A monocle is a type of corrective lens used to correct the vision in only one eye. Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang ( December 5, 1890 &ndash August 2, 1976) was an Austrian German - American A corrective lens is a lens worn in front of the Eye, mainly used to treat Myopia, Hyperopia, astigmatism, and adjustable focus In Psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret information from Visible light reaching the Eyes The resulting Perception is also Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain It consists of a circular lens, generally with a wire ring around the circumference that can be attached to a string. A lens is an optical device with perfect or approximate Axial symmetry which transmits and refracts Light, converging or diverging The other end of the string is then connected to the wearer's clothing to avoid losing the monocle. The connoisseur of antiquities Philipp Von Stosch wore a monocle in Rome in the 1720s, in order to closely examine engravings and antique cameos, but the monocle did not become an article of gentlemen's apparel until the nineteenth century, introduced by the dandy's quizzing glass of the 1790s, iconified by the cartoon character Eustace Tilley, the mascot of the The New Yorker magazine. A dandy (also known as a beau gallant or flamboyant person is a man who places particular importance upon Physical appearance, refined language and leisurely hobbies Events and trends French Revolution ( 1789 - 1799) It is considered to have effectively ended on November 9, 1799 when The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry
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Styles
There are three styles of monocle. The first style consists of a simple loop of metal with a lens which was slotted into the eye orbit. In Anatomy, the orbital bone is the cavity or socket of the Skull in which the Eye and its appendages are situated These were the first monocles worn in England and could be found from the 1830s onwards. The second style, which was developed in the 1890s, was the most elaborate, consisting of a frame with a raised edge-like extension known as the gallery. The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the " Mauve Decade" because William Henry Perkin 's aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that The gallery was designed to help secure the monocle in place by raising it out of the eye orbit slightly, so that the eyelashes could not jar it. Monocles with galleries were often the most expensive. The very wealthy would have the frames custom-made to fit their own eye sockets. A sub-category of the the galleried monocle was the "sprung gallery", where the gallery was replaced by an incomplete circle of flattened, ridged wire supported by three posts. The ends were pulled together, the monocle was placed in the eye orbit, and the ends released, causing the gallery to spring out and keep the monocle in place.
The third style of monocle was frameless. Joseph Chamberlain ( 8 July 1836 &ndash 2 July 1914) was an influential British businessman politician and statesman This consisted of a cut piece of glass, with a serrated edge to provide a grip, and sometimes a hole drilled into one side for a cord. Often the frameless monocle had no cord and would be worn freely. This style was popular at the beginning of the 20th century as they could be cut to fit any shape eye orbit cheaply, without the cost of a customized frame.
It is a myth that monocles were uncomfortable to wear. If they were customised then they could be worn securely with no effort, though periodic adjustment is a fact of life for monocle wearers to keep the monocle from popping, as can be seen in films featuring Eric Von Stroheim. Often only the rich could afford to have them custom-manufactured and the poor had to settle for poorly-fitted monocles that were less comfortable and less secure. The popular perception was (and still is) that a monocle could easily fall off with the wrong facial expression. The term face refers to the central sense organ complex for those animals that have one normally on the ventral surface of the head and can depending on the definition This is true to an extent, as raising the eyebrow too far will allow the monocle to fall. A once-standard comedic device exploits this: an upper-class gentleman makes a shocked expression in response to some event, and his monocle falls into his drink, smashes into pieces on the floor, etc. A comedic device is used in Comedy to write humor in a common structure In visual media, the monocle might also be illustrated, or visually captured mid-flight, with some slack to the string as the glass travels downward.
The quizzing glass is a sort of monocle held to one's eye with a long handle, in a similar fashion to a lorgnette. A lorgnette is a pair of spectacles with a handle used to hold them in place rather than fitting over the ears
Wearers
A monocle was generally associated with rich upper-class men. Combined with a morning coat and top-hat, it completed the costume of the stereotypical 1890s capitalist. For the item of clothing see Top hat. For the fictional TUGS character see Top Hat (TUGS. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Monocles were also stereotypical accessories of German military officers from this period, especially from the First World War, where the stereotypical German Oberst would plot the demise of enemy forces with monocle in place to examine attack charts. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All German officers who actually wore a monocle include Erich Ludendorff, Walter von Reichenau, Hans von Seeckt and Hugo Sperrle. Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as von Ludendorff) (9 April 1865–20 December 1937 was a German Army officer, Generalquartiermeister Walter von Reichenau ( October 8, 1884 &ndash January 17, 1942) was a German Generalfeldmarschall. Hans von Seeckt ( 22 April 1866 - 27 December 1936) was a German military officer noted for his organization of the German Army Hugo Sperrle ( February 7 1885 - April 2 1953) was a German Field marshal of the Luftwaffe during
Monocles were most prevalent in the late 19th century but are rarely worn today. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar This is due in large part to advances in optometry which allow for better measurement of refractive error, so that glasses and contact lenses can be prescribed with different strengths in each eye, and also to a reaction from stereotypes that became associated with them. Optometry is a health care profession concerned with Eyes and related structures as well as vision, Visual systems and vision information A refractive error, or refraction error, is an error in the focusing of Light by the Eye and a frequent reason for reduced Visual acuity Glasses, also called eyeglasses or spectacles, are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the Eyes normally for vision correction, A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the Cornea Optical power ( dioptric power or refractive power) is the degree to which a lens or Mirror converges or diverges light The monocle did, however, garner a following in the stylish lesbian circles of the mid 20th century, with lesbians donning a monocle for effect. Such women included Una Lady Troubridge, Radclyffe Hall, and Weimar German reporter Sylvia von Harden (the painting Portrait of the Journalist Sylvia Von Harden by German expressionist painter Otto Dix depicts its subject sporting a monocle). Una Vincenzo Lady Troubridge (born Margot Elena Gertrude Taylor; 8 March 1887 &ndash 24 September Radclyffe Hall (August 12 1880 - October 7 1943 (born Marguerite Radclyffe-Hall) was an English poet and author of eight novels including the Lesbian classic Sylvia von Harden was a German Journalist. She was famously portrayed in Otto Dix 's painting entitled Portrait of the Journalist Sylvia von Harden Wilhelm
Some famous figures who wore a monocle include the British politicians, Joseph Chamberlain, his son Austen and Henry Chaplin. Hugo Sperrle ( February 7 1885 - April 2 1953) was a German Field marshal of the Luftwaffe during For other meanings see Field Marshal (disambiguation Field marshal is a military officer rank ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Joseph Chamberlain ( 8 July 1836 &ndash 2 July 1914) was an influential British businessman politician and statesman Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain KG ( 16 October 1863 &ndash 17 March 1937) was a British Statesman, Henry Chaplin 1st Viscount Chaplin ( 22 December 1840 &ndash 29 May 1923) was a British Conservative Party Politician Founder of Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Portuguese President António de Spínola, filmmakers Fritz Lang and Erich Von Stroheim, actor Conrad Veidt, Dadaists Tristan Tzara and Raoul Hausmann, esotericist Julius Evola, French collaborationist politician Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, criminal Percy Toplis, Poet laureate Alfred Lord Tennyson, singer Richard Tauber, Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Major Johnnie Cradock, Karl Marx, and Ken Nomura. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan Ancestors Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang ( December 5, 1890 &ndash August 2, 1976) was an Austrian German - American Erich von Stroheim ( September 22, 1885 &ndash May 12, 1957) was an Austrian star of the silent film age lauded for his directorial Conrad Veidt ( January 22 1893 &ndash April 3 1943) was a German Actor, well known for his roles in such films as For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S Raoul Hausmann (July 12 1886 &ndash February 1 1971 was an Austrian artist and writer Julius Evola, also known as Baron Giulio Cesare Evola, ( May 19, 1898 &ndash June 11, 1974) was an Italian Philosopher Louis Darquier, better known under his assumed name Louis Darquier de Pellepoix ( December 19 1897, Cahors &ndash August 29 1980 Francis Percy Toplis ( August 22, 1896 &ndash June 6, 1920) was a British Criminal and Imposter during World War I A Poet Laureate is a Poet officially appointed by a government and is often expected to compose poems for State occasions and other government events Alfred Tennyson 1st Baron Tennyson (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892 was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets Richard Tauber (b 16 May 1891, Linz &ndash d 8 January 1948, London England) was an Austrian Tenor Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Anton Pavlovich Chekhov ( –) (Анто́н Па́влович Че́хов) was a Russian short-story writer and Playwright, considered to be one Major John "Johnnie" Whitby Cradock, ( 17 May 1904 Lambeth, London, England - 30 January 1987 is a drifting driver from Japanese American. He made his debut in the D1 Grand Prix in the 3rd round in 2001 driving the Blitz In another vein G. E. M. Anscombe was one of only a few noted women who occasionally wore a monocle. G E M Anscombe ( 18 March, 1919 &ndash 5 January, 2001) born Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe, but better known as Elizabeth [1] Famous wearers today include astronomer Sir Patrick Moore, former boxer Chris Eubank and King Taufa'ahau Tupou V of Tonga. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Sir Alfred Patrick Caldwell-Moore, CBE, HonFRS, FRAS (born 4 March 1923 in Pinner) known as Patrick Moore, is Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, Chris Eubank (born Christopher Livingstone Eubanks on August 8 1966) is a retired boxer and English celebrity who held the WBO Middleweight King George Tupou V ( Tongan: Siaosi Tupou V, full name Siaosi Tāufaāhau Manumataongo Tukuaho Tupou V) (born 4 May 1948) is The Kingdom of Tonga is an Archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean comprising 169 islands 36 of them inhabited stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles Abstract expressionist painter Barnett Newman wore a monocle mainly for getting a closer look at artworks. Barnett Newman ( January 29, 1905 &ndash July 4, 1970) was an American Artist. Richard Tauber wore a monocle to mask a squint in one eye. Richard Tauber (b 16 May 1891, Linz &ndash d 8 January 1948, London England) was an Austrian Tenor
A monocle is a distinctive part of the costume of at least three Gilbert & Sullivan characters: Major-General Stanley in The Pirates of Penzance, Sir Joseph Porter in HMS Pinafore, and Reginald Bunthorne in Patience, and composer Sullivan used one himself. The Pirates of Penzance, or The Slave of Duty is a Comic opera in two acts with music by Arthur Sullivan and Libretto by W HMS Pinafore, or The Lass that Loved a Sailor, is a Comic opera in two acts with music by Arthur Sullivan and Libretto by Patience, or Bunthorne's Bride, is a Comic opera in two acts with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W In some variant productions numerous other characters sport the distinctive eye-wear, and some noted performers of the "G&S" repertoire also have worn a monocle.
Famous fictional wearers include Wilkins Micawber, Mr. Peanut, Edgar Bergen's dummy Charlie McCarthy, Batman's nemesis The Penguin, Colonel Klink (played by actor Werner Klemperer, who once admitted his was held in place with spirit gum), most incarnations of Colonel Mustard from the game Cluedo/Clue, and the Magic Kaito manga gentleman thief Kaitou Kid. For other uses of Micawber please see Micawber. Wilkins Micawber is a Fictional character from Charles Dickens ' novel Mr Peanut is the dandy advertising Logo and Mascot of Planters, an American snack-food company and division of Kraft Foods. The Penguin ( Oswald Chesterfield Cobblepot) a DC Comics Supervillain, was introduced by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger Hogan's Heroes is a American Television Situation comedy that ran for 168 episodes from September 17, 1965, to July 4 Werner Klemperer ( March 22, 1920 – December 6, 2000) was an Emmy Award -winning comedic actor best known for his role as Colonel Spirit gum is an Adhesive used for affixing prosthetic applications The board game Cluedo ( Clue in North America and the associated 1985 film ''Clue'', contains six murder suspects all of whom survived into the final 2002 edition Cluedo ( Clue in North America) is a Mystery Crime fiction Board game originally published by is a Shōnen Manga series by Gosho Aoyama. A light-hearted manga about a Thief named Kaitou Kid. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly Phantom Thief Kid, known in Japan as Kaitou Kid (ja 怪盗キッド Kaitō Kiddo) is a Fictional character The fictional Lord Peter Wimsey, an amateur detective from an upper-class background, possessed a set of detecting tools disguised as more gentlemanly accessories, including a powerful magnifying glass disguised as a monocle. Lord Peter Death Bredon Wimsey, a Fictional character, is a bon vivant sleuth in a series of detective novels and short stories by Dorothy magnifying glass (called a hand lens in laboratory contexts is a convex lens which is used to produce a magnified Image of an object The DC Comics supervillain The Monocle gains his powers from a mystic version of his namesake. Monocle is a DC Comics Supervillain and a recurring foe to Hawkman. Namesake (sometimes "name's sake" is a term used to characterize a person place thing quality action state or idea that is called after or named out of regard to The P. G. Wodehouse character Psmith also has a well-documented fondness for the Monocle. Rupert Psmith (or Ronald Eustace Psmith, as he is called in the last of the four books in which he appears is a recurring Fictional character in several novels by
See also
References
External links
Glasses, also called eyeglasses or spectacles, are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the Eyes normally for vision correction, Pince-nez (ˈpænsneɪ /ˈpɪnsneɪ/ or as French pɛ̃sˈne are a style of Spectacles, popular in the nineteenth century which are supported without earpieces by pinching A lorgnette is a pair of spectacles with a handle used to hold them in place rather than fitting over the ears A monocular is a modified Refracting telescope used to Magnify the images of distant objects by passing light through a series of lenses and prisms A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the Cornea Mr Peanut is the dandy advertising Logo and Mascot of Planters, an American snack-food company and division of Kraft Foods. For the item of clothing see Top hat. For the fictional TUGS character see Top Hat (TUGS.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic