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Eastern Romance languages
Vulgar Latin language
Substratum
Daco-Romanian (Romanian, Moldovan, Vlach)
Grammar | Nouns | Verbs
Numbers | Phonology | Lexis
Regulating bodies
Aromanian
Megleno-Romanian
Istro-Romanian
Grammar

Moldovan (also Moldavian) (limba moldovenească, rendered as лимба молдовеняскэ in Cyrillic) is the official language of the Republic of Moldova, as well as one of of the three official languages in the the breakaway territory of Transnistria. The Eastern Romance languages, sometimes known as the Vlach languages, are a group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin The Eastern Romance languages developed from the Proto-Romanian language which in turn developed from the Vulgar Latin spoken in a region of the Balkans See also Origin of Romanians Daco-Romanian continuity Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Status Serbian statistics list Vlach and Romanian languages separately depending of what people declared in census Romanian (technically called Daco-Romanian) shares practically the same Grammar and most of the vocabulary and phonological processes with the other three surviving This article on Romanian nouns is related to the Romanian grammar and belongs to a series of articles on the Romanian language. This article on Romanian verbs is related to the Romanian grammar and belongs to a series of articles on the Romanian language. The Romanian numbers are the system of Number names used in Romanian to express counts quantities ranks in ordered sets fractions multiplication and other information This article discusses the Phonology of the Romanian language. The lexis of the Romanian language (or Daco-Romanian) a Romance language, has changed over the centuries as the language evolved The Romanian Academy ( Romanian: Academia Română) is a cultural forum founded in Romania in 1866. The Academy of Sciences of Moldova ( Romanian Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei) established in 1946 is the main scientific organization of the Republic of Moldova Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most Megleno-Romanian (known as Vlăheşte by speakers and Moglenitic, Meglenitic or Megleno-Romanian by linguists is a Romance language Istro-Romanian is an Eastern Romance language, or a Dialect of the Romanian language. The Grammar of the Istro-Romanian language shares similar grammar with other Eastern Romance languages. The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Russian alphabet and developed for the Romanian / Moldovan language Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Transnistria, also known as Trans-Dniester, Transdniestria, and Pridnestrovie (full name Pridnestrovian [1][2][3][4]. Its literary form is shared with the Romanian language. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

The Constitution of Moldova (Title I, Article 13) states that the Moldovan language is the official language of the country. The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova is that country's supreme law In Moldova's Declaration of Independence the state language was called Romanian. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance [13] A group of Romanian linguists adopted a resolution stating that promotion of the notion of Moldovan language is an unscientific campaign. [14]

"Moldovan" (graiul moldovenesc, in older sources limba moldovenească) can also refer to a northern variety of colloquial Romanian approximately within the territory of the former Principality of Moldavia (now split between Moldova and Romania). Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Moldavian variety is considered one of the five major spoken varieties of Romanian, all five being written identically. There is no particular linguistic break at the Prut River, Moldovan and Romanian forming a dialect continuum. Prut, or Pruth, (Прут is a 953 km long river in Eastern Europe. A dialect continuum is a range of Dialects spoken across a large geographical area differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close and gradually decreasing

The standard alphabet of the language is the Latin alphabet (currently official in the Republic of Moldova). The Romanian alphabet is a modification of the Latin alphabet and consists of 31 letters Letters and their pronunciation See also Romanian Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania During the Soviet era, between 1940 and 1989, the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (different from old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) was used. History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union is covered in the following series of articles The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Russian alphabet and developed for the Romanian / Moldovan language The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was used to write Romanian language before 1860–1862 when it was officially replaced by a Latin-based alphabet, although As of 2007, it remains in use only in breakaway region of Transnistria. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Transnistria, also known as Trans-Dniester, Transdniestria, and Pridnestrovie (full name Pridnestrovian

Moldavian was assigned code mo in ISO 639-1 and code mol in ISO 639-2 and ISO/DIS 639-3. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages [15]

Contents

History and politics

See main article: History of the Moldovan language

The history of the Moldovan language in Moldova is closely tied to the region's political status, with long periods of rule by Russia and the Soviet Union influencing the language's name and (when Cyrillic script was in use) orthography. The history of the Moldovan language refers to the historical evolution of the Glottonym Moldavian / Moldovan. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language The concept of the distinction of Moldovan from Romanian was explicitely stated only in the early 20th century, and accompanied the raising of national awareness among Moldovans. [16] Major recent developments include the passing to a Latin script from Cyrillic in 1989 and several changes in the statutory name of the language used in Moldova. At one point of particular confusion about identity in the 1990s, all references to geography in the name of the language was dropped, and it was officially known simply as limba de stat - "The State Language".

Linguistic aspects

There are, however, regional differences in the colloquial spoken language. The Moldovan dialect/variety is common in the Republic of Moldova, as well as in Chernivtsi Oblast and Budjak region of Ukraine, and in 8 counties of Romania, territories that once made the medieval Principality of Moldavia. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Chernivtsi Oblast (Чернівецька область translit Budjak or Budzhak is a historical region in the Odessa Oblast (province of Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians The difference between the language spoken in Chişinău and Iaşi and the language spoken for example in Bucharest could be roughly compared to that between Standard British and Scottish or American English. Chişinău (kiʃi'nəw (also known as Kishinev, Кишинёв Kishinyov) is the capital and largest city of Moldova. Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Others have argued that these differences might be found within any linguistic territory. According to a report issued by the Academy of science of the Republic of Moldova in 1994, the correct name of the language is Romanian.

Controversy

See also: Moldovenism
Major varieties of the Romanian language
Major varieties of the Romanian language
Demonstration in Chişinău, January 2002. The text on the inscription is "Romanian people -Romanian language"
Demonstration in Chişinău, January 2002. Moldovenism is a term sometimes used to refer to the political view that asserts a Moldovans to be a distinct nation separate from Romanians. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance The text on the inscription is "Romanian people -Romanian language"

The matter of whether or not "Moldovan" is a separate language is a contested political issue within and beyond the Republic of Moldova.

The 1989 Language Law of the Moldavian SSR, which is still in force in Moldova (according to the Constitution,[17]) asserts the existence of a "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity". The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Moldovan: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ or Republica Sovietică Socialistă Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance [18] Article 13 of the Moldovan Constitution, names it "the national language of the country" (the original Moldovan/Romanian uses the term limba de stat, which literally means the language of the state, or official language, thus avoiding the term national, whose sense is that of ethnicity). A national language is a Language (or language variant, ie Dialect) which has some connection - de facto or de jure - with Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty

In the breakaway region of Transnistria, it is co-official with Ukrainian and Russian. Transnistria, also known as Trans-Dniester, Transdniestria, and Pridnestrovie (full name Pridnestrovian Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

Despite the official nomenclature, standard "Moldovan" is widely considered to be identical to the standard Romanian. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that [19] Writing about "essential differences", Vasile Stati, supporter of Moldovenism, is obliged to concentrate almost exclusively on lexical rather than grammatical differences. Vasile Stati is a Moldovan politician and linguist He studied history and philology at the Moldovan language Department of the State University of Chişinău Moldovenism is a term sometimes used to refer to the political view that asserts a Moldovans to be a distinct nation separate from Romanians. Whatever language distinctions may once have existed, these have been decreasing rather than increasing: ". . . in the main, Moldovan in its standard form was more Romanian by the 1980s than at any point in its history". [20]

In 2002, the Moldovan Minister of Justice, Ion Morei, said that Romanian and "Moldovan" are the same language and that the Constitution of Moldova should be amended, not necessarily by changing the word Moldovan into Romanian, but by adding that "Romanian and Moldovan are the same language". Ion Morei was the Minister of Justice of Moldova between April 19, 2001 and February 12, 2003 in the first cabinet (2001-2005 [21] Education Minister Valentin Beniuc said, "I have stated more than once that the notion of a Moldovan language and a Romanian language reflects the same linguistic phenomenon in essence. "[22] The President of Moldova, Vladimir Voronin, acknowledged that the two languages are identical, but said that Moldovans should have the right to call their language "Moldovan". Vladimir Nicolae Voronin (Владимир Николаевич Воронин Vladimir Nikolaevich Voronin) (born May 25, 1941) is a Moldovan [23]

In the 2004 census, out of the 3,383,332 people living in Moldova, 60% chose Moldovan as their mother tongue, whereas only 16. The 2004 Republic of Moldova Census was carried October 5 &ndash October 12, 2004. 5% chose Romanian. While 37% of all urban Romanian/Moldovan speakers chose Romanian as their mother tongue, in the countryside barely one in seven Romanian/Moldovan speakers indicated Romanian as his mother tongue. [24]

Moldovan language and the EU

When reporting on the proposal for a decision of the EU Council concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Community and Republic of Moldova, the Romanian rapporteur Jean Marin Marinescu included a recommendation not to make references to the Moldovan language. [25] This has led to speculation in the Romanian press to the conclusion that supposedly the EU (or Leonard Orban, European Commissioner for Multilingualism) banned the usage of the term "Moldovan language (e. Leonard Orban (born June 28 1961 is a Romanian independent technocrat who currently serves as the Commissioner for Multilingualism in the European The European Commissioner for Multilingualism is a member of the European Commission. g. ,[26]) In his November 17, 2007 interview, Leonard Orban denied these allegations, stating: "It is not the European Commission who acknowledges one language or the other. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. I want to be very clear about it: it is a decision that belongs to every national state. When views are different, of course they have to be settled politically, not at the European Commission level, but by the states that have different views. "[27] On December 19, 2007, in a Q&A session in the European Parliament, the European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, Benita Ferrero-Waldner, answered that the Moldovan language is referred in the 1998 Cooperation Agreement between the EU and Moldova because that name is used in the Constitution of Moldova, and hence it is considered a part of the acquis, binding to all member states. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU JUDrBenita Ferrero-Waldner (born September 5 1948) is the European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy and an The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova is that country's supreme law The term acquis communautaire, or (EU acquis (aˈki is used in European Union law to refer to the total body of EU law accumulated thus far A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto She also called for a future practical solution that would avoid the controversy. [28]

Orthography

See also: Romanian alphabet and Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet

Moldovan was generally written in a localized version of Cyrillic before the 20th century, but Latin was also occasionally used. The Romanian alphabet is a modification of the Latin alphabet and consists of 31 letters Letters and their pronunciation See also Romanian The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Russian alphabet and developed for the Romanian / Moldovan language In the interwar period, Soviet authorities alternately used Latin or Cyrillic for writing the language, mirroring the political goals of the moment. Between 1941 and 1989, i. e. during the Soviet rule, Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet replaced Latin as the official alphabet in Moldova (then Moldavian SSR). The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Russian alphabet and developed for the Romanian / Moldovan language The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Moldovan: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ or Republica Sovietică Socialistă [29] In 1989, Latin script was adopted again, along with the orthographic rules used in Romania at the time. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

Notes

  1. ^ (Moldovan)Article 13, line 1 - of Constitution of Republic of Moldova
  2. ^ Article 12 of the Constitution of Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika
  3. ^ Kogan Page 2004, p 242
  4. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/translation/language_aids/recognition/field_guide_main_languages_of_europe_en.pdf A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe - Spot that language and how to tell them apart], on the website of the European Commission
  5. ^ The Republic Of Moldova: Dimensions of the Gagauz Socio-Linguistic Model. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  6. ^ The Library of Congress -- Moldova, Country Study. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  7. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (via indiana.edu). Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  8. ^ NYU LAW, A country-by-country update on constitutional politics in Eastern Europe and the ex-USSR. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  9. ^ The Sovietization of Moldova. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  10. ^ Ethnologue.com, data on Moldova. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  11. ^ Disillusionment with Democracy: Notes from the Field in Moldova. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  12. ^ BBC on the Moldovan language.
  13. ^ (Romanian)Declaraţia de independenţa a Republicii Moldova, Moldova Suverană
  14. ^ (Romanian)Ziare.ro - Linguists condemn "Moldovan language". Moldova Suverenă ( is a Romanian language official newspaper of the Moldovan government which is published daily in Chişinău. Retrieved on 2007-11-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw
  15. ^ SIL International: ISO 639 code sets: Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: mol
  16. ^ Library of the US Congress Country Study, Moldova - Language, Religion and Culture - Language: "Stalin justified the creation of the Moldavian SSR by claiming that a distinct 'Moldavian' language was an indicator that 'Moldavians' were a separate nationality from the Romanians in Romania. In order to give greater credence to this claim, in 1940 Stalin imposed the Cyrillic alphabet on 'Moldavian' to make it look more like Russian and less like Romanian; archaic Romanian words of Slavic origin were imposed on "Moldavian"; Russian loanwords and phrases were added to 'Moldavian'; and a new theory was advanced that "Moldavian" was at least partially Slavic in origin. (Romanian is a Romance language descended from Latin. ) In 1949 Moldavian citizens were publicly reprimanded in a journal for daring to express themselves in literary Romanian. The Soviet government continued this type of behavior for decades. Proper names in Moldova were subjected to Russianization as well. Russian endings were added to purely Romanian names, and individuals were referred to in the Russian manner by using a patronymic (based on one's father's first name) as a middle name. " [1]
  17. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, Title 7, Article 7: "The law of 1 September 1989 regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova remains valid, excepting the points where it contradicts this constitution. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) "
  18. ^ Legea cu privire la funcţionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldoveneşti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989 (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): "Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the really existing linguistical Moldo-Romanian identity - of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their maternal language. "
  19. ^ Kogan Page 2004, p 291 ; IHT, 16 June 2000, p. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. 2 ; Dyer 1999, 2005
  20. ^ King 2000
  21. ^ Ion Morei: The Moldovan language is identical to the Romanian language, Moldova Azi, 10 September 2002
  22. ^ Din nou fără burse, Jurnal de Chişinău, 25 May 2004
  23. ^ Mediafax interview
  24. ^ National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova: Census 2004
  25. ^ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A6-2007-0427+0+DOC+WORD+V0//EN
  26. ^ "Orban a eliminat “limba moldovenească” de pe site-ul Comisiei Europene" (Romanian)
  27. ^ 'Moldovan language' joined EU right by Romania: ZIUA
  28. ^ Answer given by Mrs Ferrero-Waldner on behalf of the Commission, December 19, 2007
  29. ^ "Language policy in the Soviet Union" Grenoble 2003, pp 89-93

References

Further reading

External links

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