A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months. The Vindhya Range ( Sanskrit: विन्ध्य is a range of older rounded mountains and hills in the west-central Indian subcontinent which geographically India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The term was first used in English in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and neighboring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the region. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to [1] In hydrology, monsoon rainfall is considered to be that which occurs in any region that receives the majority of its rain during a particular season. Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of This allows other regions of world such as within North America, South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Sub-Saharan Africa, Australia and East Asia to qualify as monsoon regions. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The East Asian monsoon is a Monsoonal flow that carries moist air from the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean to East Asia. [2] In terms of total precipitation and total area covered, the monsoons affecting the Indian subcontinent dwarf the North American monsoon. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric The South Asian monsoon affects larger number of people due to the high density of population in this part of the world.
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Definition
The English name monsoon, was derived from the Arabic word mausim, the Malay word musim, or Asiatic word mawsim meaning 'seasons'. Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the A season is one of the major divisions of the Year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in Weather. [3] The definition includes major wind systems that change direction seasonally.
- "Most summer monsoons have a dominant westerly component and a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious amounts of rain (because of the condensation of water vapor in the rising air). The intensity and duration, however, are not uniform from year to year. Winter monsoons, by contrast, have a dominant easterly component and a strong tendency to diverge, subside, and cause drought. "[4]
History
Strengthening of the Asian monsoon has been linked to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau after the collision of India and Asia around 50 million years ago. The Tibetan Plateau, also known as the Qinghai-Tibetan (Qingzang Plateau is a vast elevated Plateau in Central Asia covering most of the Tibet Autonomous [5] Many geologists believe the monsoon first became strong around 8 million years ago based on records from the Arabian Sea and the record of wind-blown dust in the Loess Plateau of China. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: The Loess Plateau ( also known as the Huangtu Plateau is a Plateau that covers an area of some 640000 km² in the upper and middle of China 's More recently, plant fossils in China and new long-duration sediment records from the South China Sea led to a timing of the monsoon starting 15-20 million years ago and linked to early Tibetan uplift. The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the [6] Testing of this hypothesis awaits deep ocean sampling by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program ( IODP) is an international marine research drilling program dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of the Earth by monitoring [7] The monsoon has varied significantly in strength since this time, largely linked to global climate change, especially the cycle of the Pleistocene ice ages. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period [8] Timing of the monsoon strengthening of the Indian Monsoon of around 5 million years ago was suggested due to an interval of closing of the Indonesian Seaway to cold thermocline waters passage from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean which is believed to have resulted in an increased sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean, which increased gyral circulation and then caused an increased intensity of the monsoon. A gyre is any manner of swirling Vortex. It is often used to describe large-scale Wind or Ocean currents. [9]
Processes
Monsoons are caused by the larger amplitude of the seasonal cycle of land temperature compared to that of nearby oceans. This differential warming happens because heat in the ocean is mixed vertically through a "mixed layer" that may be fifty meters deep, through the action of wind and buoyancy-generated turbulence, whereas the land surface conducts heat slowly, with the seasonal signal penetrating perhaps a meter or so. In Fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic Stochastic property changes Additionally, the specific heat of liquid water is significantly higher than that of most materials that make up land. Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity Together, these factors mean that the heat capacity of the layer participating in the seasonal cycle is much larger over the oceans than over land, with the consequence that land warms faster and reaches a higher temperature than the ocean. [10] The hot air over the land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. A low pressure area, or " low " is a region where the Atmospheric pressure is lower in relation to the surrounding area This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it. Similar rainfall is caused by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface. However the lifting occurs, the air cools due expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces condensation. Condensation is the change of the physical state of aggregation (or simply state of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase
In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat longer. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling. [10] Monsoons are similar to sea and land breezes, a term usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale, stronger and seasonal. A sea-breeze (or onshore breeze) is a Wind from the sea that develops over land near coasts [11]
Monsoon Systems
As monsoons have become better understood, the term monsoon has been broadened to include almost all of the phenomena associated with the annual weather cycle within the tropical and subtropical land regions of the earth. The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the center of the mainland continent as well as the central northern regions The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Even more broadly, it is now understood that in the geological past, monsoon systems must have always accompanied the formation of supercontinents such as Pangaea, with their extreme continental climates. In Geology, a supercontinent is a Landmass comprising more than one Continental core or Craton. Pangaea, Pangæa or Pangea (pænˈdʒiːə from παν pan, meaning entire, and Γαῖα Gaea, meaning Earth in Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year
Northeast Monsoon (Southern Asia and Australasia)
- See also: Monsoon trough
In Southern Asia, the northeastern monsoons take place from December to early March. The monsoon trough, also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ) is depicted by a line on a Weather map showing the locations of minimum sea The temperature over central Asia is less than 25°C as it is the northern hemisphere winter, therefore creating a zone of high pressure there. The jet stream in this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. Jet streams are fast flowing relatively narrow air currents found at the Tropopause, the transition between the Troposphere (where temperature decreases The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia, creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India. An airstream is a relatively well-defined prevailing Wind, it is name given to a body of air or air mass that moves from its source region and brings the weather with it Meanwhile, a low pressure system develops over South-East Asia and Australasia and winds are directed toward Australia known as a monsoon trough. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The monsoon trough, also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ) is depicted by a line on a Weather map showing the locations of minimum sea
Northern Indian Ocean Monsoon
South-West Summer Monsoon
The southwestern summer monsoons occur from June through September. The Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert) and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heats up too much during the hot seasons of summer. The Thar Desert ( Hindi: थार मरुस्थल also known as the Great Indian Desert, is This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. This causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill up this void, the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush in to the subcontinent. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the Himalayas, creating winds blowing storm clouds towards the subcontinent. However the Himalayas act like a high wall and do not allow the winds to pass into Central Asia, forcing them to rise. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south With the gain in altitude of the clouds, the temperature drops and precipitation occurs. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10,000 mm of rain.
The southwest monsoon is generally expected to begin around the start of June and dies down by September. The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian peninsula, due to its topology, become divided into two parts:
- Arabian Sea Branch of the SW Monsoon
- Bay of Bengal Branch of the SW Monsoon
The Arabian Sea Branch of the SW Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats of the coastal state of Kerala, India and hence Kerala is the first state in India to receive rain from the South-West Monsoon. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The Western Ghats ( Kannada ಸಹ್ಯಾದ್ರಿ Marathi / Konkani - सह्याद्री Sahyadri Malayalam സഹ്യപര്വ്വതം Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; This branch of the monsoon moves northwards along the Western Ghats giving rain to the coastal areas west of the Western Ghats. The Western Ghats ( Kannada ಸಹ್ಯಾದ್ರಿ Marathi / Konkani - सह्याद्री Sahyadri Malayalam സഹ്യപര്വ്വതം This article refers to the cardinal direction for other uses see West (disambiguation. The Western Ghats ( Kannada ಸಹ್ಯಾದ್ರಿ Marathi / Konkani - सह्याद्री Sahyadri Malayalam സഹ്യപര്വ്വതം It is to be noted that the eastern parts of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross the Western Ghats. The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST internal designation HT-7U is an experimental Superconducting Tokamak Magnetic fusion energy The Western Ghats ( Kannada ಸಹ್ಯಾದ್ರಿ Marathi / Konkani - सह्याद्री Sahyadri Malayalam സഹ്യപര്വ്വതം The Western Ghats ( Kannada ಸಹ್ಯಾದ್ರಿ Marathi / Konkani - सह्याद्री Sahyadri Malayalam സഹ്യപര്വ്വതം
The Bay of Bengal Branch of SW Monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal heading towards North-Eastern India and Bengal, picking up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. North-East India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States and Sikkim. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Its hits the Eastern Himalaya and provides a huge amount of rain to the regions of North-East India, Bangladesh and West Bengal. North-East India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States and Sikkim. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. Mawsynram, situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalaya in Shillong, India is one of the wettest places on Earth. Mawsynram is a village in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya state in north-eastern India, 56 kilometers from Shillong. Shillong ( Khasi Shillong ( Hindi: शिलांग Bengali: শিলং is the capital of Meghalaya, one of the smallest states in India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country After striking the Eastern Himalaya it turns towards the West, travels over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, at a rate of roughly 1-2 weeks per state, pouring rain all along its way. This article refers to the cardinal direction for other uses see West (disambiguation. The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as the Northern plains and the North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India,
The monsoon accounts for 80 percent of the rainfall in the country. Indian agriculture (which accounts for 25 percent of the GDP and employs 70 percent of the population) is heavily dependent on the rains, especially crops like cotton, rice, oilseeds and coarse grains. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many A delay of a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can, and does, badly affect the economy, as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in the 90s. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
The monsoon is widely welcomed and appreciated by city-dwellers as well, for it provides relief from the climax of summer in June. However, because of the lack of adequate infrastructure in place, most major cities are often adversely affected as well. The roads, already shoddy, take a battering each year; houses and streets at the bottom of slopes and beside rivers are waterlogged, slums are flooded, and the sewers and the rare hurricane drain start to back up and pour out toxic filth rather than drain it away. A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security This translates into various minor casualties most of the time; lack of city infrastructure coupled with changing climate patterns also causes severe damage to and loss of property and life. Bangladesh and some regions of India like in Assam and places of West Bengal experiences heavy flood, which claims huge number of lives and huge loss of property and causes severe damage to economy, as evidenced in the Mumbai floods of 2005. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge Overview Thousands of schoolchildren were stranded due to flooding and could not reach home for up to 18 hours Also in the recent past, areas in India that used to receive scanty rainfall throughout the year, like the Thar Desert, have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season. The Thar Desert ( Hindi: थार मरुस्थल also known as the Great Indian Desert, is
June 1 is regarded as the date of onset of the monsoon in India, which is the average date on which the monsoon strikes Kerala over the years for which scientific data is available with the Indian Meteoreological Department.
North-East Monsoon (Retreating Monsoon)
Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. With this air pressure begins to build over northern India. Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula The Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface This causes the cold wind to sweep down from the Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plain towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the Deccan peninsular. The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as the Northern plains and the North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface This is known as the North-East Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon.
While traveling towards the Indian Ocean, the dry cold wind picks up some moisture from the Bay of Bengal and pours it over peninsular India. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Cities like Chennai, which get less rain from the South-West Monsoon, receives rain from the Retreating Monsoon. About 50% - 60% of the rain received by the state of Tamil Nadu is from the North-East Monsoon. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India.
It is worth noting that North-East Monsoon (or the Retreating Monsoon) is not able to bring as much rain as the South-West Monsoon.
North American Monsoon
The North American Monsoon (NAM) occurs from late June or early July into September, originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest United States by mid-July. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. It affects Mexico along the Sierra Madre Occidental as well as Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, West Texas, and California. The Sierra Madre Occidental is a mountain range in western Mexico and the extreme southwest of the United States, extending 1500 km from southeast Arizona The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. West Texas is a region in Texas that has more in common geographically with the Southwestern United States than it does with the rest of the state California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It pushes as far west as the Peninsular Ranges and Transverse Ranges of southern California but rarely reaches the coastal strip (a wall of desert thunderstorms only a half-hour's drive away is a common summer sight from the sunny skies along the coast during the monsoon). The Peninsular Ranges (also called the Lower California province are a group of mountain ranges which stretch 1500 km (900 miles from southern California The Transverse Ranges (or more accurately the Los Angeles Ranges) are a group of mountain ranges of southern California, one of the various North American The North American monsoon is known to many as the Summer, Southwest, Mexican or Arizona monsoon. [12][13] It is also sometimes called the Desert Monsoon as a large part of the affected area is desert.
The North American monsoon is associated with an area of high pressure called the subtropical ridge that moves northward during the summer months and a thermal low (a trough of low pressure which develops from intense surface heating) over the Mexican Plateau and the Desert Southwest of the United States. A high pressure area (also called a high or high-pressure is a region where the Atmospheric pressure is greater than surrounding areas A low pressure area, or " low " is a region where the Atmospheric pressure is lower in relation to the surrounding area [14] The monsoon begins in late May to early June in southern Mexico and quickly spreads along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental, reaching Arizona and New Mexico in early July. The monsoon extends into the southwest United States as it matures in mid July when an area of high pressure, called the monsoon or subtropical ridge, develops in the upper atmosphere over the Four Corners region, creating an easterly to southeasterly wind flow aloft. The Four Corners is a region of the United States consisting of southwest Colorado, northwest New Mexico, northeast Arizona and southeast This wind flow pattern directs moisture originating in the Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of California and the tropical Pacific by way of northern Mexico into the region. When precipitable water values near 1. 32 inches (34 mm), brief but often torrential thunderstorms can occur, especially over mountainous terrain. [15] This activity is occasionally enhanced by the passage of retrograding (westward-moving) upper cyclones and the entrainment of the remnants of tropical storms. See Entrainment for other types Entrainment is a phenomenon of the Atmosphere which occurs when a turbulent flow captures a non-turbulent flow A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding [16][17]
As much as 70% of rainfall in the region occurs during the summer monsoon. [18] Many desert plants are adapted to take advantage of this brief wet season. Because of the monsoons, the Sonoran and Mojave are considered relatively "wet" when ranked among other deserts such as the Sahara. The Sonoran Desert (sometimes called the Gila Desert after the Gila River or the Low Desert in opposition to the higher Mojave Desert) is For the indigenous American tribe see Mohave. The Mojave Desert (moʊˈhɑːvi or /məˈhɑːvi/ ( Hayikwiir Mat'aar in Mojave The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest
Monsoons play a vital role in managing wildfire threat by providing moisture at higher elevations and feeding desert streams. Heavy monsoon rain can lead to excess winter plant growth, in turn a summer wildfire risk. A lack of monsoon rain can hamper summer seeding, reducing excess winter plant growth but worsening drought.
Flash flooding is a serious danger during the monsoon season. A flash flood is a rapid flooding of geomorphic lowlying areas - washes rivers and streams Dry washes can become raging rivers in an instant, even when no storms are visible as a storm can cause a flash flood tens of miles away (never camp in a dry wash in the desert). Lightning strikes are also a significant danger. Because it is dangerous to be caught in the open when these storms suddenly appear, many golf courses in Arizona have thunderstorm warning systems.
The North American monsoon affects much of the United States and Mexico. Major drought episodes in the midwestern United States are associated with an amplification of the upper tropospheric monsoon ridge, along with a weakening of the western edge of the "Bermuda high" and the low-level jet stream over the great plains. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and almost all of its Water vapor and
African Monsoon
The monsoon of western sub-Saharan Africa is the result of the seasonal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the great seasonal temperature differences between the Sahara and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ, also known as the Intertropical Front, Monsoon trough, Doldrums or the Equatorial The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest It migrates northward from the equatorial Atlantic in February, reaches western Africa on June 22, then moves back to the south by October. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. [19] The dry, northeasterly trade winds, and their more extreme form, the harmattan, are interrupted by the northern shift in the ITCZ and resultant southerly, rain-bearing winds during the summer. The trade winds (also called trades) are the prevailing pattern of easterly winds found in the Tropics near the Earth's Equator. The Harmattan is a dry and dusty West African Trade wind. It blows south from Sahara into the Gulf of Guinea between the end of November and the The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ, also known as the Intertropical Front, Monsoon trough, Doldrums or the Equatorial The semiarid Sahel and Sudan depend upon this pattern for most of their precipitation. See also Sahel Tunisia, a region of eastern Tunisia. The Sahel or Sahel Belt (from Arabic ساحل sāḥil For the country in north-east Africa see Sudan. The Sudan, from the Arabic bilâd as-sûdân or "land of the
South American Monsoon
Much of Brazil experiences seasonal wind patterns that bring a summer maximum to precipitation. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Rio de Janeiro is infamous for flooding as a result of monsoon rains. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil
See also
References
- ^ American Meteorological Society Glossary of Meteorology. The climate of India defies easy generalisation comprising a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and varied topography The monsoon trough, also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ) is depicted by a line on a Weather map showing the locations of minimum sea The Monsoon Cup is a major sporting event in Malaysia. Overview Monsoon Cup was first initiated by the Malaysian Prime Minister Dato Seri The characteristics of United States rainfall climatology differ significantly across the United States and its possessions The American Meteorological Society ( AMS) promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic Monsoon. Retrieved on 2008-03-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ International Committee of the Third Workshop on Monsoons. The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast. Retrieved on 2008-03-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
- ^ University of Miami Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Monsoon Project. The University of Miami (also known as Miami of Florida, UM, or just The U) is a private non-sectarian University founded in 1925 The Indian Summer Monsoon. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Monsoon. Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-05-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
- ^ ROYDEN, L. H. , BURCHFIEL, B. C. , VAN DER HILST, Rob, WHIPPLE, K. X. , HODGES, K. V. , KING, R. W. , and CHEN, Zhiliang. UPLIFT AND EVOLUTION OF THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ P. D. Clift, M. K. Clark, and L. H. Royden. An Erosional Record of the Tibetan Plateau Uplift and Monsoon Strengthening in the Asian Marginal Seas. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program ( IODP) is an international marine research drilling program dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of the Earth by monitoring Earth, Oceans, and Life. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Anil K. Gupta and Ellen Thomas. Initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and strengthening of the northeast Indian monsoon: Ocean Drilling Program Site 758, eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ M. S. SRINIVASAN and D. K. SINHA. Ocean circulation in the tropical Indo-Pacific during early Pliocene (5.6-4.2 Ma) : Paleobiogeographic and isotopic evidence. Retrieved on [[2008-05-11].
- ^ a b Oracle Thinkquest Education Foundation. m o n s o o n s : c a u s e s o f m o n s o o n s. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ BBC Weather. The Asian Monsoon. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ Arizona State University Department of Geography. Arizona State University ( ASU) is the largest public Research university in the United States under a single administration with total student Basics of Arizona Monsoon. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ New Mexico Tech. Lecture 17: 1. North American Monsoon System. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office Flagstaff, Arizona. The National Weather Service ( NWS) once known as the Weather Bureau is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The Monsoon. Retrieved on 2008-02-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule
- ^ Norman W. Junker. Maddox Type IV Event. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ Climate Prediction Center. The Climate Prediction Center (CPC is one of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, which are a part of NOAA 's National Weather Service. Reports to the Nation: The North American Monsoon. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ David M. Roth. David M Roth is an American Meteorologist who has done studies focusing on Hydrometeorology, Hurricanes and Subtropical cyclones He graduated Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the West. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office Tuscon, Arizona. The National Weather Service ( NWS) once known as the Weather Bureau is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration What is the Mexican Monsoon? Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ Innovations Report. Monsoon in West Africa: Classic continuity hides a dual-cycle rainfall regime. Retrieved on 2008-05-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- Initial text from the Goddard Space Flight Center's public domain Distributed Active Archive Center
External links
- National Weather Service: The North American Monsoon
- North American Monsoon Experiment
- East Asian Monsoon Experiment
- Influence of monsoon winds
- Meet the Indian monsoons at PBS.org
- Arizona Central monsoon page
- Basics of the Arizona Monsoon
- AMMA - African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses
- Ontario Weather Service: North American Monsoon Forecasting Project
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