flavors, and toxins such as methanol. Whisky (uisge-beatha or whiskey (uisce beatha or fuisce) refers to a broad category of Alcoholic beverages that are distilled from fermented Bourbon is an American Whiskey, a type of distilled spirit, made primarily from Corn and named for Bourbon County Kentucky. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound The off flavors come from improper brewing, while the methanol may be added by unscrupulous moonshiners to increase the apparent proof. In popular culture, moonshine is usually presented as being extremely strong and in North America is commonly associated with the Southern United States and Appalachia. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive Appalachia is a term used to describe a region in the eastern United States that stretches from southern New York state to northern Alabama,

Moonshining is done using small-scale stills. A still is an apparatus used to distill Miscible or immiscible (eg Usually, diy-stills are used which are cheap and can be made yourself (avoiding the legal aspects of obtaining a still commercially). Popular DIY-designs include pot stills, crockpot-type stills, diy refluxes, worm-type stills. This article is about using reflux in chemical engineering and chemistry A worm is a common name given to a diverse group of invertebrate animals that have a long soft body and no legs Lately, diy-still designs have become widely available on the internet. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks ^{[3] [4] [5]}

Uses

Usually, small scale distillation is practiced for the purpose of making ethanol for drinking ^[6][7], yet it may also practiced for creating biofuel ^[8].

Product safety

Sloppily-produced moonshine can be contaminated with toxins, mainly from materials used in construction of the still. A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low Despite the well-known hazards, it is claimed that stills using car radiators for a condenser are still used. Radiators and convectors are types of Heat exchangers designed to transfer Thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling The lead used in soldering radiators often contaminates the moonshine, and in some cases, glycol products from antifreeze used in the radiator can appear as well. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly A diol or glycol is a Chemical compound containing two Hydroxyl groups (-OH groups Vicinal diols have hydroxyl groups attached to adjacent atoms Antifreeze is a Cryoprotectant used in Internal combustion engines and for many other heat transfer applications such as electronics cooling and Chillers Both are poisonous and potentially deadly. However, when moonshine is created well (eg by applying carbon filtration^[9]), no danger may be involved. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to

Although the total amount of methanol does not normally increase due to distillation,^[10] its concentration can still potentially rise to dangerous levels in amateur conditions, especially when the distillation is performed for a large batch.

Any alcohol over 100 US proof (i. e. 50% ABV) is flammable. This is especially true during the distilling process in which vaporized alcohol can accumulate in the air if there is not enough ventilation. This fact is referenced in John Sturges' The Great Escape: to celebrate the Fourth of July, Virgil Hilts and two other Americans brew moonshine from potato skins. The Great Escape is a popular 1963 War film about the 250 Allied prisoners of war escaping from a German POW camp While dispensing the drink, Hilts advises the other POWs not to smoke while or after drinking it. ^[11]

Mixtures

Occasionally moonshine is deliberately mixed with industrial alcohol-containing products, including methanol and other substances to produce denatured alcohol. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Denatured alcohol is Ethanol which has been rendered toxic or otherwise undrinkable and in some cases dyed Results are toxic, with methanol capable of causing blindness and death.

In the past moonshine has been mixed with beading oil or lye, to fool people into believing that it is of a higher proof. Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH This is because when shaken, bubbles form on the surface relative to the alcoholic strength (known as "the bead"). Large bubbles with a short duration indicate higher proof.

Tests

A common "folk" quality test for moonshine was to pour a small quantity of it into a metal spoon and set it alight, the theory being that safe distillate burns with a blue flame, but tainted distillate burns with a yellow flame. See also Folk (disambiguation, Volk (disambiguation Folk is one of the Germanic roots that mean "(of the people" or "our Practitioners of this simple test sometimes held that if a radiator coil had been used as a condenser there would be lead in the alcohol, which would give a reddish flame. This led to the phrase: "Lead burns red and makes you dead. "and "what burns blue will make your blues go away" These tests are NOT reliable to test the purity of moonshine or other distilled alcohol, since the flame test, while able to detect fuel oils, does not detect methanol.

Another test used for moonshine is to "proof". A small amount of gun powder is poured in a dish with the moonshine. It is ignited and if the mixture starts to flame it is "proofed. " In other words if it lights then it contains a good amount of alcohol, but if it does not flame the moonshine has been diluted.

Moonshine worldwide

Armenia

The Armenian name for moonshine is aragh (the word comes from Arabic araq عرق, meaning "sweat" or "juice"), but the Armenian word oghee is used more often. The production of oghee is widespread in Armenia. White mulberry, grape, cornelian cherry, plum, and apricot moonshine are especially popular, particularly in the countryside. For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is The European Cornel ( Cornus mas) is a species of Dogwood native to southern Europe and southwest Asia. The Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca, "Armenian plum" in Latin syn

Australia

Home-distillation of alcohol is illegal in Australia, but the law is rarely enforced. The sale of stills up to 5 litre capacity and other distilling equipment, including yeasts, flavourings and other ingredients specific to distillation, is legal. Brewery supply stores have permission to sell stills up to 25 L.

Brazil

In Brazil there is a long tradition of home distilling, especially in the rural areas. Artisanal liquors (specially cachaça and wine made in small farms) tend to be of good quality and are prized by collectors. Cachaça (ˌkaˈʃasɐ is the most popular distilled Alcoholic beverage in Brazil. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice

One form that can be qualified as moonshine is known as "Maria Louca" ("Crazy Mary"). It's aguardente made in jails by inmates. Aguardiente ( Spanish) aguardente ( Portuguese) or augardente ( Galician) is the generic name for alcoholic drinks between 29 and 45 It can be made from many cereals, ranging from beam to rice, using improvised and illegal equipment.

Bulgaria

The national spirit in Bulgaria is called "Rakia" [ракия], from Turkish "rakı". Rakia or rakija (raki arichii rakija ракия rakia rakija ρακί pálinka ракија/rakija rachiu (reg It is usually made from grapes, but other fruits are used as well, such as plum, raspberry or peach. Rakia is the most popular drink in Bulgaria along with wine. Like wine, it is often produced by villagers, either in a community owned (public) still, or in more simple devices at home. Home made Rakia is considered to be of better quality and "safer" than Rakia made in factories, since there were, especially during the 1990s, many counterfeit products in stores. By tradition, distilling a certain amount of Rakia for home use is free of taxes. In connection with Bulgaria joining the European Union in 2007, there were government decisions to raise taxes on home made spirits. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in This led to protests in late 2006 and early 2007. With respect to local traditions and the usually poor performance of state institutions in Bulgaria, there is little risk that the new taxes will actually be paid. In Bulgarian tradition, drinking ракия is accompanied by eating little dishes (called mese [мезе]), usually some kind of salad, e. g. Shopska salad. Shopska salad ( Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian: Шопска салата Šopska salata; Czech: Šopský salát Albanian Salat

Canada

The common name for home-made alcohol is Moonshine. Early versions were probably made from potato skins due to the large amount of potatoes produced on PEI but now most home producers use molasses as a sugar source. Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Molasses or Treacle is a thick Syrup by-product from the processing of the Sugarcane or Sugar beet into Sugar. However, it is not very common as police curtail home distilling, while the creation of wine and beer is legal.

A legal version of Moonshine is now available around Canada in most stores, it is distilled the same way illegal moonshine is and about the same proof.

Colombia

In Colombia moonshine is called "Tapetusa" or "Chirrinchi" and is illegal. However, it is quite popular in some regions and has been traditional for hundreds of years. The cost of tapetusa is a fraction of the heavily taxed legal alcoholic beverages. The aborigines used to make their own version of alcoholic drink called "Chicha" before the arrival of Europeans. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Chicha is a term used in some regions of Latin America for several varieties of fermented beverages, particularly those derived from Maize, but which also Chicha is usually made of corn, which is chewed and spat in an earthen container that was then buried for some time (weeks). The latter is a special kind of alcoholic beverage, and similar to that made by Chilean Indians (Mapuches), but in Chile a legal version of Chicha, made of fermented apples, is sold in September.

On the Caribbean coast of Colombia, the Wayuu tribe produces the "Chirrinche" which is both for local consumption and trade with tourists. Chirrinche is regarded to be very strong and often produces a severe hangover.

Croatia

In Croatia homemade liquor, known as rakija, is legal. "Loza" meaning "from the grapevine", when made from left over wine.

Lower quality home-made rakija is often colloquially called "brlja" (meaning approximately "a mess")

Czech Republic

The staple Czech liquor is traditionally made from distilling plums and is known as 'slivovice (pronounced "slivovitza")'. A plum or gage is a stone fruit Tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. Slivovitz is a Distilled beverage made from Damson plums It is frequently called plum brandy If anyone else has a dictionary of some Slavic language Traditionally produced in garages and cellars, nowadays it is produced by specialist distillers. It is found especially in the region of Moravia and is popular at celebrations, including weddings. Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands.

Denmark

In Denmark, moonshine is referred to as hjemmebrændt (home burnt).

Dominican Republic

In the Dominican Republic, moonshine is called cleren in the towns near the border with Haiti and Pitrinche in the eastern towns. It is made from sugar or fermented sugar cane. Its production is illegal but the law is rarely enforced. Also, there is Berunte, fermented from either corn (which is the most common), rice, melon, pineapple or wheat.

Ecuador

In Ecuador, moonshine is often distilled from sugarcane, and referred to as Puro, Spanish for pure. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae

Finland

Finnish moonshine is home-made vodka, usually made from any fermentable carbohydrates, most commonly grain, sugar or potato. Vodka is one of the world's most popular Distilled beverages It is a clear liquid which consists of mostly Water and Ethanol purified by Distillation Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae The most common name is pontikka. It is said that this name came about due to the poor quality French wine from Pontacq. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Pontacq is a town and commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département, in southwestern France. Other names are kotipolttoinen (home burnt), ponu (an abbreviation of pontikka), ponantsa (another abbreviation of pontikka, and a joke of Bonanza), tuliliemi (fire sauce), moscha (the most common Finland-Swedish term, which in fact is "Swenglish" for moonshine. Bonanza is an American television series that ran on NBC from September 12 1959 to January 16 1973 The term was first used by emigrants who had returned home from America. The word moscha is nowadays integrated in the Swedish dialect in southern Ostrobotnia on the mid-west coast of Finland. ), korpiroju (wildwood junk) or korpikuusen kyyneleet (tears of wildwood spruce) as stills often are located in remote locations.

Unlicensed moonshining is illegal in Finland, but it is often considered a challenge or hobby. A hobby is a spare-time Recreational pursuit Etymology A Hobby horse is a wooden or Wickerwork toy made to be In practice prosecution follows only if the authorities become aware that the product is being sold. Most Finnish moonshiners use simple pot stills and flash distillation. A pot still is a type of Still used in distilling spirits such as Whisky or Brandy. Flash (or partial Evaporation is the partial Vaporization that occurs when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through Some have constructed sophisticated reflux or rock stills for fractional distillation, containing plate columns or packed columns, with reflux filling components of Raschig rings, crushed glass, nuts, glass pellets or steel wool. This article is about using reflux in chemical engineering and chemistry Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions such as in separating Chemical compounds by their Boiling point by heating A fractionating column or fractionation column is an essential item used in the Distillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the mixture into its component parts Raschig rings are pieces of tube (approximately equal in length and diameter used in large numbers as a Packed bed within columns for distillations and other The city of Kitee is the most famous Finnish "moonshine-city". Kitee is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the province of Eastern Finland and is part of the North Karelia A legitimate brand of vodka called "Kiteen kirkas" ("Kitee's Clear") is available commercially.

The entrance of Estonia into the European Union in 2004 has increases import, since it is legal to buy almost any amount there for personal use, at least 10 litres, and Estonia also has much lower alocohol taxes. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The ferry regularity has increased to more than 20 per direction per day. This has decreased Moonshine consumption in southern Finland.

France

Eau de vie, gnôle, goutte, lambic, fine, or more generically the simple name of the fruit they were distilled from -- poire (Pear), prune (Plum), mirabelle (Mirabelle) -- there is a wide variety of terms in French to speak of strong alcohols, which also reflects the wide variety of recipes and ingredients available to make them. A pear is a pomaceous Fruit produced by a tree of Genus Pyrus. A plum or gage is a stone fruit Tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. The mirabelle plum, also known as the mirabelle prune ( Prunus domestica var There are strong local traditions depending on the provinces: lambic or calvados is distillated from cider in Brittany and Normandy, mirabelle, prune and kirsch are mainly produced in the East (Alsace, Lorraine, Bourgogne, Champagne), and every wine-producing region has, to some extent, a tradition of making brandy, the most famous being Cognac and Armagnac. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Lorraine (Lothringen is one of the 26 régions of France. It is the only administrative region with two cities of equal importance Metz and Nancy Bourgogne ( English: Burgundy is one of the 26 regions of France. Champagne is a historic province in the northeast of France, best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name Cognac (ˈkɒnjæk named after the town of Cognac in France, is a Brandy produced in the region surrounding the town Armagnac (aʁmaˈɲak is a distinctive kind of Brandy or Eau de vie produced in the Armagnac region in Gascony, southwest France

Unlicensed moonshining was tolerated in France up to the late 1950s. Having an ancestor who fought in Napoleon's armies automatically conferred the right to distill the equivalent of 10 liters of pure alcohol a year for home consumption. Since 1959 the right can no longer be transferred to descendants, and only a few bouilleurs de cru are still exercising their right. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Owning a registered fruit orchard or a vineyard still gives the right to have the production distilled, but is no longer free, and a licensed distiller must be utilized. The excise amounts to 7. 50 € per litre of pure alcohol for the first 10 litres, and 14. 50 € per litre above that limit.

Georgia

In Georgia the traditional grape moonshine is called chacha. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Chacha is traditionally a clear fruit homebrew which is sometimes called "vine Vodka," "grape vodka" or "Georgian vodka Recently, with modernized distilling and aging technology, chacha is promoted as "Georgian brandy" or "Georgian vodka", and is compared to grappa. Grappa is a fragrant Grape -based Pomace brandy of between 50% and 80% Alcohol by volume (100 to 160 proof) of Italian origin

Germany

In Germany, moonshine is called Schwarzgebrannter. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The term is very often translated "black burned" since the word schwarz means black, but in this case schwarz means illegal (as in black market). A more accurate translation is "liquor burned illegally". Generally, home-distillation of alcohol is illegal in Germany, but there are exceptions. Ownership and use of very small stills up to 0. 5 litre capacity is legal. Such stills are only used by hobbyists, and the products of them are not available on the black market. The ownership of larger stills must be reported to fiscal authorities, otherwise it is illegal, and the use of these stills requires a licence. The German market for moonshine is limited, in part because legal alcohol is relatively inexpensive, compared to some other Western European countries and in part because controls are generally effective. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' German home-distilled alcohol is in most cases a type of traditional German schnaps, often a type of fruit brandy. Schnapps is a type of distilled Alcoholic beverage. The word schnapps is derived from the German word Schnaps (plural Schnäpse) which can There are many legal and often very small distilleries in Germany. Most of these small distilleries are located in Southern Germany, located on farms and are home-distilleries. German dialectal mapPNG|right|thumb|200px|Southern Germany roughly corresponds to the area of Germany south of the Speyer line where Upper German dialects are spoken These producers of distilled beverages are called Abfindungs-Brennerei and the operation of these small distilleries requires a special type of licence. The number of such licences is limited and it is difficult to obtain one, since in most cases all licences are in use. An Abfindungs-Brennerei is only allowed to produce a limited amount of pure alcohol per year and the operation of the still is limited to some months of the year. There are tight controls of these limitations. The products of an Abfindungs-Brennerei, although in many cases home-distilled, are not considered to be Schwarzgebrannter since they are taxed and legal.

Greece

In Greece moonshine is referred to as Raki (Greek:ρακή) in the island of Crete, Tsikoudia (Greek:τσικουδιά) and Tsipouro (Greek:τσίπουρο) in other parts of the country.

Guatemala

The broadest term for Guatemalan moonshine is cusha. Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest It is popular in large regions of the countryside, where it is made by fermenting fruits, particularly for Mayan festivities. If forbidden, nobody is prosecuting its manufacture. Cusha is also a valuable for shamans, who consume it during cleansing ceremonies and spit their "patients" with it.

Haiti

In Haiti moonshine is called clarin. It is made from sugar or fermented sugar cane. Its production is illegal but the law is rarely enforced.

Hungary

Hungarian moonshine is called [házipálinka] (pálinka is a Hungarian spirit, házi means 'from home') because it is homemade. Pálinka ( Hungarian: Pálinka, Romanian: Pălincă, Slovak: Pálenka) is a traditional type of Brandy It is mostly made in rural areas where the ingredients, usually fruit, are readily available. Its production is considered illegal if distilled at home, since the distillation process constitutes a tax fraud if not carried out at a licensed distillery.

Iceland

Icelandic moonshine (Landi) is largely made by hobbyists as a protest against high liquor taxes. Due to the lack of natural cover and harsh weather conditions, most "moonshining" activity occurs indoors in a controlled environment. Although potatoes are the most common constituent of Icelandic moonshine, any carbohydrate can be used, including stale bread. Landi is often drunk by teenagers who can't purchase liquor at stores.

India

Locally produced moonshine is known in India as desi, desi daroo, tharra, dheno, mohua, chullu, Narangi, kaju and santra, among other names. Desi (or Deshi; ˈd̪eːsi or, Hindi: देसी Urdu: دیسی Punjabi: ਦੇਸੀ دیسی is a word originally from Sanskrit Production Uses Usually large scale distillation is practiced for the purpose of making ethanol for drinking, yet it may also practiced for creating Biofuel Tharra is locally (often illegally brewed Alcoholic drink, or Moonshine; from yeast fermentation of sugarcane or wheat husk in regions of northern The Yellowhead or Mohua ( Mohoua ochrocephala) is a small insectivorous Passerine bird endemic to the South Island of It is made by fermenting the mash of sugar cane pulp in large spherical containers made from waterproof ceramic (terra cota) up to near 100% alcohol. The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) However, it is dangerous, mainly because of the risk of alcohol or copper formaldehyde poisoning. In South India, moonshine is any alcoholic drink not made in distilleries. Toddy and arrack are not synonyms or Indian names for moonshine liquor. Palm Wine also called Palm Toddy or simply Toddy is an Alcoholic beverage created from the Sap of various species of Palm tree such Arrack is an Alcoholic beverage that is distilled mainly in South Asia and South East Asia from fermented Fruit, Toddy is an alcoholic beverage made from the sap of palm trees, and arrack refers to strong spirits made traditionally from fermented fruit juices, and the sap of the palm tree. In the Indian state of Goa, a locally produced cashew flavoured drink Feni is popular among locals and the tourists. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. The cashew ( Anacardium occidentale; Syn Anacardium curatellifolium A Fenny is an Indian liquor made from either coconut or the juice of the Cashew apple

Ireland

Grain or potato based moonshine made illegally in Ireland is called poitín. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Poitín or Poteen (IPA, also potcheen) is a traditional Irish distilled, highly alcoholic beverage (90%-95% ABV The term is a diminutive of the word pota 'a pot'.

Italy

Clandestine distillation of alcohol was common in the once poor eastern parts of Italy, but with tighter control over the supply of distillation equipment its popularity has slumped. Nowadays, the supply of production equipment larger than three litres is controlled, and anything smaller must bear a sign stating that moonshine production is illegal. ^[12]

On the island of Sardinia, one can still find local varieties of grappa which are dubbed 'filuferru', the local pronunciation for 'iron-thread'; this peculiar name comes from the fact that grappa stills were buried to hide them from authorities with iron-thread tied to them for later retrieval. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Grappa is a fragrant Grape -based Pomace brandy of between 50% and 80% Alcohol by volume (100 to 160 proof) of Italian origin

Japan

In Japan, cloudy homemade sake is called doburoku. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. While it is not a distilled liquor, it has a reputation for being quite potent, and is sometimes compared with moonshine. Before World War I, it was commonly brewed at home, but present liquor control laws forbid homebrewing of beverages containing over 1% alcohol. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Kenya

Illegally distilled alcohol is widely made in Kenya, known as "Changaa", "Kumi kumi" or "Kill me quick". It is mostly made from maize and produced with crude stills made from old oil drums. Costs are typically Ksh. 10 to Ksh. 20 per glass. It has been known to cause blindness and death. This may be caused by unscrupulous adulteration by sellers who want to give the beverage more 'kick', for example, adding battery acid. It may be caused by impure distillation. Because use is so widespread in Kenya the government has little control and has considered legalization to avert deaths.

Laos

In Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic) the home distillation of spirits is technically illegal, although this law is rarely enforced. Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma 'Lao Lao' is the name given to home-produced liquor, and it is drunk openly especially in rural areas, with many small villages operating a communal still. Usually brewed from rice, it varies from well produced, smooth tasting liquor to very rough spirit with a lot of impurities.

Malawi

In Malawi moonshine is commonly brewed and distilled by women in townships and villages. The Republic of Malawi (məˈlɑːwi or; formerly Nyasaland) is in southern Africa. Known as "katchasu" in Chichewa, various sources of starch may be used including potatoes, sugar cane or maize. Although technically illegal, there is no social stigma attached to moderate consumption.

Malaysia

In the state of Sarawak in Malaysia moonshine is called 'Langkau'. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. This is made from fermented rice wine (tuak) and cook in a barrel with a little hose hanging from the top of the barrel. Some rural folks like to drink 'Langkau' at a festival and most of the time during leisure hours. In Sabah, a similar version to 'Langkau' is called 'Montaku'.

Republic of Macedonia

The Republic of Macedonia is a country where moonshine is not only legal, but is also the liquor of choice. The Republic of Macedonia (Република Typically, the moonshine is made out of grapes, which are the leftovers from the production of wine, but also made from plums (Slivovica). Slivovitz is a Distilled beverage made from Damson plums It is frequently called plum brandy If anyone else has a dictionary of some Slavic language Macedonian moonshine is highly popular because it is commonly used for medicinal purposes. This process usually uses diluted moonshine with caramelized sugar, and the liquor is then boiled and consumed while still hot. Commonly is known as Rakia [ракија] and widely consumed in all parts of Macedonia.

Mexico

In some parts of Mexico, particularly in the Copper Canyon region, lechuguilla is fermented to make a clear moonshine called, fittingly, lechuguilla. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. See also Copper Canyon (disambiguation The Copper Canyon (Spanish Barranca del Cobre) is a group of canyons consisting of 6 distinct canyons in the Sierra Lechuguilla ( Agave lechuguilla) is an Agave found only in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts almost always on Limestone. It is consumed openly, especially by the residents at the bottom of the canyon.

Myanmar

Myanmar has several forms of moonshine. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Although it is illegal, moonshine has majority share of the alcohol market especially in rural areas of the country. In the country side, moonshine shares the alcohol market with what some call palm wine. Palm Wine also called Palm Toddy or simply Toddy is an Alcoholic beverage created from the Sap of various species of Palm tree such

Nepal

Nepal has a home-brewed liquor, rakshi, which is distilled from the grain millet. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Rakshi (रक्शी is a Millet -based distilled alcoholic drink popular in Nepal. The millets are a group of small- Seeded Species of Cereal crops or grains widely grown around the world for Food and Fodder It is clear in colour, and can cause blindness when not prepared properly. It is not uncommon for Nepalese to tell outsiders that the concoction does not exist. The Nepalese often add rakshi to hot tea, calling the mixture ‘Jungle Tea’. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market

New Zealand

New Zealand is one of the few western societies where home distillation is legal. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin In New Zealand, stills and instruction in their use are sold openly. Hokonui Moonshine was produced in Southland by early settlers whose (then) illegal distilling activities gained legendary status. Hokonui Moonshine is now produced legally and commercially by the Southern Distilling Company which has recently started to export it.

Nigeria

In Nigeria, home based brewing is illegal. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Moonshine is variously called 'ogogoro', 'kainkain', 'abua first eleven', 'agbagba', 'akpeteshi', 'aka mere', 'push me, I push you', 'crazy man in the bottle', or 'Sapele water' depending on locality. Sapele is also a city in midwestern Nigeria, located in Delta State.

Norway

Due to the very high taxation of alcohol, moonshine production primarily from potatoes and sugar continues to be a popular, albeit illegal, activity in various parts of the country. Moonshining occurs in the Mid- and North-Norwegian regions, and is most prominent in rural areas. Norwegian moonshine is called "Hjemmebrent" or "Heimebrent" (which translates into English as "home-burnt") and sometimes also "Heimkok" (meaning "home-cooked") or "Heimert" (slang) in Norwegian, and the mash is called "Sats". In the county of Telemark mash is also referred to as "Bæs". is a county in Norway, bordering Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder. In the old days on Finnskogen they called the mash Skogens vin ("The Wine of the Forest"), a name used by poorer people without access to distilling equipment. Finnskogen ("Forest of the Finns" is an area of Norway situated in the county of Hedmark, named so because of immigration of Finnish people in When talking to foreigners, some Norwegians use the term "something local" about their moonshine. In Norway, moonshine is commonly mixed with coffee, and sometimes a spoon of sugar. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom This drink is known as Karsk, and has a special tie to the mid-Norwegian regions, but is also enjoyed elsewhere. Karsk is a Norwegian name for Coffee with added Liquor, usually Moonshine or Vodka (some will consider Moonshine exclusively A common joke is that the traditional mixture was made by brewing the strongest, blackest coffee possible, then putting a 5 Øre piece (a copper coin of size and color of a pre-decimalization English penny, no longer in circulation) in a cup. Add coffee to the cup until the coin can no longer be seen, then add Hjemmebrent, straight from the still until the coin can again be seen. (If the coin is covered with a dark fluid like coffee it won't be visible again, regardless how much colorless fluid is mixed in, because the amount of pigment between the coin and the surface remains the same.

While brewing is permitted in Norway, distillation is not. Brewing is the production of Alcoholic beverage and Alcohol fuel through fermentation. Possession of equipment capable of distilling is also illegal. § 8-5. ^[13] The enforcement of this law is irregular at best.

Pakistan

Alcohol is strictly licensed or otherwise illegal in Pakistan, nevertheless unregulated production in rural areas thrives. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Products include tharra and its variants including what is ironically known as "Hunza water" and rudimentary beers made from barley,rye and other grain mixtures. Tharra is locally (often illegally brewed Alcoholic drink, or Moonshine; from yeast fermentation of sugarcane or wheat husk in regions of northern Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Rye ( Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and forage crop Some brandy is also produced in the north where fruit is more readily available. Brandy (from brandywine, derived from Dutch brandewijn — “burnt wine” is a spirit produced by distilling Wine Methanol contamination is a serious problem in some regions. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound

Peru

Peru is one of the few countries where moonshine is completely legal. The production and sale of homemade alcoholic drinks is entirely unregulated and their consumption is common in daily meals. Pisco is one of the most common alcoholic drinks in Peru, although different types of chicha, with their generally low alcohol content, are the most popular alcoholic drinks in the country, with regional variations common in all areas. Pisco (from Quechua: pisqu, little bird is a Liquor distilled from Grapes developed by the Spanish in the 16th century Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Chicha is a term used in some regions of Latin America for several varieties of fermented beverages, particularly those derived from Maize, but which also Even small children enjoy chicha as commonly as children in other countries may drink juice. This is especially true of the non-alcoholic chicha morada (violet chicha), loved by both children and adults. The low alcohol content rarely causes drunkenness or dependence, even in small children. Physical dependence (or drug dependence) refers to a state resulting from habitual use of a drug where negative physical Withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation Chicha was also consumed by the ancient Peruvians, before the Incas' empire; it was apparently consumed by Chavin De Huantar, one of the first cultures in Peru.

Poland

The Polish name for moonshine is bimber; although the word samogon (from Russian) is also used. Far less common is the word księżycówka, which literally means moonshine. The tradition of producing moonshine might be traced back to the Middle Ages when tavern owners manufactured vodka for local sale from grain and fruit. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Later, other means were adopted, particularly those based on fermentation of sugar by yeast. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described Some of the moonshine is also made from distilling plums and is known under the name of śliwowica. A plum or gage is a stone fruit Tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. The plum moonshine made in area of Łącko (Southern Poland) called Łącka Śliwowica gained nationwide fame, with tourists travelling long distances to buy one or two bottles of this strong liquor. Because of the climate and density of the population, most of the activity occurred indoors. Poland is a country in Central Europe, east of Germany. Generally speaking Poland is an unbroken plain reaching from the Baltic Sea in the north

In Poland, the simplest recipe for producing moonshine by fermentation of yeast with the use of 1 kilogram of sugar, 4 liters of water, and 10 dag (= 100 g) of yeast is jokingly abbreviated as 1410 - the year of the Battle of Grunwald, most famous victory of Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and their allies over the Knights of the Teutonic Order in the Middle Ages. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described The Battle of Grunwald (or 1st Battle of Tannenberg) took place on 15 July 1410 with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons was the Polish state created by the accession of Wladislaus II Jagiełło, Grand Duke of Lithuania, to The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order.

It is illegal to manufacture moonshine in Poland, as confirmed by the Supreme Court’s ruling of 30 November 2004. The Supreme Court (Sąd Najwyższy of the Republic of Poland supervises the adjudication in General courts - these are district regional and appeal Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Selling home-made alcohol is also a tax offence as there is an excise imposed on sale of alcohol, and there is no provision for those manufacturing alcohol illegally to pay this duty if they want to. Excise or Excise tax (sometimes called an excise duty) is a type of Tax charged on goods produced within the country (as opposed to Customs duties In reality the law is not consistently enforced, one example being the authorities' toleration of large scale manufacture and sale Śliwowica Łącka. The small sets for home distillation can also be easily purchased in any chemical glass shop with no control whatsoever.

Puerto Rico

The common Puerto Rican term for moonshine rum is pitorro, from the Andalusian term "pintorro", given to a white wine (or rum, near the rum-producing sugar cane fields of Málaga) of inferior quality which has some grape (in the case of the wine) or molasses (in the case of rum) coloring in it. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Other terms are pitrinche or pitriche, cañita (based on the thin copper tubing of the alembic in which it is produced), lágrima de monte (mountain tears), and lágrima de mangle ("mangrove's tears" since many artisan distillers refine their product near coastal mangroves, to conceal it from police). An alembic (from Arabic Al-inbiq الأنبيق is an alchemical Still consisting of two Retorts connected by a tube Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. Cañita is a common term so popular that at least two legal brands of rum have used the name, including the current brand, "Cañita Cura'o". Pitorro is an integral part of Puerto Rican culture, and musical odes to it or its production (such as the plena "Los Contrabandistas", popularized by Puerto Rican singer Daniel Santos) are part of local folklore. Plena is a folkloric genre native of Puerto Rico. Its creation was influenced by African and Spanish music Daniel Santos (February 5 1916 &ndash November 27 1992 was a singer and Composer of boleros, and an overall performer of multiple Caribbean music

Pitorro is usually much stronger than commercial rum. At times its alcohol content surpasses the common 80- or 90-proof (40% or 45% alcohol per volume) mark. Some raids have led to confiscation of rum that is up to 80% alcohol per volume (165 proof). Recipes abound, but common practices include "curing" the distilled product by burying jugs of pitorro in the ground, as well as placing grapes, prunes, breadfruit seeds, raisins, dates, dried prunes, mango, grapefruit, pineapple, cheese, raw meat and other fruits in them. For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is A prune is any of various of various Plum species mostly Prunus domesticus or European Plum (commonly referred to as a Sugar Plum Breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis) is a Tree and Fruit native to the Malay Peninsula and western Pacific islands Raisins are dried Grapes They are produced in many regions of the world such as the United States, Australia, Chile, Mangoes belong to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting Trees in the Flowering plant family Anacardiaceae The grapefruit is a subtropical Citrus Tree grown for its Fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit " of Barbados Pineapple ( Ananas comosus) is the common name for an edible Tropical Plant and also its Fruit It is native to the southern part of Brazil Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation.

Puerto Rico is known for its production of legal rum, and since it is a major revenue-generating operation, the Puerto Rican police force, as well as agents from the local Departamento de Hacienda (Treasury Department) tend to pursue moonshine producers fervently, particularly around the Christmas season. A town famous (or infamous) for its pitorro production is Añasco, Puerto Rico. Añasco (ah-NYAHS-ko named after one of its settlers Don Luis de Añasco is a Municipality of Puerto Rico located on the west coast of the island bordering

Romania

In Romania, plum brandy is called ţuică (tzuika) or palincă (palinka), depending on the region in which it is produced. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania A plum or gage is a stone fruit Tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. Brandy (from brandywine, derived from Dutch brandewijn — “burnt wine” is a spirit produced by distilling Wine Ţuică (in Romanian /'ʦujkə/ sometimes spelled tuica, tzuika, tsuika, tsuica Pálinka ( Hungarian: Pálinka, Romanian: Pălincă, Slovak: Pálenka) is a traditional type of Brandy It is prepared by many people in rural areas, using traditional methods, both for private consumption and for sale. Although this is illegal, and the drink is technically moonshine, the government tolerates these practices, and does not consider this bootlegging, due to the nature of the drink. Rum-running is the business of Smuggling or transporting of Alcoholic beverages illegally usually to circumvent Taxation or Prohibition. A drink, or beverage, is a Liquid specifically prepared for Human consumption Most ţuică is sold in markets, fairs and even roadside, bottled in unlabeled PET bottles. Ţuică (in Romanian /'ʦujkə/ sometimes spelled tuica, tzuika, tsuika, tsuica Some communities have acquired licences and legally produce ţuică.

Russia

The Russian name for any home-made distilled alcoholic beverage is called samogon (ru: самого́н), literally translated as "self-distillate". Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The most popular source for samogon is sugar as it is quite effective. Other sources include beets, corn, and even plywood. Plywood is a type of Engineered board made from thin sheets of Wood, called plies or veneers Samogon of one distillation only is called pervach (ru: первач), literally translated as "the first one" - it is well known for its impressive smell. The production of samogon is widespread in Russia. It is legal only for personal use, and sale is prohibited. Samogon often has a strong repulsive odor but, due to relatively cheap and fast production and ability to personalize the flavor of the drink, it is of relative popularity. It was common during the Soviet era, when products were scarce and supply unstable.

Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, the name for black-market alcohol is "siddique" (friend in Arabic). Distilled from fermented sugar water, it is well known and remembered by expatriates who have spent time in the otherwise dry Kingdom.

Scotland

Illicitly produced whisky from Scotland is called peatreek. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The term refers to the aroma (or reek) infused in the drink by drying the malted barley over a peat fire. Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter.

Slovakia

Probably the most common moonshine in Slovakia is slivovica, sometimes called plum brandy in English. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slivovitz is a Distilled beverage made from Damson plums It is frequently called plum brandy If anyone else has a dictionary of some Slavic language It is notorious for its strong but enjoyable smell delivered by plums from which it is distilled. A plum or gage is a stone fruit Tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. The typical amount of alcohol is around 50% (it may vary between 40-60%). The homemade slivovica is highly esteemed. It is considered a finer quality spirit compared to the industrial products which are usually weaker (around 40%). Nowadays this difference in quality is the primary reason for its production, rather than just the economic issues. A bottle of a good home made slivovica can be a precious gift, since it cannot be bought. The only way to obtain it is by having parents or friends in rural areas who make it. Slivovica is sometimes used also as a popular medicine to cure the early stages of cold and other minor aches. Although illegal, small scale home production seems to be tolerated by the government. Several other fruits are used to produce similar home made spirits, namely pears - hruškovica and cherries - čerešňovica. A pear is a pomaceous Fruit produced by a tree of Genus Pyrus. This article is about the Cherry berry also classified as fruit for the ornamental tree See Cherry Blossom.

Another traditional Slovak moonshine is called borovička, distilled from juniper berries or pine. Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. This article is about the tree For other uses of the term "pine" see Pine (disambiguation. Its flavor resembles gin and can reach 50-70% alcohol. Gin is a spirit flavoured with Juniper berries. Distilled gin is made by redistilling white grain spirit which has been flavoured with juniper

Slovenia

In Slovenia, especially in the western part, moonshine is distilled from fermented grapes remaining from wine production, and sugar if necessary. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west It is called tropinovec (tropine, means squeezed half-dried grapes, in the west of the country) or Šnops. Because it has around 60%-70% of alcohol is often mixed with boiled water to make it lighter (vol. 50%). Tropinovec is rarely drunk in large quantities. It is often mixed with fruits (cherries, pears, etc. ) to cover the strong odor and taste, or herbs (Anise, Wolf's bane, etc. '''Anise''' or Aniseed, less commonly anís (stressed on the second syllable ( Pimpinella anisum) is a Flowering plant in the family Apiaceae Aconitum ( A-co-ní-tum) known as aconite, monkshood, wolfsbane, leopard's bane, women's bane ) for alternative medical treatment. Home distilling is legal in Slovenia. Still owners are obliged to register and pay excise duties (approximately 15 USD for 40-100 l stills and 30 USD for stills larger than 100 l). The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. There were 20,539 registered home distillers in 2005, down from over 28,000 in 2000.

South Africa

In South Africa moonshine made from fruit (mostly peaches or marulas) is known as mampoer (named after the Pedi chief Mampuru). The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Marula ( Sclerocarya birrea) ( skleros hard karya walnut in reference to the stone inside the fleshy drupe is a medium-sized Dioecious Northern Sotho ( Sesotho sa Leboa in the language itself is one of the official languages of South Africa, and is spoken by nearly five million—4208980 people The equivalent product made from grapes is called witblits (white lightning. In Afrikaans the letter w is sounded as the letter v in English, so the word is pronounced 'vitblits'). Witblits has a long history in the Cape Province (over 200 years) and many producers take great pride in their product. Most witblits is of a very high quality compared to typical moonshine world-wide. Even though it is illegal to distill one's own alcohol in South Africa, it is widely available from liquor stores and at farmer's markets. Skokiaan is a low-grade (often dangerous), fermented brew of variable composition widely consumed amongst poorer people in southern Africa. " Skokiaan " is a popular Tune originally written by Zimbabwean musician August Musarurwa (d Although it is often referred to casually as a form of 'moonshine', this is a misnomer because it is not a distilled product.

Sweden

The most common moonshine in Sweden (hembränt in Swedish; literally "home burnt") is made of potatoes and/or sugar. Typically of the 90 -96% ABV variant. Common nicknames are skogsstjärnan ("forest star"), garagenkorva (a wordplay on "garage" and "Koskenkorva") and Chateau de Garage (a pun on French wine brands). Koskenkorva Viina (also known simply as Koskenkorva, or Kossu) is the most common clear spirit drink (38% in Finland, produced by Altia in the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice The production and sale of moonshine is illegal, but there are several loopholes that may be used to avoid prosecution. For instance, selling a still in parts may be legal and it may be sold for legal purposes like making your own distilling water for car batteries. Stores selling home-brewing equipment also sell products that indicate they are intended for the use of making moonshine, for instance flavorings, activated carbon, and special yeasts. The making of mash is legal, but distilling it is not. Distilling is often done with simple distillation, but sometimes freeze distillation is used, especially to make calvados or other drinks with lower alcohol content. Fractional freezing is a process used in Process engineering and Chemistry to separate two liquids with different melting points Due to relaxed import regulation since 2005, business has declined. Moonshine is most socially accepted in the countryside.

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, home based brewing is illegal. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island However, this is a lucrative underground business in most parts of the island. Illicit brew is known by many names; 'Kasippu'[1] (this is the most common and accepted name), 'Heli Arrakku' (archaic term means, Pot-Liquor), 'Kashiya' (which is a pet name derived from more mainstream term Kasippu), 'Vell Beer' (means, beer of the paddy field), 'Katukambi', 'Suduwa' (means, the white substance) depending on locality. The raw meterials used in the production are mainly common white sugar (from Sugarcane) manufactured in Sri Lanka, yeast, and urea as a calayst. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]]

Switzerland

In Switzerland, absinthe was banned in 1910, but underground distillation continued throughout the 20th century. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Absinthe is traditionally a distilled, highly alcoholic (45%-75% ABV) beverage The Swiss constitutional ban on absinthe was repealed in 2000 during a general overhaul of the national constitution, but the prohibition was written into ordinary law instead. Later that law was also repealed, so from March 1, 2005, absinthe is again legal in its country of origin, after nearly a century of prohibition. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[14] Absinthe is now not only sold in Switzerland, but is once again distilled in its Val-de-Travers birthplace, with Kübler and La Clandestine Absinthe among the first new brands to emerge, albeit with an underground heritage. The Val-de-Travers is a district in the Canton of Neuchâtel, in Switzerland. La Clandestine Absinthe is a Swiss La Bleue, or clear Absinthe brand produced by Artemisia-Bugnon distilleries

Thailand

In Thailand, home-brewed alcohol, most commonly distilled from glutinous rice, is called lao khao (เหล้าขาว; literally "white liquor") or officially sura khao (สุราขาว). The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Glutinous rice ( Oryza sativa var glutinosa or Oryza glutinosa; also called sticky rice, sweet rice, waxy rice It is sometimes mixed with various herbs to produce a medicinal drink called yadong (ยาดอง; literally "fermented herb (in alcohol)").

Yadong is prepared by mixing lao khao with many kind of herbs and keeping the mixture for 2-4 weeks^[15]before it can be used. Some people said that it help them regain strength. ^[16] Today there is instant herb for making yadong, which shorten time for making it.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom it is illegal for any person to manufacture spirits for commerce by any means, unless they hold an excise licence for that purpose. If found guilty one could face a penalty of £1,000 and have their spirit making equipment confiscated. However home brewing of any quantity and strength of beer or wine is legal for ones own domestic use or for consumption by farm labourers employed by said person in the course of their employment. ^[17]

United States

Moonshine continues to be produced in the U. S. , mainly in Appalachia. Appalachia is a term used to describe a region in the eastern United States that stretches from southern New York state to northern Alabama, ^[18] The product is often called "white lightning" because it is not aged and is generally sold at high alcohol proof, often bottled in canning jars ("Mason jars", see photo). Mass-produced glass canning jars, also known as Mason jars after their inventor John L A typical moonshine still may produce 1000 gallons per week and net $6000 per week for its owner. ^[18] The simplicity of the process, and the easy availability of key ingredients such as corn and sugar, make enforcement a difficult task. However, the huge price advantage that moonshine once held over its "legitimate" competition legally sold has been reduced. Nevertheless, over half the retail price of a bottle of distilled spirits typically consists of taxes. With the availability of cheap refined white sugar, moonshine can be produced at a small fraction of the price of heavily taxed and legally sold distilled spirits. Moonshine alcohol is used by some for herbal tinctures. In Medicine, a tincture is an Alcoholic Extract (eg of leaves or other plant material or Solution of a non- volatile substance The number of jurisdictions which ban the sale of alcoholic beverages is steadily decreasing which means that many of the former consumers of moonshine are much nearer to a legal alcohol sales outlet than was formerly the case. Moonshine-like distilled beverages with names like Everclear, Virginia Lightning, Georgia Moon Corn Whiskey, Platte Valley Corn Whiskey and Catdaddy are produced commercially and sold in liquor stores, typically packaged in a clay jug or glass Mason jar. Everclear is a Brand of neutral grain spirit that is available at concentrations of 75 As a result of these changes and aggressive law enforcement, moonshine production is far less widespread than it was formerly.

Although home distillation of ethanol for commercial purposes is still illegal in the United States, legislation was introduced^[19] in November 2001 to legalize home distillation in much the same way as home brewing of wine and beer were legalized in 1978. November 2001: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - Homebrewing typically refers to the Brewing of Beer and similar Alcoholic beverages (and sometimes soft drinks on a very small scale as a Hobby Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea This bill had a single sponsor and did not make it out of the committee. Despite the illegal status, home distillation is growing in popularity in the U. S. with ready availability of instructions, materials and support. As early as prohibition, there have been stories of moonshiners using their product as a powerful fuel in their automobiles, usually when evading law-enforcement agencies while delivering their illegal product. In the United States, the term Prohibition refers to the period from 1920 to 1933 during which the sale manufacture and transportation of alcohol for consumption The sport of "stock car" racing got its start when moonshiners would modify their automobiles to outrun federal government revenue agents. Stock car racing is a form of Automobile racing found mainly in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Great Britain The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of Stock cars in the United States. The Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives (abbreviated ATF) is a specialized federal law enforcement and regulatory organization within the United ^[20] Junior Johnson, one of the early stock car racers in the mountains of North Carolina who was associated with running moonshine, has even "gone legitimate" by marketing a legally produced grain alcohol moonshine, which is made by the only legal liquor distiller in the state. ^[21] Stokesdale, a town not far from where the distillery is located, has a moonshine still on its official town seal to reflect the corn liquor's history in the town's past.

Moonshine in popular culture

Literature

• In Patrick Dennis' fictional biography First Lady, the early years revolve around a moonshine called "Lohocla" (alcohol spelled backwards) produced by the father of protagonist Martha Dinwiddie Butterfield. Patrick Dennis ( May 18, 1921 – November 6, 1976) was an American Author. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon As time passes in the story the concoction is less prominent, until the time of World War II, when the now-aged Martha Dinwiddie Butterfield donates her father's original formula for Lohocla to the United States government, which uses it in the atomic bombs dropped on Japan. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

Movies

• In the movie Stalag 17, featuring William Holden as prisoner of war Sgt. This article is about the film of this title For the punk band see Stalag 17 (band. William Holden ( April 17, 1918 &ndash November 12, 1981) was an Academy Award -winning American film Actor Sefton, Sefton's still is one of his more "profitable" ventures. Of its product, made from potato peels and a few strings from Red Cross packages, he says the house "only guarantees you won't go blind. "

• The 1958 movie Thunder Road starred Robert Mitchum as a moonshine runner who takes risks driving his family's product through the hills of Tennessee for delivery in Memphis. Thunder Road is the title of a 1958 movie about running Moonshine in the mountains of Kentucky and Tennessee in the early 1950s Robert Charles Durman Mitchum ( August 6, 1917 &ndash July 1, 1997) was an Academy Award nominated American film Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County.

• In The Great Escape (1963), Hilts (Steve McQueen), Hendley (James Garner) and Goff (Jud Taylor) brew moonshine from potatoes to help celebrate the Fourth of July. The Great Escape is a popular 1963 War film about the 250 Allied prisoners of war escaping from a German POW camp The year 1963 in film involved some significant events Events January 28 - Filming begins on Dr Terrence Steven "Steve" McQueen (March 24 1930 – November 7 1980 was an American movie Actor, nicknamed "The King of Cool" James Garner (born April 7 1928 is an American Film and Emmy -award winning Television Actor. Judson Taylor ( February 25 1940  &ndash August 6 2008) was an American Actor, Television director An Independence Day is an annual celebration commemorating the Anniversary of a Nation 's assumption of independent Statehood, usually after ceasing The product is so strong, upon tasting it, they can only comment "Wow!" very hoarsely.

• The TV series The Dukes of Hazzard (and the 2005 feature film), in which various members of the Duke family are involved in the production and distribution of moonshine. The Dukes of Hazzard is an American Television series that originally aired on the CBS television network from 1979 to 1985.

Music

• Moonshine appears in a number of artists' songs, like Bob Dylan, James Taylor, John Denver, Steve Earle, Jimmy Buffett and Hank Williams Jr.. Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major James Vernon Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American Singer-songwriter and Guitarist, born in Boston, Massachusetts John Denver (December 31 1943 &ndash October 12 1997 born Henry John Deutschendorf Jr Stephen 'Steve' Fain Earle (ɝl is an American Singer-songwriter, well known for his rock and Country music, as well as his political views James William "Jimmy" Buffett (born December 25 1946) is a Singer, Songwriter, Author, Businessman, and recently Hank Williams Jr, (born Randall Hank Williams, May 26, 1949) is an American country Singer-songwriter and Musician Dolly Parton sang a song called "Daddy's Moonshine Still". Dolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is an American Country music Singer / Songwriter, Author, actress American country-roots singer/songwriter Gillian Welch released a moonshiner's dying lament, "Tear My Stillhouse Down". Gillian Welch (born October 2, 1967 in New York City) is a Singer-songwriter whose musical style combines elements of bluegrass,

• George Jones' 1959 chart-topping song "White Lightning" tells the story of a North Carolina moonshiner. George Glenn Jones (born September 12, 1931 in Saratoga Texas) is an award-winning American Country music singer known for his long list of "Well in North Carolina, way back in the hills, lived my ol' pappy and he had him a still. He brewed white lightning 'til the sun went down. Then, he'd fill him a jug and he'd pass it around. Mighty mighty pleasin', pappy's corn squeezin'. "

• Robert Mitchum recorded a song in 1958 titled "The Ballad of Thunder Road," in which a moonshiner and his son run the stuff in a truck and the "revenooers" never catch him. Robert Charles Durman Mitchum ( August 6, 1917 &ndash July 1, 1997) was an Academy Award nominated American film At the end the son goes too fast--"He left the road at ninety," says one line. The last line of the chorus goes, "The Law they never got him 'cause the Devil got him first!"

Television

• Granny from the 1960s television series The Beverly Hillbillies runs a moonshine still by the Clampett family swimming pool (also referred to as the "cement pond") and refers to the product as rheumatism medicine and as an ingredient in her "spring tonic" and claims to drink only a thimbleful at a time. The Beverly Hillbillies is an American Television series about a Hillbilly family transplanted to Beverly Hills California after finding Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the Heart, Bones Joints Kidney, Skin Several subplots of the show's episodes focused on a humorous situation involving Granny's liquor. Every cast member of The Beverly Hillbillies was seen drinking moonshine at one point in time during the show's history. It was also used occasionally to power the family truck, though Uncle Jed felt it was hard on the engine.

• The Waltons featured the elderly spinster Baldwin sisters, who, in memory of their dear departed father, keep alive the knowledge of "The Recipe. The Waltons is an American Television series created by Earl Hamner Jr " Unbenownst to them, their father was a bootlegger, and the concoction they lovingly produce from "The Recipe" is in fact moonshine whiskey.

• In the television series M*A*S*H, the characters Hawkeye Pierce and Trapper John McIntyre, later replaced by B. J. Hunnicutt, made moonshine (which they usually referred to as gin) in a make-shift distillery in their tent. M*A*S*H was a Medical drama / Black comedy produced by 20th Television Fox for CBS. Captain Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce is a Fictional character and lead protagonist in the M*A*S*H novels, film, and For the Scottish radiologist see John Macintyre. For the American actor see John McIntire. Captain BJ Hunnicutt, played by Mike Farrell, is a fictional character in the TV show M*A*S*H, which ran from 1972-1983 on CBS. Gin is a spirit flavoured with Juniper berries. Distilled gin is made by redistilling white grain spirit which has been flavoured with juniper Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture

• In the Sanford episode "In the Still of the Night", Calvin (Dennis Burkley) sets up a still in Fred Sanford's kitchen, which he uses to make his special home brew. Sanford was a short-lived American Situation comedy, which was the revival of the 1972 - 1977 sitcom Sanford is outraged until he has a taste of the liquor, then becomes opportunisitc and gains keen ambitions to sell the formula to a big time distiller for a huge sum of money. Unfortunately his plans and dreams fall through once it becomes revealed that the moonshine liquor causes temporary baldness.

• In World Wrestling Entertainment, on WWE Raw, The Rock (Dwayne Johnson) accused Jonathan Coachman of liking to drink Moonshine and do funny things with the livestock on his ranch in Kansas. World Wrestling Entertainment Inc ( WWE) is a publicly traded privately controlled integrated media (focusing in Television, Internet, This article is about the television program You may be looking for the 1994 video game or the 2002 video game WWE Raw is Jonathan William Coachman After this he would have an on-screen role as the "lackey" to then General Manager of Raw Eric Bischoff. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American "

• In an episode of The Simpsons, Homer is pondering alone on a hill near the SPRINGFIELD sign when Chief Wiggum comes by and states "nothing like moonshine from your own still", and then, surprised upon seeing Homer, throws the jug he is holding only to have it burst into flames. Chief Clancy Wiggum is a Fictional character from the animated television series The Simpsons, voiced by Hank Azaria.

Miscellaneous

• Rockstar Games', Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City storyline involves a contraband liquid aptly named "Boomshine" which is used in the game, not only as a strong alcoholic drink, but a powerful explosive. Rockstar Games, (also known as Rockstar NYC) is a British -founded development division of Video game publisher Take-Two Interactive Grand Theft Auto Vice City Stories is a sandbox-style action-adventure Video game developed by Rockstar Leeds in association with Grand Theft Auto Vice City is a sandbox-style action-adventure computer and Video game designed by Rockstar North (formerly

• Moonshine is often portrayed in the media in a clay jug marked only with XXX. Supposedly, the moonshiner would inscribe a single X on the jug each time the mixture passed through a still. This image of a jug or bottle marked XXX is used in comic strips and cartoons to depict an intoxicating beverage. For example, Drinky Crow is often shown drinking from one of these stereotypical jugs. Maakies is a syndicated weekly Comic strip by Tony Millionaire.

• Moonshine runners, on the weekends, used to race against each other on tracks and this was the beginning of NASCAR. The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of Stock cars in the United States.

• An old Appalachian proverb explains the prevalence of whiskey/bourbon/moonshine distillation in the region, describing the proclivities of the early settlers: "Where the English went, they built a house; where the Germans went, they built a barn; where the Scots-Irish went, they built a whiskey still. Scotch-Irish (the historically common term in North America) or Scots-Irish refers to inhabitants of the United States and by some of Canada "

See also

• Moonrakers

References

External links

• North Carolina Moonshine - Historical information, images, music, and film excerpts
• Moonshine news page - Alcohol and Drugs History Society
• Home Distilling at the Open Directory Project
• Georgia Moonshine - History and folk traditions in Georgia, USA
• "Moonshine!" History, current trends, and how-to by Matthew Rowley (2007) ISBN 978-1579906481

The Alcohol and Drugs History Society is a scholarly organization whose members study the history of a variety of illegal regulated and unregulated Drugs such as Opium The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory

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