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A monthon (English circle, Thai: มณฑล) was a country subdivision of Thailand in the beginning of the 20th century. Thai (th ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration:; pʰāːsǎːtʰāj is the national and Country subdivision refers to the division of a Country 's territory for the sake of its administration, description or other such purpose The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The twentieth century of the Common Era began on They were created as a part of the thesaphiban (เทศาภิบาล - literally translates to control over territory) administrative system, introduced by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. HRH Prince Damrong Rajanubhab ( Thai including his full title สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมพระยา ดำรงราชานุภาพ Together with the monthon also the still existing provinces (changwat), districts (amphoe) and communes (tambon) were established step by step nationwide. Thailand is divided into 75 Provinces (จังหวัด changwat, singular and plural which are geographically grouped into 6 regions An amphoe (sometimes also amphur, อำเภอ am-pʰəː is the second level administrative subdivision of Thailand. Tambon (ตำบล is a local government unit in Thailand. Below District ( Amphoe) and Province ( Changwat Each monthon was led by a royal commissioner also called thesaphiban. The system was officially adopted by the 1897 Local Administration Act, after some monthon were established before and the details of administration were tried out. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common It however took till around 1910 that the system was implemented in the whole country. The main reason for the slow implementation was the lack of suitable educated officials, but also the resistance of the traditional local leaders.

Before the thesaphiban reforms, the country consisted of partially independent cities named Mueang, some directly subordinate of the capital, some subordinate of larger Mueang or of one of the tributary kingdoms. Before the reforms the governors lived from taxes they collected in their area and inherited the governor post within their family. These were converted into a normal official post, paid by the central government, and the Mueang developed into provinces. The term changwat for the provinces was first used in 1907 for the provinces in Monthon Pattani, and in 1916 it became in general use.

In 1915 there were 19 monthon containing 72 provinces, however due to economic problems several monthon were merged in 1925, monthon Phetchabun was already dissolved in 1915. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Only 14 monthon remained: Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Sawan, Pattani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nakhon Ratchasima, Prachinburi, Phayap, Phitsanulok, Phuket, Ratchaburi, Ayutthaya, Udon Thani and Krung Thep (Bangkok). In 1932 another four were abolished - Pattani, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Chaisi and Chanthaburi. Finally in 1933 the whole monthon system was abolished with the Provincial Administration Act B. E. 2476, part of the changes made after the coup d'etat which changed the absolute monarchy to a democracy. The Siamese coup d'état on June 24 1932 marked the bloodless transition from Absolute monarchy to Constitutional monarchy in Thailand Since then the 70 provinces were the second level administrative division.

Contents

List of monthons

North

Map of Thailand 1915

North-East

South

Central

East

Boriwen

The larger monthon Phayap, Udon Thani and Isan had an additional administrative level between monthon and provincial administration. Three to five boriwen (บริเวณ), each administrated by a commissioner (khaluang boriwen, ข้าหลวงบริเวณ). Boriwen (บริเวณ were subdivisions of three of the larger Thai Monthon, they were above the Changwat (province level

References

See also

Thailand is divided into 75 provinces (จังหวัด Changwat) and the metropolitan Municipality Bangkok (กรุงเทพมหานคร
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