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Trappist monk praying in his cell.
Trappist monk praying in his cell. Trappist redirects here This article is about the Cistercian order MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective

Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from Greek monos, alone) is the religious practice in which one renounces worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's life to spiritual work. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos World is a key concept in Theology. Christian views on the World In Christianity, the concept connotes the fallen and corrupt world

Many religions have monastic elements, including Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism,and Jainism, though the expressions differ considerably. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Those pursuing a monastic life are usually called monks or brethren (brothers) if male, and nuns or sisters if female. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Male (♂ refers to the sex of an organism or part of an organism which produces small mobile Gametes called spermatozoa. A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells Both monks and nuns may also be called monastics.

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Buddhist monasticism

Main article: Buddhist monasticism

The order of Buddhist monks and original nuns (Sangha) was founded by Gautama Buddha during his lifetime over 2500 years ago. Monasticism is one of the most fundamental institutions of Buddhism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices This article concerns the concept of Sangha in Buddhism. For information on other senses see Sangha (disambiguation. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder The Buddhist monastic lifestyle grew out of the lifestyle of earlier sects of wandering ascetics, some of whom the Buddha had studied under, and was initially fairly eremetic in nature. Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. A hermit (from the Greek ἔρημος erēmos, signifying " Desert " "uninhabited" hence "desert-dweller" adjective "eremitic" Monks and nuns were expected to live with a minimum of possessions, which were to be voluntarily provided by the lay community. Lay followers also provided the daily food that monks required, and provided shelter for monks when they were needed.

Young Buddhist monks in Tibet.
Young Buddhist monks in Tibet. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European

After the death of the Buddha, the Buddhist monastic order developed into a primarily cenobitic movement. The practice of living communally during the rainy vassa season, prescribed by the Buddha, gradually grew to encompass a settled monastic life centered on life in a community of practitioners. Vassa (from Pāli vasso, Sanskrit varṣaḥ, both "rain" พรรษา pansa or phansaa; ဝါဆိုး Most of the modern disciplinary rules followed by monks and nuns—the Patimokkha—relate to such an existence, prescribing in great detail proper methods for living and relating in a community of monks or nuns. In Buddhism, the Patimokkha is the basic Theravada code of monastic discipline consisting of 227 rules for fully ordained monks ( Bhikkhus and 311 for nuns ( Bhikkhunis The number of rules observed varies with the order; Theravada monks follow around 227 rules. History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation There are a larger number of rules specified for bhikkhunis (nuns).

Buddhist monasticism with its tradition of councils, missions, and being a source of knowledge and literacy spread from India to the Middle East and eventually west, with Christian monasticism following in its footsteps in the areas where Emperor Ashoka sent missions. Lists and numbering of Buddhist councils vary between and even within schools Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi

The Buddhist, the male bhikkhu assembly, and the female bhikkhuni assembly. A Bhikkhu ( Pāli) or Bhiksu ( Sanskrit) is a fully ordained male Buddhist Monastic. A Bhikkhuni ( Bhikṣuṇī ( Sanskrit), Bhikkhuṇī ( Pāli) or 比丘尼 ( Chinese characters, ภิกษุณี Initially consisting only of males, the Buddhist monastic order grew to include females after the Buddha's stepmother, Mahaprajapati, asked for and received permission to live as an ordained practitioner. Mahapajapati Gotami (in Pali; Mahaprajapati Gautami in Sanskrit) was the first woman to request ordination from the Budhha and

Monks and nuns are expected to fulfill a variety of roles in the Buddhist community. First and foremost, they are expected to preserve the doctrine and discipline now known as Buddhism. They are also expected to provide a living example for the laity, and to serve as a "field of merit" for lay followers—providing laymen and women with the opportunity to earn merit by giving gifts and support to the monks. In return for the support of the laity, monks and nuns are expected to live an austere life focused on the study of Buddhist doctrine, the practice of meditation, and the observance of good moral character.

A monk, known as a Bhikkhu in Pali or Bhikshu in Sanskrit, first ordains as a Samanera (novice) for a year or more. Pali ( ISO 15919 / ALA-LC: Pāḷi is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of India. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Novices often ordain at a very young age, but generally no younger than 8. Samaneras live according to the Ten Precepts, but are not responsible for living by the full set of monastic rules. Higher ordination, conferring the status of a full Bhikkhu, is usually given only to men who are aged 20 or older. Nuns follow a similar progression, but are required to live as Samaneras for a longer periods of time- typically five years.

The disciplinary regulations for monks and nuns are intended to create a life that is simple and focused, rather than one of deprivation or severe asceticism. Celibacy is of primary importance in monastic discipline.

Christian monasticism

Main article: Christian monasticism

Monasticism in Christianity comprises several diverse forms of religious living in response to the call of Jesus of Nazareth to follow him. Those living the monastic life are known by the generic terms Monks (men and Nuns (women Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Nazareth (ˈnæzərəθ (נָצְרַת Hebrew Natz'rat or Natzeret, الناصرة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the capital and largest It began to develop early in the history of the Church, modeled upon Scriptural examples and ideals, including those in the Old Testament, but not mandated as an institution in the Scriptures. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. It has come to be regulated by religious rules (e. g. the Rule of St Basil, the Rule of St Benedict) and, in modern times, the Church law of the respective Christian denominations that have forms of monastic living. Basilian monks are Monks who follow the "Rule" of Saint Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective

Christian monasticism is a way of religious living (also called the "counsels of perfection") that is being embraced as a vocation from God out of a desire to attain eternal life in his presence. The Consecrated Life in the Christian tradition especially the Roman Catholic Church, but also the Anglican Church and to some extent other Christian denominations The three evangelical counsels or counsels of perfection in Christianity are chastity, poverty (or perfect charity) and Immortality (or eternal life) is the concept of living in physical or spiritual form for an Infinite length of Time. During his Sermon on the Mount on the Beatitudes (the right way of living according to the law of God), Jesus exhorted the large crowd listening to him to be "perfect as your heavenly Father is perfect" (Matthew 5:48). In the Gospel of St Matthew, the Sermon on the Mount is a compilation of Jesus' sayings epitomizing his moral teaching. The Beatitudes (from Latin beatus, meaning "blessed" or "happy" is the beginning portion of the Sermon on the Mount of the Gospel of When speaking to his men , God also extended an invitation to celibacy to those "to whom it has been given" (Matthew 19:10-12); and when asked what else is required in addition to observing the Commandments in order to "enter into eternal life", he advised to sell all earthly possessions in favour of the poor and to follow him, "if you wish to be perfect" (cf. Clerical celibacy is the practice in various religious traditions, in which Clergy, Monastics and those (of either sex in religious orders adopt a The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that according to Judeo-Christian tradition were authored by God and given Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Matthew 19:16-22 = Mark 10:17-22 = Luke 18:18-23).

Already in the New Testament there is evidence of Christian monastic living, namely the service rendered by the Widows and the Virgins. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Eventually, first in Syria and then in Egypt, Christians began to feel called also to eremitic monastic living (in the spirit of the "Desert Theology" of the Old Testament for the purpose of spiritual renewal and return to God). Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. A hermit (from the Greek ἔρημος erēmos, signifying " Desert " "uninhabited" hence "desert-dweller" adjective "eremitic" Saint Anthony the Great is cited by Athanasius as one of these early "Hermit monks". Saint Anthony the Great (c 251–356 also known as Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, Starting in Egypt, this gave rise to cenobitic monasticism as it is mainly known in the West. Especially in the Middle East eremitic monasticism continued to be very common until the decline of Syrian Christianity in the late Middle Ages. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.

But not everybody is fit for solitary life, and numerous cases of hermits becoming mentally unstable are reported. The need for some form of organized spiritual guidance was obvious; and around 318 Saint Pachomius started to organize his many followers in what was to become the first Christian cenobitic monastery. Events By Place Asia The Former Zhao state is proclaimed China loses its territories to the north of Yang-tsé-kiang Saint Pachomius (ca 292-348 also known as Abba Pachomius and Pakhom in Arabic الأنبا باخوميوس, is generally recognized as the founder of MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Soon, similar institutions were established throughout the Egyptian desert as well as the rest of the eastern half of the Roman Empire. Notable monasteries of the East include:

In the West, the most significant development occurred when the rules for monastic communities were written, the Rule of St Basil being credited with having been the first. Basilian monks are Monks who follow the "Rule" of Saint Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea. The precise dating of the Rule of the Master is problematic; but it has been argued on internal grounds that it antedates the so-called Rule of Saint Benedict created by Benedict of Nursia for his monastery in Monte Cassino, Italy (c. The Rule of the Master is an anonymous Sixth-century collection of monastic Precepts It was used by Benedict of Nursia as source material for "Saint Benedict" redirects here This article is about the founder of Western monasticism for other saints named Benedict see Benedict. For information about the World War II battle see the Battle of Monte Cassino. 529), and the other monasteries he himself had founded (cf. Events By Place Byzantine Empire April 7 — The first draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Order of St Benedict). This article concerns Roman Catholic Order of Saint Benedict see also Benedictine Confederation and Benedictine. It would become the most common rule throughout the Middle Ages and is still in use today. The Augustinian Rule, due to its brevity, has been adopted by various communities, chiefly the Canons Regular. The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430) are several Catholic Monastic orders and congregations Canons regular are members of certain bodies of Canons (priests living in community under the Augustinian Rule ("regula" in Latin and sharing their property

Around the 12th century, the Franciscan, Carmelite, Dominican, and Augustinian mendicant orders chose to live in city convents among the people instead of secluded in monasteries. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel by Synecdoche; Latin: Ordo fratrum Beatæ The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430) are several Catholic Monastic orders and congregations The mendicant orders are religious orders which depend directly on the charity of the people for their livelihood A convent is a community of Priests religious brothers religious sisters or Nuns or the building used by the community particularly in the Roman Catholic Church

Today new expressions of Christian monasticism, many of which ecumenical, are developing in places such as the Bose Monastic Community in Italy, the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem throughout Europe, and the Taizé Community in France, and the mainly Evangelical Protestant New Monasticism movement of America. Ecumenism (also oecumenism, œcumenism) refers to initiatives aimed at greater Religious unity or cooperation The ecumenical Monastic Community of Bose ( Monastero di Bose) was established by Catholic layman Enzo Bianchi in 1965 The Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem were founded in 1975 by Brother Pierre-Marie Delfieux (currently Prior general with the aim of promoting the spirit of the New Monasticism, or Neomonasticism, is a modern day iteration of a long tradition of Christian monasticism that has recently developed within certain Christian communities

See also: Coptic monasticism and Eastern Christian monasticism

Hindu monasticism

Main article: Hindu monasticism

In their quest to attain the spiritual goal of life, some Hindus choose the path of monasticism (sanyāsa). Coptic Monasticism is claimed to be the original form of Monasticism as Saint Pachomius the Cenobite, a Copt from Upper Egypt established the first communal living Eastern Christian Monasticism is the life followed by Monks and Nuns of Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from Greek monos, alone is the religious practice in which one Monastics commit themselves to a life of simplicity, celibacy, detachment from worldly pursuits, and the contemplation of God. [1] A Hindu monk is called a sanyāsī, sādhu, or swāmi. [2] A nun is called a sanyāsini, sadhavi, or swāmini. Such renunciates are accorded high respect in Hindu society, because their outward renunciation of selfishness and worldliness serves as an inspiration to householders who strive for mental renunciation. Some monastics live in monasteries, while others wander from place to place, trusting in God alone to provide for their physical needs. [3] It is considered a highly meritorious act for a lay devotee to provide sadhus with food or other necessaries. Sādhus are expected to treat all with respect and compassion, whether a person may be poor or rich, good or wicked. They are also expected to be indifferent to praise, blame, pleasure, and pain. [4] A sādhu can typically be recognized by his ochre-colored clothing. Generally, Vaisnava monks shave their heads except for a small patch of hair on the back of the head, while Saivite monks let their hair and beard grow uncut. Vaishnavism is a tradition of Hinduism, distinguished from other schools by its worship of Vishnu or its associated avatars principally as Rama and Shaivism, also spelled "Saivism" names the oldest of the four sects of Hinduism.

A Sadhu's vow of renunciation typically forbids him from:

See also: Dashanami Sampradaya

Islam and monasticism

While many Muslims do not believe in monasticism (emphasizing the Qur'anic injunction ([Qur'an 57:27]), in which Allah rebukes monasticism as a man-made practice that is not divinely prescribed), various Sufi orders, or "tariqas" encourage practices which resemble those of monastic brotherhoods in other faiths. Dashanami Sampradaya ( IAST Daśanāmi Saṃpradâya) literally Tradition of Ten Names, is a Hindu monastic tradition established by Adi The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for '

Dervishes — initiates of Sufi orders — believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. Darvesh or Dervish ( Arabic and Persian: درویش) as it is known in European languages refers to members of Sufi Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy Many of the dervishes are mendicant ascetics who have taken the vow of poverty. Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. Though some of them are beggars by choice, others work in common professions; many Egyptian Qadirites, for example, are fishermen.

All genuine dervish brotherhoods trace their origins from two of the close companions of Muhammad, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Abu Bakr. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe They differ from spiritual brotherhoods of Christianity in that they usually do not live together in a 'monastery' setting; it is actually a stipulation that they have families, and earn an ethical living.

Whirling dance, which is the practice of the Mevlevi order in Turkey, is just one of the physical methods to try to reach religious ecstasy (majdhb) and connection with Allah. The Mevlevi Order or the Mevleviye are a Sufi order founded by the followers of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi, a 13th century Persian Rif'ai, in their mystical states, apparently skewer themselves without engendering any harm. Other groups include the Shadhili, a gnosis based order who practice the 'hadra' or 'presence', a dance-like breathing exercise involving the repetition of divine names. The Tariqa ash Shadhiliyya is a Sufi order founded by Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili. All genuine brotherhoods and subgroups chant verses of Qur'an, and must follow the sharia, or Islamic sacred law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law.

Traditionally monks in Islam have been known as fakirs. A fakir or faqir is a Sufi, especially one who Performs feats of Endurance or apparent magic. This term has also been applied to Hindu monks.

Jain monasticism

Main article: Jain monasticism

Jainism has two branches, and each has a slightly different take on monasticism. Jain Muni or simply Muni is the term often used for Jain Monks ref>Jains in the World Religious Values and Ideology in India By John E Digambara monks do not wear clothing; however, they do not consider themselves to be nude—they are wearing the environment. Digambar (दिगंबर (sky-clad in Sanskrit) (alternate orthographies Digambara) has many different meaning and associations throughout Indian Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Nudity is the state of wearing no Clothing. The term' "nudity" can also occasionally be used to refer to wearing significantly less clothing than expected See also Natural environment The '''biophysical''' environment is the symbiosis between the physical environment and the Biological Digambaras believe that practice represents a refusal to give in to the body's demands for comfort and private property—only Digambara ascetics are required to forsake clothing. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Digambara ascetics have only two possessions: a peacock feather broom and a water gourd. The term peafowl refers to Gallinaceous Birds classified within the genera Rheinardia Argusianus Afropavoand Pavo Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering or Plumage, on Birds They are considered the most complex integumentary structures A broom is a Cleaning Tool consisting of stiff fibres attached to and roughly parallel to a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. This article refers to the Dried fruit shell For the alternative country musical group of a similar name see The Gourds. They also believe that women are unable to obtain moksha. In Indian religions, Moksha ( Sanskrit: sa मोक्ष mokṣa) or Mukti ( Sanskrit: sa मुक्ति literally "release" As a result, of the around 6000 Jain nuns, barely 100 are Digambaras. The Shvetambaras are the other main Jainist sect. The Svetambara (श्वेतांबर श्वेतपट also spelled Svetambar, Shvetambara, Shvetabmbar or Swetambar) is one of Svetambaras, unlike Digambaras, neither believe that ascetics must practice nudity, nor do they believe that women are unable to obtain moksha. Shvetambaras are commonly seen wearing face masks so that they do not accidentally breathe in and kill small creatures.

Monasticism in other religions

See also

References

  1. ^ Swami Bhaskarananda, Essentials of Hinduism 112 (Viveka Press 1994) ISBN 1-884852-02-5
  2. ^ R. A maţha (also written math, matha or mutt) is a term for monastic and similar religious establishments of the Hindu and A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion usually S. McGregor, The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary (5th ed. 1999) ISBN 0-19-563846-8
  3. ^ Alex Michaels, Hinduism: Past and Present 316 (Princeton 1998) ISBN 0-691-08953-1
  4. ^ Swami Bhaskarananda, Essentials of Hinduism 112 (Viveka Press 1994) ISBN 1-884852-02-5.

Further reading

External links

Dictionary

monasticism

-noun

  1. the religious practice of renouncing all worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's life to spiritual work
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