| Montenegrin Crnogorski Црногорски |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Montenegro[1] | |
| Total speakers: | about 144,838 people; some 22% of the population of Montenegro (2003) | |
| Ranking: | official | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Ijekavian Štokavian Montenegrin |
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: |  Montenegro |
|
| Regulated by: | not regulated | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | none (B) | none (T) |
| ISO 639-3: | none | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
|
Montenegrin language (Crnogorski jezik, Црногорски језик) is the name given to the Ijekavian-Shtokavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian or Croato-Serbian diasystem, spoken in Montenegro. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! It is recognized as a variant of the South Slavic languages, 22% of Montenegrins refer to their specific dialect as a separate language. South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro Since 2004 the Montenegrin administration has slowly promoted the idea of a Montenegrin language among the populace, a movement whose origins go back as far as 1993. As of Montenegrin 2006 independence, there is an ongoing dispute over the subject, culminating with its proclamation as the official language of Montenegro in the new Constitution on 22 October 2007. The Montenegrin independence referendum was a referendum on the independence of the Republic of Montenegro from the State Union of Serbia An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Constitution was supported by a majority in the Parliament of Montenegro.
Contents |
History of Montenegrin Language
Up to the 19th century the only language in use was old Slavic language until a group of Serbian and Croatian philologists, linguistic historians and lexicographers made efforts to create a modern language. The list of rules and differences from the old Slavic Language was called Language of People ("Narodni jezik"[2]). This was done by Vienna Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for the modernized Folk Language. Which later both biggest south Slavic nations pronounced as their own Language as Serbian Language and Croatian Language. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring At that time Montenegro was exhausted by constant wars for freedom with their neighbors, which led to the situation that it was devastated as a nation and a self-sufficient community. The biggest territorial and assimilative threat on Montenegro was the Serbian Monarchy, which they finally succeeded in carrying out on 1918 by forceful occupation[3] of Montenegro[4]. That was first time after 1000 years that Montenegro had lost sovereignty; it was renamed as a region of Serbia in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Under occupation of the unconstitutional Government in Belgrade, no effort are made to raise Montenegrin community self-education, making the once-glorious nation face annihilation[5] with the military support of France and political silence from other western and eastern nations, all allies of Montenegro which lost 1/3 of population only in the World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All This made Montenegro the only country which, after victory in World war I, lost Sovereignty, its name, its church and its Government.
This situation continued until the end of World War II when Montenegro was restored as a full and equal Sovereign State in the Yugoslavia Federation among six other South Slavic Nations. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: 56 years needed to pass after occupation for Montenegro to establish an University for first time on 29 April 1974 [6]. Until that date the majority of people were educated in Serbia, in Serbian language and Literature. Until the Communistic party of Yugoslavia didn't made agreement to make unified Serbo-Croat Language, Montenegrin Language was preserved. League of Communists of Yugoslavia ( Savez komunista Jugoslavije) before 1952 the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( Komunistička partija Jugoslavije) was The Serbo-Croat Language was practically only in strict use in Montenegro. Most Montenegrin don't write as they speak which is basic rule of Serbian Language established by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Стефановић Караџић ( November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864 Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Стефановић Караџић ( November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864 Even if 3 more phonemes are not in written letters they are used daily in conversation. Most contribution to standardization of Montenegrin Language had prof dr Vojislav Nikčević. Prof Dr Vojislav Nikčević (Војислав Никчевић ( 18 January 1935 in Stubici, Nikšić, Kingdom of Yugoslavia -
Today Montenegro is finally after two centuries in a position to be a self-sufficient and sovereign state with the means and will to restore and preserve its language uniqueness as it is in reality. In Montenegro today the official language is, by constitution, the Montenegrin Language, and efforts to provide international standardization are in progress.
Official status and speakers' preference
The language remains an ongoing issue in Montenegro.
In the previous census of 1991, the vast majority, 510,320 or 82. 97% of Montenegrin citizens, declared themselves as speakers of the then official language: Serbo-Croatian. The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem The 1981 population census also recorded a Serbo-Croat-speaking majority. However in the first Communist censuses, the vast majority of the population declared Serbian their native tongue. Such is also the case with the first recorded population census in Montenegro, in 1909, when approximately 95% of the population of the Princedom of Montenegro declared Serbian their native language. The Principality or Princedom of Montenegro was a principality in Southeastern Europe. According to the Constitution of Montenegro, the official language of the republic, since 1992, is Serbian of the Ijekavian standard. The current Constitution of Montenegro was ratified and adopted by the Constitutional Parliament of Montenegro on 19 October 2007 on an extraordinary Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, After World War II and until 1992, the official language of Montenegro was Serbo-Croat. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Before that, in the previous old Montenegrin realm, Serbian was the language in usage. The Serbian language was the officially used language in Communist Montenegro, until after the 1950 Novi Sad Agreement that defined the Serbo-Croat, and "Serbo-Croatian" introduced into the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro in 1974. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, In the late nineties and early twenty-first century, organizations promoting Montenegrin as a distinct language appeared, and since 2004 the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro regime introduced the term to usage. The Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Демократска Партија Социјалиста Црне Горе/ Demokratska Partija Socijalista The new constitution, adopted on 19 October 2007, deemed Montenegrin to be the official language of Montenegro. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
The most recent population census conducted in Montenegro was in 2003, when it was still in its state union with Serbia. This article presents the demographic history of Montenegro through Census results and official documents which mention demographic composition The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated According to it, 144,838 citizens or 21. 53% of the population declared "Montenegrin" their native language. After Milo Đukanović's regime conducted the controversial act of deleting Montenegrin citizens living abroad in an effort to evade diaspora votes, the official number that was published was 136,208, comprising 21. Milo Đukanović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Мило Ђукановић (born 15 February, 1962) is the Prime Minister of Montenegro. 96% of the total population. The speakers' statistics is as follows:
- 106,214 Montenegrins (77. Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro 98%)
- 13,627 Slavic Muslims (10%)
- 12,549 Bosniacs (9. Slavic Muslims are Ethnic groups of Slavs who observe the Islamic faith, such as Muslims by nationality Bosniaks The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" 21%)
- 1,375 Croats (1. Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries 02%)
- 2,443 others (1. 79%)
In 2003 401,382 or 59. 67% of Montenegrin citizens declared the official Serbian their native tongue. After the deletion of citizens abroad, the final published figure was 393,740 or 63. 49% of the total population. The following is the speakers' statistics:
- 197,684 Serbs (50. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, 21%)
- 156,374 Montenegrins (39. Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro 72%)
- 8,696 Slavic Muslims (2. Slavic Muslims are Ethnic groups of Slavs who observe the Islamic faith, such as Muslims by nationality Bosniaks 21%)
- 2,723 Bosniacs (0. The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" 69%)
- 2,529 Croats (0. Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries 64%)
- 1,705 Yugoslavs (0. Yugoslavs ( Bosnian: Jugosloveni/Jugoslaveni; Macedonian and Serbian: Југословени Jugosloveni; Croatian 43%)
- 24,029 others (6. 1%)
President Filip Vujanović claimed polls say over 60% of Montenegrin population would support his proposal for mix, "MonteSerbian language" or "Serbo-Montenegrin language" (crnogorsko-srpski jezik, srpsko-crnogorski jezik). Filip Vujanović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Вујановић (born September 1, 1954 in Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia With the polls heating up, the opposition uniting and stalling of the negotiations for a new Constitution, a similar situation like the one before the independence referendum is arising in Montenegro. A poll from late 2007, declaration of language of the population:
- Serbian - 49. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, 6%
- Montenegrin - 34. 9%
- Serbo-Montenegrin or MonteSerbian - 4%
- others - 3. 6%
- Mother tongue - 7. 8%
- undecided - 7. 8%
Some people may compare the situation with Montenegrin to the positions of Croatian and Bosnian, and even come to the conclusion that the position of Montenegrin fully parallels the positions of the others. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native However, there are significant differences between the three: while Croatian and Bosnian are standard languages and official languages, there is no accepted standard for Montenegrin and it is not yet official anywhere (the official language of the Republic of Montenegro remains Serbian at the start of Montenegro's independence). A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory
Mijat Šuković, a prominent Montenegrin lawyer, wrote a draft version of the constitution, which passed the parliement's constitutional committee. Šuković suggested Montenegrin as the official language of Montenegro. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Venice Commission, an advisory body of the Council of Europe, had a generally positive attitude towards the draft of the constitution, but did not address the language and church issues, calling them symbolical. The Venice Commission is an advisory body of the Council of Europe, composed of independent members in the field of constitutional law The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 Now it is down to the Montenegrin political elite to find a suitable solution, but finding a compromise will certainly be a difficult task, as the issue remains a hot topic. A compromise was reached and the new constitution was ratified on 19 October 2007, declaring Montenegrin as the official language of Montenegro, as well as recognising Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian.
However as it seems by time more and more unlikely, Montenegro is getting closer to another referendum, possibly a rematch of the sides that fought in the 2006 independence referendum, with slight changes. The ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro and Socialdemocratic Party of Montenegro stand for nothing but plainly renaming the country's official language into Montenegrin, meeting opposition from the Socialist People's Party of Montenegro, the People's Party, the Democratic Serb Party, the Bosniak Party, the Movement for Changes as well as the Serb List coalition led by the Serb People's Party. The Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Демократска Партија Социјалиста Црне Горе/ Demokratska Partija Socijalista For the short-lived minor Socialist People's Movement of Montenegro, see the People's Socialist Party of Montenegro article The The People's Party ( Montenegrin: Народна странка НС Narodna Stranka NS) is an opposition Populist Political party in The Democratic Serb Party ( Serbian: Демократска српска странка Demokratska srpska stranka) or DSS is a Serbian political The Bosniak Party ( Bosnian and Serbian: Bošnjačka Stranka) is a Bosniak minority Political party in Montenegro. Movement for Changes ( Serbian / Montenegrin: Покрет за Промјене Pokret za Promjene, or PzP) is a Political party in Serb List ( Serbian: Српска листа or Srpska lista) is a political alliance in Montenegro. The Serb People's Party ( Serbian: Српска народна странка/ Srpska narodna stranka or SNS, СНС is the leader of the opposition in the However, a referendum was not needed, as two-thirds majority of the parliament voted for the Constitution, including the ruling coalition, Movement for Changes, the Bosniaks and the Liberals, while the pro-Serbian parties voted against and the Albanian minority parties abstained from voting. The Coalition for European Montenegro ( Serbian: Коалиција за Европску Црну Гору Koalicija za Evropsku Crnu Goru) is a current ruling Movement for Changes ( Serbian / Montenegrin: Покрет за Промјене Pokret za Promjene, or PzP) is a Political party in The Bosniak Party ( Bosnian and Serbian: Bošnjačka Stranka) is a Bosniak minority Political party in Montenegro. The Liberal Party of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Liberalna Partija Crne Gore LPCG) is an opposition Centre-left liberal Political The Constitution was thus ratified and adopted on 19 October 2007, recognising Montenegrin as the official language of Montenegro.
Linguistic considerations
Montenegrins speak subdialects of the Shtokavian dialect of South Slavic languages:
- East Herzegovinian dialect (in the west and northwest, similar to the one spoken in most of Eastern Herzegovina, Western Serbia and Dubrovnik area) and
- Zeta-South Sandzak dialect (spoken in the rest of the country). South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Herzegovina ( Bosnian, Croatian: Hercegovina, Serbian: Херцеговина) is a traditionally Stari Vlah ( Serbian: Стари Влах English: Old Vlach, see History of the term Vlach) is a historic and geographical region in Southwestern ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages
Alphabet
- Abeceda: A B C Č Ć D Dž Đ E F G H I J K L Lj M N Nj O P R S Š Ś T U V Z З Ž Ź
The proponents of the separate Montenegrin language tend to prefer using Latin alphabet over the Cyrillic, which was traditionally used in Montenegro before 2006. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
Literature
Many literary works of authors from Montenegro provide examples of the local Montenegrin vernacular. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The medieval literature was mostly written in Old Church Slavonic and its recensions, but most of the 19th century works were written in some of the dialects and speeches of Montenegro. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ They include the folk literature collected by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and other authors, as well as books of the writers from Montenegro, such as Petar Petrović Njegoš's Gorski vijenac (The Mountain Wreath), Marko Miljanov's Primjeri čojstva i junaštva (The Examples of Humanity and Bravery), etc. Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Стефановић Караџић ( November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864 Petar II Petrović-Njegoš ( Serbian Cyrillic: Петар II Петровић-Његош was a Serb Orthodox Prince-Bishop ( Serbian: Владика The Mountain Wreath ( Serbian: Горски вијенац or Gorski vijenac, in original orthography Горскıй вıенацъ Romanian: "Cununa Marko Miljanov Popović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Марко Миљанов Поповић (born 25 April 1833 in Medun near Podgorica – In the second half of the 19th century and later, the East Herzegovina dialect, which served as a base for the standard Serbo-Croatian language, was often used instead of the Zeta-Sanjak dialect, characteristical for most speeches of Montenegro. Herzegovina ( Bosnian, Croatian: Hercegovina, Serbian: Херцеговина) is a traditionally The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem See also Principality of Zeta Zeta (uppercase Ζ, lowercase ζ; Ζήτα Zita is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet. Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants sinjaq sanjaq) are the most common English transcriptions of the Turkish word sancak Petar Petrović Njegoš, one of the most respectable Montenegrin authors, changed many characteristics of the Zeta-Sanjak dialect from the manuscript of his Gorski vijenac to those proposed by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić as a standard for the Serbian language. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, For example, most of the accusatives of place, used in the Zeta-Sanjak dialect, were changed by Njegoš to locatives, used in the Serbian standard. The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive Locative (also called the seventh case) is a Grammatical case which indicates a location Thus the stanzas "U dobro je lako dobar biti, / na muku se poznaju junaci" from the manuscript were chaged to "U dobru je lako dobar biti, / na muci se poznaju junaci" in the printed version. Other works of later Montenegrin authors were also often modified to the East Herzegovinian forms, in order to follow the Serbian language literary norm. However, some characteristics of the traditional Montenegrin Zeta-Sanjak dialect sometimes used to appear as well. For example, the poem Onamo namo by Nikola I Petrović Njegoš, although it was written in East Herzegovinian Serbian standard, contains several Zeta-Sanjak forms: "Onamo namo, za brda ona" (accusative, instead of instrumental case za brdima onim), and "Onamo namo, da viđu (instead of vidim) Prizren", and so on. Onamo 'namo ( Serbian: Онамо 'намо; in English: There over there) also known as the Serbian Marseillaise (Српска Nikola I Mirkov Petrović-Njegoš ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљ Никола I Мирков Петровић-Његош ( – March 1, 1921) was the The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive The instrumental case (also called the eighth case) is a Grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the
Language politics
Most mainstream politicians and other proponents of Montenegrin language simply state that the issue is chiefly one of self-determination and the people's right to call the language as they want, rather than an attempt to artificially create a new language when there is none. The Declaration of Montenegrin PEN Center[7] states that "Montenegrin language does not mean a systemically separate language, but just one of four names (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) by which Montenegrins name their part of Shtokavian system, commonly inherited with Muslims, Serbs and Croats". The Montenegrin PEN Center ( Crnogorski PEN Centar) is the national chapter of the International PEN in Montenegro. The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" Introduction of Montenegrin language has also been supported by other important academic institutions, such as the Matica crnogorska, although meeting opposition from the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts. Matica crnogorska is a Montenegrin cultural institution It is a non-governmental organization which promotes Montenegrin identity and what they term the Montenegrin Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts ( Serbian: Црногорска академија наука и умјетности Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti
Some proponents go further. The chief proponent of Montenegrin is Zagreb-educated dr Vojislav Nikčević, professor at the Department of Language and Literature at the University of Montenegro and the head of the Institute for Montenegrin Language in the capital Podgorica. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. Prof Dr Vojislav Nikčević (Војислав Никчевић ( 18 January 1935 in Stubici, Nikšić, Kingdom of Yugoslavia - The University of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Univerzitet Crne Gore, Универзитет Црнe Горe is a university located in Podgorica, His dictionaries and grammars were printed by Croatian publishers as the major Montenegrin publishing houses such as Obod in Cetinje opted for the official nomenclature specified in the Constitution (Serbian until 1974, Serbo-Croatian to 1992, Serbian until 2007). Cetinje ( Montenegrin: Цетиње Cetinje, Serbian: Цетиње Cetinje, Croatian: Cetinje, Bosnian: [8] Nikčević advocates amending of the Latin alphabet with three letters Ś, Ź, and З and corresponding Cyrillic letters Ć, З́ and S (representing IPA: [ç], [ʝ] and [ʣ] respectively). [9]
Opponents acknowledge that these sounds can be heard by many Montenegrin speakers, however, argue that they are relatively rare and do not form minimal pairs, and so are not considered phonemes by that criterion. In addition, there are speakers in Montenegro who don't utter them and speakers of Serbian and Croatian outside of Montenegro (notably in Herzegovina and Bosanska Krajina) who do. In addition, introduction of those letters could pose significant technical difficulties (Eastern European code page ISO/IEC 8859-2 does not contain letter З, for example, and the corresponding letters were not proposed for Cyrillic).
Montenegro's former prime minister Milo Đukanović declared his open support for the formalization of the Montenegrin language by declaring himself as a speaker of the Montenegrin language, in an October 2004 interview with Belgrade daily Politika. Milo Đukanović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Мило Ђукановић (born 15 February, 1962) is the Prime Minister of Montenegro. Politika (Политика is a Serbian Newspaper. It is considered the Serbian Newspaper of record and is the oldest daily on the Official Montenegrin government communiqués are given in English and Montenegrin on the government's webpage. [10] The official web page of the President of Montenegro states that it is provided in "Montenegrin-Serbian version" (Crnogorsko-srpska verzija).
In 2004, the government of Montenegro changed the school curriculum in such a way that name of the mandatory classes teaching the language was changed from "Serbian language" to "Mother tongue (Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian, Bosnian)". This change was made, according to the government, in order to better reflect the diversity of languages spoken among citizens in the republic and to protect human rights of non-Serb citizens in Montenegro who declare themselves as speakers of other languages. [11]
This decision resulted in a dozen Serb teachers declaring a strike and a number of parents refusing to send their children to schools. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. The cities affected by the strike included Nikšić, Podgorica, Berane, Pljevlja and Herceg Novi. Nikšić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Никшић is a city in Montenegro ( Podgorica ( Montenegrin / Serbian: Подгорица Podgorica ˈpɔdgɔˌriʦa is the Capital and largest city of Montenegro Berane ( Serbian Cyrillic: Беране is a town in north-eastern Montenegro. Pljevlja ( Serbian Cyrillic: Пљевља is a city and Municipality located in the northern part of Montenegro, in the geographical area (43 Herceg Novi ( Херцег Нови; Castelnuovo) is a coastal town in Montenegro located at the entrance to the Bay of Kotor and at the [12].
References
- ^ Monstat” Saopštio Rezultate Popisa Stanovništva U Crnoj Gori O Nacionalnoj Pripadnosti, Maternjem Jeziku I Vjeroispovijesti
- ^ Bringing Order out of Chaos:
- ^ How the Montenegrin State was Abolished
- ^ MONTENEGRO'S PLEA AS MADE AT GENOA; Documents Containing Her Protest a... - Article Preview - The New York Times
- ^ ANNIHILATION OF A NATION; Montenegrins' Effort to Prevent Annexation o... - Article Preview - The New York Times
- ^ Univerzitet Crne Gore
- ^ Declaration of Montenegrin PEN Center on Constitutional State of Montenegrin Language
- ^ Pravopis crnogorskog jezika, Vojislav Nikčević. Crnogorski PEN Centar, 1997
- ^ Proposed Montenegrin alphabet, Montenet.org
- ^ Official site of Government of Montenegro
- ^ "Slobodan Backović potpisao odluku o preimenovanju srpskog u maternji jezik, Voice of America, 26 March 2004"
- ^ (Serbian)"Počelo otpuštanje profesora srpskog", Glas Javnosti, 17 September 2004.
See also
External links
- "What Language Do Montenegrins Speak?", Aida Ramusovic, Transitions Online, 16 April 2003. A dialect continuum is a range of Dialects spoken across a large geographical area differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close and gradually decreasing Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro
- (Serbian) "Govorite li crnogorski?", Violeta Arsenić, Vreme, 4 March 2000. Vreme (Time is an independent news magazine based in Belgrade.
- Montenet.org: Language in Montenegro
- Standard Language as an Instrument of Culture and the Product of National History, Pavle Ivić
- Montenegrin language on Montenegrina
- Česa
Examples of nomenclature
- Official page of President of Montenegro with Crnogorsko-srpska verzija or 'Montenegrin-Serbian version' in top left corner
- Official page of Montenegrin Government with CRNOGORSKI or 'Montenegrin' in top left corner
- Former page of Montenegrin Government (between 2000-2001) with srpski or 'Serbian' at the bottom
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic