Црна Гора Crna Gora Montenegro
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro "Oh, Bright Dawn of May"
Location of  Montenegro  (orange) on the European continent  (white)  —  [Legend]
Capital (and largest city)		Podgorica1 42°47′N, 19°28′E
Official languages		Montenegrin2 Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian
Demonym		Montenegrin
Government		Semi-presidential republic
-	President	Filip Vujanović
-	Prime Minister	Milo Đukanović
Foundation
-	Cetinje founded	1484
-	Annexed by Ottoman Empire	1499
-	Independence recognized	1878
-	Unification with Serbia	1918
-	Independence from Serbia and Montenegro	2006
Area
-	Total	13,812 km² (160th) 5,019 sq mi
-	Water (%)	1. List of flags of Montenegro The Flag of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Застава Црне Горе / Zastava Crne Gore was officially adopted with the Law on the state symbols The Coat of arms of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Грб Црне Горе Grb Crne Gore was officially adopted by the law passed in the Parliament on 13 July A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Oj svijetla majska zoro (Ој свијетла мајска зоро ("Oh Bright Dawn of May" is the official state Anthem of Montenegro. Demographics of Montenegro (based on the 2003 census The 2003 census was undertaken by Montenegro, which together with Serbia, constituted Podgorica ( Montenegrin / Serbian: Подгорица Podgorica ˈpɔdgɔˌriʦa is the Capital and largest city of Montenegro An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Montenegrin language ( Cyrillic script: Црногорски језик, Latin: Crnogorski jezik) is the name given to the Ijekavian- Shtokavian Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The President of Montenegro ( Serbian: Предсједник Црне Горе Predsjednik Crne Gore) is the head of state of the Republic Filip Vujanović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Вујановић (born September 1, 1954 in Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia Prime Minister of Montenegro, full title Predsjednik Vlade Republike Crne Gore ( President of the Government of the Republic of Montenegro) is the leader of the Milo Đukanović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Мило Ђукановић (born 15 February, 1962) is the Prime Minister of Montenegro. Cetinje ( Montenegrin: Цетиње Cetinje, Serbian: Цетиње Cetinje, Croatian: Cetinje, Bosnian: The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish See also Berlin Conference (1884-85 re Africa and Berlin Conference of 1954 (Cold War Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions  Areas between 10000 km² and 100000 km² are listed here This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 5
Population
-	July 2007 estimate	684,736[1] (162nd)
-	2003 census	620,145
-	Density	50/km² (121st) 115. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² 6/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2005/2006 estimate
-	Total	$3. The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 443 billion
-	Per capita	$3,800
GDP (nominal)		2006 estimate
-	Total	$2. Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' 27 billion
HDI (2004)		0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 788[2] (medium) (72nd)
Currency		Euro3 (EUR)
Time zone		CET (UTC+1)
-	Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Internet TLD		.me (.yu)4
Calling code		+382
1 The traditional old capital of Montenegro is Cetinje. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Cetinje ( Montenegrin: Цетиње Cetinje, Serbian: Цетиње Cetinje, Croatian: Cetinje, Bosnian: 2 considered commonly as the Ijekavian dialect of the Serbian language. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, 3 Adopted unilaterally; Montenegro is not a formal member of the Eurozone. Euro Enlargement of the 4 .me became active in September 2007. Suffix .yu will exist until September 2009.

Montenegro (Montenegrin/Serbian: Црна Гора, Crna Gora (pronounced [ˈt͡sr̩naː ˈɡɔra], listen (help·info)), Albanian: Mali i Zi ([ˈmali ˈi ˈzi])) is a country located in Southeastern Europe. Montenegrin language ( Cyrillic script: Црногорски језик, Latin: Crnogorski jezik) is the name given to the Ijekavian- Shtokavian Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south and borders Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the southeast. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the Prijestonica/Prestonica (meaning the old royal capital or former seat of the throne). Podgorica ( Montenegrin / Serbian: Подгорица Podgorica ˈpɔdgɔˌriʦa is the Capital and largest city of Montenegro Cetinje ( Montenegrin: Цетиње Cetinje, Serbian: Цетиње Cetinje, Croatian: Cetinje, Bosnian:

A Serbian principality^[3] in the Late Middle Ages, its independence from the Ottoman Empire was formally recognized in 1878. The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish From 1918, Montenegro became a part of various incarnations of Yugoslavia. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Based on the results of the referendum held on May 21, 2006, Montenegro declared independence on June 3, 2006 making it the newest fully recognized country in the world. The Montenegrin independence referendum was a refe­rendum on the independence of the Republic of Montenegro from the State Union of Serbia Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. On June 28, 2006, it became the 192nd member state^[4] of the United Nations, and on May 11, 2007, the 47th member state of the Council of Europe. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 ^[5]

Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 21st century independence 3 Geography 4 Government and politics 4.1 Government 4.2 President 4.3 Parliament 4.4 Symbols 5 Municipalities 6 Economy 7 Demographics 8 Culture 8.1 Education 8.2 Sports 9 In popular culture 10 Montenegrin holidays 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links

Name

Montenegro's native name, Crna Gora, is mentioned for the first time in 1296 by Serbian King Stefan Uroš I in his edicts to the Serbian Orthodox Zeta Episcopate seat at the Vranjina island in Lake Skadar. Stefan Uroš I ( Стефан Урош I) (d May 1 1277) was king of Serbia from 1243 to 1276 succeeding his brother Stefan The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the The Metropolitanate of Montenegro is the largest diocese of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro. Lake Scutari, also called Lake Skadar ( Albanian: Liqeni i Shkodrës, Serbian: Скадарско језеро / Skadarsko jezero ^[6] The origin of the term lies in the Slavic reference to excessively mountainous regions, often emerging in the medieval Serbian realm. Тhe medieval history of Serbia begins in the 5th century AD with the arrival of the Slavs in the Balkans and ends with the occupation of Serbia by the Ottoman Empire in 1459 Mentioned afterwards in most House of Nemanjić's edicts and in subsequent Venetian sources in the 13th and 14th centuries, signifying the area of the Upper Zeta, the name stabilized itself for a Principality in the second half of the 15th century under Lord Ivan Crnojević, mostly confounding erroneously the term with the dynasty's name, which both have similar roots. The House of Nemanjić ( Serbian: Немањићи Nemanjići; Anglicised: Nemanyid; German: Nemanjiden) was a medieval The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica Zeta (Serbian Cyrillic Зета, Latin Zenta) was a principality whose territory was mostly Serbian territories that approximately encompass present-day Ivan Crnojević - Ivo ( Serbian Cyrillic: Иван Црноjeвић - Иво Ivan the Black Giovanni Cernovichio Ivan-bey was the medieval ruler of Zeta The region itself became remembered as Old Montenegro (Стара Црна Гора/Stara Crna Gora) as by the 19th century the The Highlands were added to the state, and Montenegro further increased its size several times by the 20th century during wars against the Ottomans, expanding its name to and annexing Old Herzegovina and parts of Old Serbia, most notably Metohija and southern Rashka. Old Montenegro ( Serbian: Стара Црна Гора is a geo-historical part of Montenegro, considering the area of the first Montenegrin state Old Herzegovina (or East Herzegovina) is a historical region in Montenegro. Old Serbia (Stara Srbija Стара Србија is a modern name for the territory which was the core of medieval Serbia. Metohija (Rrafshi i Dukagjinit Serbian: sr-Cyrl Метохија transliterated sr-Latn ''Metohija'' or infrequently sr-Latn ''Metohia'' is a large Sandžak ( Serbian: Санџак Sandžak or Рашка Raška; Bosnian: Sandžak; Albanian: Sanxhak or The state changed little to modern day reference, losing Metohija (western Kosovo) and gaining the Bay of Kotor. History The nearby hamlet of Risan was a thriving Illyrian city called Rhizon as early as 229 BC and gave its name to the bay then known as Rhizonicus The name of the region gave the name to its people, the Montenegrins (Црногорци/Crnogorci). Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro

The country's name in most Western European languages, including English, reflects an adoption of the Venetian term monte negro, meaning "black mountain", which probably dates back to the era of Venetian hegemony over the area in the Middle Ages. Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social Other languages, particularly nearby ones, use their own direct translation of the term "black mountain" (e. g. Albanian: Mali i Zi, Bulgarian: Черна гора, Cherna gora, Czech: Černá Hora, Greek: Μαυροβούνιο, Mavrovoúnio, Polish: Czarnogóra, Romanian: Muntenegru, Slovenian: Črna Gora, Slovak: Čierna hora, and Turkish: Karadağ). Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Names from further afield include Russian: Черногория, Chernogoriya, Icelandic: Svartfjallaland and Chinese: 黑山 (pinyin: "hēishān"^[7])

The ISO Alpha-2 code for Montenegro is ME and the Alpha-3 Code is MNE. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter Country codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard to represent countries and dependent territories. ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes are three-letter Country codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard to represent countries and dependent territories. ^[8]

History

Main article: History of Montenegro

The first recorded settlers of present-day Montenegro were Illyrians, the Docleata. The History of Montenegro begins in the early Middle Ages, into the former Roman province of Dalmatia that forms present-day Montenegro. Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly In 9 AD the Romans conquered the region of present-day Montenegro. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Slavs massively colonized the area in the 5th and 6th centuries, forming a semi-independent principality, Doclea, that was involved in Balkan medieval politics with ties to Rascia and Byzantium and to a lesser extent Bulgaria, becoming a monarchy in 1077. Doclea can refer to Doclea (city, ancient Illyrian and Roman city Duklja, medieval Slavic principality Raška ( alternative spellings have included Raschka, Rascia and Rassa) was the central and most successful Medieval Serbian This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or By the end of the 12th century, fully incorporated into a Serbian realm, the newly acquired land, then called Zeta, was governed by the Serbian Nemanjic dynasty. One of the first Serbian states Raška, was founded in the first half of the 7th century on Byzantine territory by the Unknown The House of Nemanjić ( Serbian: Немањићи Nemanjići; Anglicised: Nemanyid; German: Nemanjiden) was a medieval After the Serbian Empire collapsed in the second half of the 14th century, another family came to prominence by expanding their power in the region, the Balšićs. The Serbian Empire ( Serbian: Српско Царство Srpsko Carstvo) was a medieval empire in the Balkans that emerged from the medieval The House of Balšić was a medieval Serbian dynasty that ruled Zeta. In 1421 it was annexed to the Serbian Despotate, but after 1455 another noble family from Zeta, the Crnojevićs, ruled the Principality of Montenegro that until the end of the 15th century became the last free monarchy of the Balkans, finally falling to the Ottomans in 1499, who annexed it to the sanjak of Skadar. The Serbian Despotate ( Serbian: Српска деспотовина or Srpska despotovina) was among the last Serbian states to be conquered by the The House of Crnojević was a dynasty ruling in the Medieval Serbian state of Zeta, first struggling with House of Balša for control over Zeta Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants sinjaq sanjaq) are the most common English transcriptions of the Turkish word sancak Shkodër (Shkodër or Shkodra is a city located on Lake Shkodër in northwestern Albania in the District For a short time Montenegro existed as a separate autonomous sanjak in 1514–1528, another version of which existed again some time between 1597 and 1614.

In the 16th century Montenegro developed a form of special and unique autonomy within the Ottoman Empire; the local Serb clans were free of many bonds. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The following is an overview of Serb clans, a general term referring to what are known as plemena (племена and bratstva (братства in Serbian Nevertheless the Montenegrins refused to accept Ottoman reign and in the 17th century raised numerous rebellions, culminating with the Ottoman defeat in the Great Turkish War at the end of that century. The Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers then joined into a Holy League Montenegro became a theocracy led by the Serbian Orthodox Metropolitans, flourishing since the Petrović-Njegoš became the traditional Prince-Bishops. Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the The Metropolitanate of Montenegro is the largest diocese of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro. The House of Petrović -Njegoš ( ( Serbian Cyrillic: Петровић-Његош is a Royal House of Montenegro. The Venetian Republic introduced governors that meddled in Montenegrin politics; when the republic was succeeded by the Austrian Empire in 1797, the governors were abolished by Prince-Bishop Petar II in 1832. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Petar II Petrović-Njegoš ( Serbian Cyrillic: Петар II Петровић-Његош was a Serb Orthodox Prince-Bishop ( Serbian: Владика His predecessor Petar I contributed to the unification of Montenegro with the Highlands. Petar I Petrović Njegoš (St Peter of Cetinje) (1747-1830 ( Serbian Cyrillic: Петар I Петровић Његош Свети Петар Цетињски The following is an overview of Serb clans, a general term referring to what are known as plemena (племена and bratstva (братства in Serbian

Under Nicholas I, the Principality of Montenegro vastly advanced and enlarged several times in the Serbo-Turkish Wars and achieved recognition of independence in 1878. Nikola I Mirkov Petrović-Njegoš ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљ Никола I Мирков Петровић-Његош ( – March 1, 1921) was the The Principality or Princedom of Montenegro was a principality in Southeastern Europe. Modernization of the state followed, culminating with the draft of a Constitution in 1905. Political rifts for the first time emerged between the reigning People's Party that supported democratization of the ruler's autocratic regime and unconditional union with Serbia and the minor pro-monarch True People's Party. The People's Party ( Montenegrin: Народна странка НС Narodna Stranka NS) is an opposition Populist Political party in The True People's Party ( Serbian: Права народна странка Prava narodna stranka) was a political party in Montenegro. In 1910 Montenegro became a Kingdom. The Kingdom of Montenegro ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Црнa Горa or Kraljevina Crna Gora) was a kingdom in southeastern Europe It initiated the Balkan wars in 1912 and 1913 in which the Ottomans lost all lands in the Balkans, achieving a common border with Serbia, but the Skadar was awarded to a newly created Albania. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece Shkodër (Shkodër or Shkodra is a city located on Lake Shkodër in northwestern Albania in the District This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. In World War I in 1914 Montenegro sided with Serbia against the Central Powers, suffering a full scale defeat to Austria-Hungary in early 1916. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak In 1918 the Serbian Army liberated Montenegro, which elected a union with the Kingdom of Serbia. The Kingdom of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Србија Serbian Latinica Kraljevina Srbija) was created when Prince Milan Obrenović ruler

In 1922 the former ally of Montenegro was formally reduced to the status of the Zeta Area of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and in 1929 it became a part of a larger Zeta Banate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The Zeta Banovina or Zeta Banate ( Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian: Зетска бановина/ Zetska banovina) was a province ( The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija In World War II Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis forces in 1941, who established a puppet Independent State of Montenegro, liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans in 1944. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Montenegro existed as a puppet Protectorate of Fascist Italy, as a component of the Italian Empire ( 1941 - 1943. The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans, ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani Montenegro became a constituent republic of the communist Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), its capital renamed to Titograd in honor of Partisan leader and SFRY president Josip "Tito" Broz. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Podgorica ( Montenegrin / Serbian: Подгорица Podgorica ˈpɔdgɔˌriʦa is the Capital and largest city of Montenegro More and more autonomy was established, until the Socialist Republic of Montenegro ratified a new constitution 1974 (however, this RFM remained a constituent republic of the SFRY). Socialist Republic of Montenegro ( Serbo-Croat: Socijalistička republika Crna Gora, Социјалистичка република Црна Гора or SR Montenegro

After the dissolution of the SFRY in 1992, Montenegro remained part of a smaller Federal Republic of Yugoslavia along with Serbia. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state

In the referendum on remaining in Yugoslavia in 1992, 95. The Montenegrin independence referendum of 1992 was the first independence Referendum for Montenegrin independence 96% of the votes were cast for remaining in the federation with Serbia, although the turnout was at 66% because of a boycott by the Muslim, Albanian and Catholic minorities as well as the pro-independence Montenegrins. A boycott is a form of Consumer activism involving the act of voluntarily abstaining from using buying or dealing with someone or some other organization as an expression of The opposition claimed that the poll was organised under anti-democratic conditions, during wartime in the former Yugoslavia, with widespread propaganda from the state-controlled media in favour of a pro-federation vote. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system There is no impartial report on the fairness of the referendum, as the 1992 referendum was totally unmonitored, unlike the 2006 vote, which has been closely monitored by the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

During the 1991–1995 Bosnian War and Croatian War, Montenegro participated with its police and paramilitary forces in the attacks on Dubrovnik and Bosnian towns along with Serbian troops. The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995 The Croatian War of Independence was a War in Croatia from 1991 to 1995 Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; It conducted persecutions against Bosnian refugees who were arrested by Montenegrin police and transported to Serb camps in Foča, where they were executed. ^[9]

In 1996, Milo Đukanović's government severed ties between Montenegro and the Serbian regime, which was then under Milošević. Milo Đukanović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Мило Ђукановић (born 15 February, 1962) is the Prime Minister of Montenegro. Montenegro formed its own economic policy and adopted the German Deutsche Mark as its currency. Economic policy refers to the actions that Governments take in the economic field. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It has since adopted the Euro, though it is not formally part of the Eurozone currency union. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e Euro Enlargement of the In economics a monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency (also known as a unitary or common currency Subsequent governments of Montenegro carried out pro-independence policies, originally restored by the Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, and political tensions with Serbia simmered despite the political changes in Belgrade. The Liberal Alliance of Montenegro ( Serbian: Либерални Савез Црне Горе - ЛСЦГ Liberalni Savez Crne Gore - LSCG) was a Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Despite its pro-independence leanings, targets in Montenegro were bombed by NATO forces during Operation Allied Force in 1999, although the extent of these attacs was very limited in both time and the area affected. The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (code-named Operation Allied Force) was NATO 's military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that ^[10]

In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement regarding continued cooperation and entered into negotiations regarding the future status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state In 2003, the Yugoslav federation was replaced in favor of a looser state union named Serbia and Montenegro and a possible referendum on Montenegrin independence was postponed for a minimum of three years. The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated

21st century independence

The status of the union between Montenegro and Serbia was decided by the referendum on Montenegrin independence on May 21, 2006. Pobjeda ( Montenegrin Cyrillic: Пoбjeдa English: Victory) ( MNSE: NIPO is a Montenegrin Newspaper. The Montenegrin independence referendum was a refe­rendum on the independence of the Republic of Montenegro from the State Union of Serbia Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A total of 419,240 votes were cast, representing 86. 5% of the total electorate. 230,661 votes or 55. 5% were for independence and 185,002 votes or 44. 5% were against. ^[11] The 45,659 difference narrowly surpassed the 55% threshold needed to validate the referendum under the rules set by the European Union. According to the electoral commission, the 55% threshold was passed by only 2,300 votes. Serbia, the member-states of the European Union, and the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have all recognized Montenegro's independence.

The 2006 referendum was monitored by five international observer missions, headed by an OSCE/ODIHR monitoring team, and around 3,000 observers in total (including domestic observers from CEMI, CEDEM and other organizations). The OSCE/ODIHR ROM joined efforts with the observers of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE PA), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe (CLRAE) and the European Parliament (EP) to form an International Referendum Observation Mission (IROM). The IROM—in its preliminary report—"assessed compliance of the referendum process with OSCE commitments, Council of Europe commitments, other international standards for democratic electoral processes, and domestic legislation. " Furthermore, the report assessed that the competitive pre-referendum environment was marked by an active and generally peaceful campaign and that "there were no reports of restrictions on fundamental civil and political rights. "

On June 3, 2006, the Parliament of Montenegro declared the independence of Montenegro,^[12] formally confirming the result of the referendum on independence. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Serbia did not obstruct the ruling, confirming its own independence and declaring the union of Serbia and Montenegro ended shortly thereafter.

On September 6, 2007 an advisor of the Prime Minister of Serbia called Montenegro a 'quasi-state'^[13]. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Montenegro gave a protest list to the Serbian Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia, Božidar Đelić, has apologised for this. Božidar "Boža" Đelić (Божидар Ђелић (born April 1, 1965 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, now Serbia) is a ^[14]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Montenegro

Internationally, Montenegro borders Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, the disputed territory Kosovo, and Albania. History The nearby hamlet of Risan was a thriving Illyrian city called Rhizon as early as 229 BC and gave its name to the bay then known as Rhizonicus Morača ( Serbian Cyrillic: Морача is a river in Montenegro. The Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Crna Gora, Црна Гора meaning "black mountain" is a small mountainous state in south-west Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Historically, its territory was divided into "nahije".

Some of the biggest cities and towns in Montenegro are:

• Podgorica (capital; 136,473 inhabitants)
• Nikšić (58,212)
• Pljevlja (21,377)
• Bijelo Polje (15,883)
• Cetinje (The former royal capital and the seat of the throne; 15,137)
• Bar (13,719)
• Herceg Novi (12,739)
• Berane (11,776)

See also: List of cities in Montenegro

Montenegro ranges from high peaks along its borders with Serbia and Albania, a segment of the Karst of the western Balkan Peninsula, to a narrow coastal plain that is only one to four miles (6 km) wide. Podgorica ( Montenegrin / Serbian: Подгорица Podgorica ˈpɔdgɔˌriʦa is the Capital and largest city of Montenegro Nikšić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Никшић is a city in Montenegro ( Pljevlja ( Serbian Cyrillic: Пљевља is a city and Municipality located in the northern part of Montenegro, in the geographical area (43 Bijelo Polje ( Serbian Cyrillic: Бијело Поље is a town in northern Montenegro. Cetinje ( Montenegrin: Цетиње Cetinje, Serbian: Цетиње Cetinje, Croatian: Cetinje, Bosnian: Bar ( Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Бар Italian: Antivari, Albanian: Tivari, Greek: Θηβάριον Herceg Novi ( Херцег Нови; Castelnuovo) is a coastal town in Montenegro located at the entrance to the Bay of Kotor and at the Berane ( Serbian Cyrillic: Беране is a town in north-eastern Montenegro. This is a list of cities in Montenegro. For a list of municipalities see Internal structure of Montenegro; for a category see:CategoryCities towns and villages Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. KRAS is a gene encoding the KRas Proto-oncogene. Like other members of the Ras gene family the KRAS protein is a GTPase and is an early player in many In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat The plain stops abruptly in the north, where Mount Lovćen and Mount Orjen plunge abruptly into the inlet of the Bay of Kotor. Lovćen (Ловћен is a mountain and National park in southwestern Montenegro. Orjen ( Serbian Cyrilic: Орјен is a Dinaric Mediterranean Limestone Mountain range in Montenegro - History The nearby hamlet of Risan was a thriving Illyrian city called Rhizon as early as 229 BC and gave its name to the bay then known as Rhizonicus

Montenegro's large Karst region lies generally at elevations of 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) above sea level; some parts, however, rise to 2,000 metres (6,560 ft), such as Mount Orjen (1,894 m/6,214 ft), the highest massif among the coastal limestone ranges. Orjen ( Serbian Cyrilic: Орјен is a Dinaric Mediterranean Limestone Mountain range in Montenegro - The Zeta River valley, at an elevation of 500 meters (1,640 ft), is the lowest segment. Zeta ( Serbian Cyrillic: Зета) is a river in Montenegro. It starts near Nikšić, under the Planinica hill flows eastwards for

The mountains of Montenegro include some of the most rugged terrain in Europe. They average more than 2,000 metres (6,560 ft) in elevation. One of the country's notable peaks is Bobotov Kuk in the Durmitor mountains, which reaches a height of 2,522 metres (8,274 ft). Bobotov Kuk ( Cyrilic: Боботов Кук is a peak in northen Montenegro. Durmitor is a mountain and the name of a National park in Montenegro. The Montenegrin mountain ranges were among the most ice-eroded parts of the Balkan Peninsula during the last glacial period.

• Longest beach: Velika Plaža, Ulcinj — 13,000 m (8 miles)
• Highest peak: Zla Kolata, Prokletije at 2,534 m
• Largest lake: Skadar Lake — 391 km² (151 sq mi) of surface area
• Deepest canyon: Tara River Canyon — 1,300 m (4,265 ft)
• Biggest bay: Bay of Kotor
• National parks: Durmitor — 390 km² (150 sq mi), Lovćen — 64 km² (25 sq mi), Biogradska Gora — 54 km² (21 sq mi), Lake Scutari — 400 km² (154 sq mi)
• UNESCO World Heritage sites: Durmitor and Tara River Canyon, old city of Kotor. Velika Plaža ( English: Long Beach Albanian: Plazha Madhe is a beach in Ulcinjin Montenegro. Ulcinj ( Montenegrin / Serbian Cyrillic: Улцињ Albanian: Ulqin or Ulqini, Italian: Dulcigno, Ülgün Lake Scutari, also called Lake Skadar ( Albanian: Liqeni i Shkodrës, Serbian: Скадарско језеро / Skadarsko jezero The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The Tara River ( Serbian / Montenegrin: Ријека Тара / Rijeka Tara Tr The Tara River Canyon ( Montenegrin: Kanjon Tare) also known as the Tara River Gorge, is the longest canyon in Montenegro and Europe Headlands and bays are two related features of the coastal environment History The nearby hamlet of Risan was a thriving Illyrian city called Rhizon as early as 229 BC and gave its name to the bay then known as Rhizonicus Durmitor is a mountain and the name of a National park in Montenegro. Lovćen (Ловћен is a mountain and National park in southwestern Montenegro. Biogradska Gora is a Forest and a National park in Montenegro within Kolašin municipality Lake Scutari, also called Lake Skadar ( Albanian: Liqeni i Shkodrës, Serbian: Скадарско језеро / Skadarsko jezero A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Durmitor is a mountain and the name of a National park in Montenegro. The Tara River Canyon ( Montenegrin: Kanjon Tare) also known as the Tara River Gorge, is the longest canyon in Montenegro and Europe Kotor ( Cyrillic script: Котор Acruvium Greek Askrèvion, Ασκρηβιον; Italian Cattaro is a coastal town in Montenegro

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Montenegro

See also: Foreign relations of Montenegro, Military of Montenegro

Montenegro is defined as a "Civic, democratic, ecological and state of social justice, based on the reign of Law". The Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Демократска Партија Социјалиста Црне Горе/ Demokratska Partija Socijalista Politics of Montenegro ( Serbian: Политика Црне Горе Tr In a referendum on May 21 2006 the people of Montenegro opted to leave the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. The Military of Montenegro is still in the process of being organized following Montenegrin independence in mid- 2006. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than It is an independent and sovereign Republic. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its It proclaimed its new Constitution on 22 October 2007. The current Constitution of Montenegro was ratified and adopted by the Constitutional Parliament of Montenegro on 19 October 2007 on an extraordinary Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Government

The current Government of the Republic of Montenegro (Vlada Republike Crne Gore) is composed of the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers as well as ministers. The Government of Montenegro ( Serbian: Влада Црне Горе Vlada Crne Gore) is the executive branch of state authority in Montenegro Milo Đukanović is the Prime Minister of Montenegro and head of the Government. Milo Đukanović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Мило Ђукановић (born 15 February, 1962) is the Prime Minister of Montenegro. Prime Minister of Montenegro, full title Predsjednik Vlade Republike Crne Gore ( President of the Government of the Republic of Montenegro) is the leader of the The ruling party in Montenegro ever since multi-party system was introduced is the controversial Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) (Demokratska Partija Socijalista Crna Gore), in coalition with the much smaller Social Democratic Party of Montenegro (SDP) (Socijaldemokratska Partija Crne Gore). The Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Демократска Партија Социјалиста Црне Горе/ Demokratska Partija Socijalista

President

The President of Montenegro is elected for a period of five years through direct elections. Filip Vujanović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Вујановић (born September 1, 1954 in Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia The President of Montenegro ( Serbian: Предсједник Црне Горе Predsjednik Crne Gore) is the head of state of the Republic According to the constitution, the President will represent the republic in the country and abroad, promulgate laws by ordinance, call elections for the Parliament, propose candidates for the Prime Minister, president and justices of the Constitutional Court to the Parliament, propose to the Parliament calling of a referendum, grant amnesty for criminal offences prescribed by the national law, confer decoration and awards, and perform all other duties in accordance with the Constitution. The Parliament of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Скупштина Црне Горе Skupština Crne Gore) is the Legislature of Montenegro. Prime Minister of Montenegro, full title Predsjednik Vlade Republike Crne Gore ( President of the Government of the Republic of Montenegro) is the leader of the A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita The President shall also be a member of the Supreme Defence Council.

Parliament

The Montenegrin Parliament (Skupština Republike Crne Gore) passes all laws in Montenegro, ratifies international treaties, appoints the Prime Minister, ministers, and justices of all courts, adopts the budget and performs other duties as established by the Constitution. The Parliament of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Скупштина Црне Горе Skupština Crne Gore) is the Legislature of Montenegro. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. The Parliament can pass a vote of no-confidence on the Government by a majority of the members. One representative is elected per 6,000 voters, which in turn results in a reduction of total number of representatives in the Parliament of Montenegro. The current president of the Parliament is Ranko Krivokapić. Ranko Krivokapić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ранко Кривокапић is the current Speaker of the Parliament of the Republic of Montenegro and the

The present Parliament convening 81 seats instead of previous number of 75 (parliamentary elections were on 10 September 2006 and were the first after the proclamation of independence. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The constituent Parliament session took place on 2 October 2006). Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Symbols

A new official flag of Montenegro was adopted on July 13, 2004, by the Montenegrin legislature. List of flags of Montenegro The Flag of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Застава Црне Горе / Zastava Crne Gore was officially adopted with the Law on the state symbols Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The new flag is based on the royal standard of King Nikola I of Montenegro. Nikola I Mirkov Petrović-Njegoš ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљ Никола I Мирков Петровић-Његош ( – March 1, 1921) was the This flag was all red with a gold border, a gold coat of arms, and the initials НІ in Cyrillic script (corresponding to NI in Latin script) representing King Nikola I. Nikola I Mirkov Petrović-Njegoš ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљ Никола I Мирков Петровић-Његош ( – March 1, 1921) was the These initials are omitted from the modern flag and replaced with a golden lion.

The national day of 13 July marks the date in 1878 when the Congress of Berlin recognised Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world and the start of one of the first popular uprisings in Europe against the Axis Powers on 13 July 1941 in Montenegro. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to See also Berlin Conference (1884-85 re Africa and Berlin Conference of 1954 (Cold War The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In 2004, the Montenegrin legislature selected a popular Montenegrin traditional song, Oh, Bright Dawn of May, as the national anthem. Oj svijetla majska zoro (Ој свијетла мајска зоро ("Oh Bright Dawn of May" is the official state Anthem of Montenegro. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Montenegro's official anthem during the reign of King Nikola was Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori (To our beautiful Montenegro). Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori ( Serbian Cyrillic: Убавој нам Црној Гори English: To Our Beautiful Montenegro was an Anthem of the The Montenegrin popular anthem has unofficially been Onamo, 'namo! since King Nikola I wrote it in the 1860s. Onamo 'namo ( Serbian: Онамо 'намо; in English: There over there) also known as the Serbian Marseillaise (Српска

Municipalities

Main article: Municipalities of Montenegro

Montenegro is divided into twenty-one municipalities (opština), and two urban municipalities, subdivisions of Podgorica municipality:

Andrijevica Bar Berane Bijelo Polje Budva Cetinje Danilovgrad Herceg Novi Kolašin Kotor Mojkovac Nikšić

Plav Plužine Pljevlja Podgorica Golubovci Tuzi Rožaje Šavnik Tivat Ulcinj Žabljak

Municipalities of Montenegro

Economy

Main article: Economy of Montenegro

During the era of communism Montenegro experienced a rapid period of urbanization and industrialization. ||||-|} Montenegro has 21 municipalities (Општина Opština) and two urban municipalities (градска општина gradska A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or Opština or Obshtina, Cyrillic општина or община may refer to Andrijevica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Андријевица is a town in north-eastern Montenegro. Bar ( Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Бар Italian: Antivari, Albanian: Tivari, Greek: Θηβάριον Berane ( Serbian Cyrillic: Беране is a town in north-eastern Montenegro. Bijelo Polje ( Serbian Cyrillic: Бијело Поље is a town in northern Montenegro. Budva ( Montenegrin language / Serbian language: Будва Budva Italian: Budua is a coastal town in Montenegro. Cetinje ( Montenegrin: Цетиње Cetinje, Serbian: Цетиње Cetinje, Croatian: Cetinje, Bosnian: Danilovgrad ( Serbian Cyrillic: Даниловград is a town in central Montenegro. Herceg Novi ( Херцег Нови; Castelnuovo) is a coastal town in Montenegro located at the entrance to the Bay of Kotor and at the Kolašin ( Serbian Cyrillic: Колашин is a town in northern Montenegro. Kotor ( Cyrillic script: Котор Acruvium Greek Askrèvion, Ασκρηβιον; Italian Cattaro is a coastal town in Montenegro Mojkovac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Мојковац is a town in northern Montenegro. Nikšić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Никшић is a city in Montenegro ( Plav ( Plavë or Plava) is a town in north-eastern Montenegro. Plužine ( Serbian Cyrillic: Плужине is a town in northwesten Montenegro. Pljevlja ( Serbian Cyrillic: Пљевља is a city and Municipality located in the northern part of Montenegro, in the geographical area (43 Podgorica ( Montenegrin / Serbian: Подгорица Podgorica ˈpɔdgɔˌriʦa is the Capital and largest city of Montenegro Demographics Montenegrins - 1807 Serbs - 885 Muslims - 10 Albanians - 15 No The Battle for Independence Tuzi is the site for the first Albanian uprising since the time of Gjergj Kastrioti - Skenderbeg in 1443 Rožaje ( Montenegrin Cyrillic: Рожаје is a town in northeastern Montenegro. Šavnik ( Serbian Cyrillic: Шавник is a small town in northern Montenegro. Tivat ( Serbian Cyrillic: Тиват Italian and Venetian: Teodo, Greek: Θειοδος Thiodhos) is a coastal town in Ulcinj ( Montenegrin / Serbian Cyrillic: Улцињ Albanian: Ulqin or Ulqini, Italian: Dulcigno, Ülgün See Žabljak Crnojevića for historical capital of Montenegro History As a relatively small principality and kingdom Montenegro made its first steps towards an industrial economy only at the turn of the 20th century Budva ( Montenegrin language / Serbian language: Будва Budva Italian: Budua is a coastal town in Montenegro. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based An industrial sector based on electricity generation, steel, aluminium, coal mining, forestry and wood processing, textiles and tobacco manufacture was built up, with trade, overseas shipping, and particularly tourism, increasingly important by the late 1980s. Steel Mill was one of Bruce Springsteen 's early bands and performed regularly on the Jersey Shore, in Virginia, and also in California from 1969 WikipediaNaming Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn.

The loss of previously guaranteed markets and suppliers after the breakup of Yugoslavia left the Montenegrin industrial sector reeling as production was suspended and the privatization program, begun in 1989, was interrupted. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The disintegration of the Yugoslav market, and the imposition of the UN sanctions in May 1992 were the causes of the greatest economic and financial crisis since World War II. During 1993, two thirds of the Montenegrin population lived below the poverty line, while frequent interruptions in relief supplies caused the health and environmental protection to drop below the minimum of international standards. The financial losses under the adverse effects of the UN sanctions on the overall economy of Montenegro are estimated to be approximately $6. 39 billion. This period also experienced the second highest hyperinflation in history (3 million percent in January 1994) (The highest hyperinflation happened in Hungary after the end of World War II, when inflation there hit 4. Certain figures in this article use Scientific notation for readability Certain figures in this article use Scientific notation for readability Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic 19 x 10¹⁶ percent).

In 1997, Milo Đukanović took control over the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) and began severing ties with Milosevic' Serbia. Milo Đukanović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Мило Ђукановић (born 15 February, 1962) is the Prime Minister of Montenegro. The Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Демократска Партија Социјалиста Црне Горе/ Demokratska Partija Socijalista Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country He blamed the policies of Slobodan Milošević for the overall decline of the Montenegrin economy, as well as Milošević's systematic persecution of non-Serbs. Montenegro introduced the German mark as response to again-growing inflation, and insisted on taking more control over its economic fate. This eventually resulted in creation of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose union in which Montenegro mostly took responsibility for its economic policies. The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated

This was followed by implementation of faster and more efficient privatization, passing of reform laws, introduction of VAT and usage of Euro as Montenegro's legal tender. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business Value added tax ( VAT) or goods and services tax ( GST) is a consumption Tax levied on value added. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Montenegro and Demographic history of Montenegro

According to 2003 census, Montenegro has 620,145 citizens. Demographics of Montenegro (based on the 2003 census The 2003 census was undertaken by Montenegro, which together with Serbia, constituted This article presents the demographic history of Montenegro through Census results and official documents which mention demographic composition If the methodology used up to 1991 was used in the 2003 census, Montenegro would officially have 673,094 citizens. Most recent estimates stake somewhere below 700,000 inhabitants.

When the census was taken Montenegro was a non-national civic state. In the meantime, the Constitution was changed, hence it now recognizes the major ethnic groups living in it: Montenegrins, Serbs, Bosniaks, Albanians, Muslims and Croats. Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language Muslims by nationality ( Muslimani, Муслимани was a term used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as an official designation of nationality of Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Ethnic composition according to the 2004 official data:^[15]

	Number	%
TOTAL	620,145	100
Montenegrins	267,669	43. Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro 16
Serbs	198,414	31. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, 99
Bosniacs	48,184	7. The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" 77
Albanians	31,163	5. } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language 03
Muslims	24,625	3. Muslims by nationality ( Muslimani, Муслимани was a term used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as an official designation of nationality of 97
Croats	6,811	1. Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries 1
Romany	2,601	0. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins 42
Yugoslavs	1,860	0. Yugoslavs ( Bosnian: Jugosloveni/Jugoslaveni; Macedonian and Serbian: Југословени Jugosloveni; Croatian 3
others	38,818	6. 26

The latest poll from early 2008 had given a changed ethnic distributions:

• 45. 4% Montenegrins
• 34. 3% Serbs
• 8. 3% Muslims
• 5. 1% Albanians
• 4. 4% Bosniacs
• 0. 9% Croats
• 1. 6% others

Most citizens speak the Serbian language of the Iyekavian dialect. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages However, as of 2004 the moves for an independent Montenegrin language were promoted and with the new 2007 Constitution it became Montenegro's prime official language. Montenegrin language ( Cyrillic script: Црногорски језик, Latin: Crnogorski jezik) is the name given to the Ijekavian- Shtokavian Next to it, Serbian, Albanian, Bosnian and Croatian are recognized in usage. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring

	Number	%
TOTAL	620,145	100
Serbian	393,740	63. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, 49
Montenegrin	136,208	21. Montenegrin language ( Cyrillic script: Црногорски језик, Latin: Crnogorski jezik) is the name given to the Ijekavian- Shtokavian 96
Albanian	32,603	5. Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - 26
Bosniac	19,906	3. Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native 21
Bosnian	14,172	2. Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native 28
Croatian	2,791	0. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring 45
other	20,725	3. 34

Most Montenegrin inhabitants are Orthodox Christians, followers of the Serbian Orthodox Church's Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the The Metropolitanate of Montenegro is the largest diocese of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro. The religious institutions all have guaranteed rights and are separate from the state. There is a sizeable number of Sunni Muslims in Montenegro that maintain their own Islamic Community of Montenegro. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Islam in Montenegro is the largest minority religion Montenegro's 110000 Muslims make up 17 There is also a small Roman Catholic population, divided onto the Achdiocese of Antivari headed by Primate of Serbia and the Diocese of Kotor that is a part of the Church of Croatia. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar is an ecclesiastical territory or Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Montenegro. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kotor (in latin Dioecesis Catharensis is a Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Boka Kotorska, Montenegro. Roman Catholicism in Croatia is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia in Rome Religious determination according to the census:

	Number	%
TOTAL	620,145	100
Orthodox	460,383	74. The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the 24
Muslim	110,034	17. Islam in Montenegro is the largest minority religion Montenegro's 110000 Muslims make up 17 74
Roman Catholic	21,972	3. The Catholic Church in Montenegro is a part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia in Rome 54
other	27,756	4. 48

According the newest report, there are 24,610 total refugees from the Yugoslav wars in Montenegro, forming 4. The Yugoslav Wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY that took place between 1991 and 2% of the total population. 16,136 are refugees from Kosovo after 1999 and 8,474 expelled from Croatia and Bosnia. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan

Culture

Main article: Culture of Montenegro

The culture of Montenegro has been shaped by a variety of influences throughout history. Our Lady of the Rocks (Госпа од шкрпјела Croatian: Gospa od Škrpjela is one of the two Islets off the coast of Perast in Bay of Kotor Ostrvo Sveti Đorđe ( English: Island of Saint George) is one of the two Islets off the coast of Perast in Bay of Kotor, History The nearby hamlet of Risan was a thriving Illyrian city called Rhizon as early as 229 BC and gave its name to the bay then known as Rhizonicus Cetinje ( Montenegrin: Цетиње Cetinje, Serbian: Цетиње Cetinje, Croatian: Cetinje, Bosnian: The EuroBasket 2005 (common short name for the 34th edition of FIBA 's European Basketball Championship) was held in Serbia and Montenegro (now Serbia The Culture of present-day Montenegro is as pluralistic and diverse as its history and geographical position would suggest The influence of Orthodox, Slavonic, Central European, Islamic, and seafaring Adriatic cultures (notably parts of Italy, like the Republic of Venice) have been the most important in recent centuries. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica

Montenegro has many significant cultural and historical sites, including heritage sites from the pre-Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque periods. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which This article is about Gothic art See also Gothic architecture Gothic art was a Medieval art movement that lasted about 200 Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc The Montenegrin coastal region is especially well known for its religious monuments, including the Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in Kotor^[16] (Cattaro under the Venetians), the basilica of St. The Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in Kotor is one of two Catholic Cathedrals in Montenegro. Kotor ( Cyrillic script: Котор Acruvium Greek Askrèvion, Ασκρηβιον; Italian Cattaro is a coastal town in Montenegro Luke (over 800 years), Our Lady of the Rocks (Škrpjela), the Savina Monastery and others. Our Lady of the Rocks (Госпа од шкрпјела Croatian: Gospa od Škrpjela is one of the two Islets off the coast of Perast in Bay of Kotor Savina ( Serbian Cyrillic: Савина is a Serb Orthodox Monastery near the city Herceg Novi in Boka Kotorska, Montenegro Montenegro's medieval monasteries contain thousands of square metres of frescos on their walls.

The traditional folk dance of the Montenegrins is the Oro, a circle dance that involves dancers standing on each other's shoulders in a circle while one or two dancers are dancing in the middle.

The first literary works written in the region are ten centuries old, and the first Montenegrin book was printed five hundred years ago. The first state-owned printing press was located in Cetinje in 1494, where the first South Slavic book, Oktoih, was printed the same year. The South Slavs are a southern branch of the Slavic peoples that live in the Balkans mainly throughout the former Yugoslavia (meaning "Land of Oktoih ( Cyrillic: Октоих in English the Book of Psalms or Psalter, is an Incunabula printed in Cetinje, Montenegro Ancient manuscripts, dating from the thirteenth century, are kept in the Montenegrin monasteries. ^[17]

Montenegro's capital Podgorica and the former royal capital of Cetinje are the two most important centers of culture and the arts in the country.

Education

Main article: Education in Montenegro

Education in Montenegro is regulated by the Montenegrin Ministry of Education and Science. Education in Montenegro is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Science of Government of Montenegro. The Government of Montenegro ( Serbian: Влада Црне Горе Vlada Crne Gore) is the executive branch of state authority in Montenegro

Education starts in either pre-schools or elementary schools. Children enroll in elementary schools (Serbian: Osnovna škola) at the age of 6; it lasts 9 years. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, The students may continue their secondary education, which lasts 4 years (3 years for trade schools) and ends with graduation (Matura). Australia See also Education Matura (Matur Maturita Maturità Maturität матура is the word commonly used in Austria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria Higher education lasts with a certain first degree after 3 to 6 years. Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges

Sports

Serbia and Montenegro were represented by a single football team in the 2006 FIFA World Cup tournament, despite having formally split just weeks prior to its start. The Serbia national football team ( Serbian: Фудбалска репрезентација Србије / Fudbalska reprezentacija Srbije) represents Serbia The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th instance of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament Following this event, this team has been inherited by Serbia, while a new one was organized to represent Montenegro in international competitions. ^[18] On March 24, 2007, the Montenegrin national team came from behind to win its first ever fixture, 2-1, in a friendly game against Hungary at the Podgorica Stadium. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Montenegro national football team represents Montenegro in international football and is controlled by the Football Association of Montenegro, An exhibition game (also known as an exhibition match or simply exhibition, or a demonstration or demo event is a sporting event The Hungary national football team represents Hungary in international football and is controlled by the Hungarian Football Federation. Podgorica Stadium is a multi-use Stadium in Podgorica, Montenegro. ^[19] On their 119th Session in Guatemala City in July 2007, the International Olympic Committee granted recognition and membership to the newly formed Montenegrin National Olympic Committee. Guatemala City (in full La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción; locally known as Guatemala or Guate) is the Capital and largest city of the Montenegro is set to debut at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

In popular culture

The first official international representation of Montenegro as an independent state was in the Miss World 2006 celebrated on September 30, 2006 in Warsaw, Poland. Miss World 2006, the 56th Miss World pageant took place in Warsaw, Poland on Saturday September 30th Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Ivana Knežević from the city of Bar was the first Miss Montenegro at any international beauty pageant. Ivana Knežević (Ивана Кнежевић (born circa 1988 is a beauty queen from the city of Bar, Montenegro who was Miss Crna Gora 2006. Bar ( Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Бар Italian: Antivari, Albanian: Tivari, Greek: Θηβάριον Both Montenegro and Serbia competed separately in this pageant for the first time after the state union came to an end.

Part of the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale is set in Montenegro, although the filming was done in Czech Republic. James Bond 007 is a Fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve Novels and two Short story Casino Royale ( 2006) is the twenty-first film in the James Bond series; it is directed by Martin Campbell and the first to star The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia,

Nero Wolfe, the eccentric fictional detective created by American writer Rex Stout, is Montenegrin by birth. Nero Wolfe is a fictional detective created by the American Mystery writer Rex Stout, who made his debut in 1934 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Rex Todhunter Stout ( December 1 1886 - October 27 1975) was an American Crime writer, best known as the creator of One Nero Wolfe novel, The Black Mountain, takes place in Tito-era Montenegro. The Black Mountain is a Nero Wolfe Detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by the Viking Press in 1954

Jay Gatsby, the main character of the F. Scott Fitzgerald novel The Great Gatsby, supposedly fought in Montenegro in World War I, and had been given a medal of honour by the Montenegrin King Nicholas I. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24 1896 – December 21 1940 was an American writer of Novels and Short stories, whose works are evocative of the The Great Gatsby is a Novel by the American author F Scott Fitzgerald. Nikola I Mirkov Petrović-Njegoš ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљ Никола I Мирков Петровић-Његош ( – March 1, 1921) was the

Montenegrin holidays

Holidays

Date	Name	Notes
1 January	New Year's Day	(non-working holiday)
7 January	Orthodox Christmas	(non-working)
14 January	Julian New Year's Day
25 April	Orthodox Good Friday	Date for 2008 only
27 April	Orthodox Easter	Date for 2008 only
28 April	Orthodox Easter Monday	Date for 2008 only
1 May	Labour Day	(non-working)
9 May	Victory Day
21 May	Independence Day	(non-working)
13 July	Statehood Day	(non-working)

See also

Communications in Montenegro Cuisine of Montenegro Culture of Montenegro Economy of Montenegro Foreign relations of Montenegro History of Yugoslavia History of the Balkans

Languages of Montenegro Law enforcement in Montenegro List of rulers of Montenegro Military of Montenegro Montenegrin independence referendum Montenegrin Orthodox Church Montenegrin perper Music of Montenegro

Politics of Montenegro Savez Izviđača Crne Gore Sport in Montenegro Tourism in Montenegro Transport in Montenegro

References

Further reading

• Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro by Elizabeth Roberts (Hurst & Co, 2007) ISBN 978-1-85065-868-9
• Montenegro: The Divided Land by Thomas Fleming (2002) ISBN 0-9619364-9-5

External links

• Visit-Montenegro.com
• Republic of Montenegro
• Wikimedia Atlas of Montenegro
• Montenegro at the Open Directory Project
• Montenegro travel guide from Wikitravel
• Montenegro entry at The World Factbook

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic