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This article is about the people known as "Mohcock",. For other uses, see Mohawk.
Mohawk
Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant by Gilbert Stuart, 1786
Total population

78,000+
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Canada Canada (Quebec, Ontario) 30,000
Flag of the United States United States (New York) 20,000
Languages
English, Kanien'keha'ka, Other Iroquoian Dialects
Religions
Kai'hwi'io, Kanoh'hon'io, Kahni'kwi'io, Christianity, Longhouse, Handsome Lake, Other Indigenous Religion
Related ethnic groups
Seneca Nation, Oneida Nation, Cayuga Nation, Onondaga Nation, Tuscarora Nation, other Iroquoian peoples

The Mohawk (Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint") are an indigenous people of North America originally from the Mohawk Valley in upstate New York to southern Quebec and eastern Ontario. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The United States of America —commonly referred to as the New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States This article is about the language spoken by the Mohawk people for other uses see Mohawk. The Iroquoian languages are a Native American Language family. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Longhouse Religion, refers to the religious movement founded in 1799 among peoples who formerly lived in longhouses Handsome Lake or Ganioda'yo ( Θkanyatararí•yau• in Tuscarora) (1735 – 10 August 1815) was a Seneca religious leader The Seneca are a group of indigenous people native to North America. The Oneida ( Onyota'aka or Onayotekaono, meaning the People of the Upright Stone or standing stone, Thwahrù•nęˀ in Tuscarora The Cayuga nation ( Guyohkohnyo or the People of the Great Swamp) was one of the five original constituents of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois) a confederacy The Onondaga ( Onöñda'gega' or the People of the Hills) are one of the original five constituent nations of the Iroquois ( Haudenosaunee) Confederacy The Tuscarora ("hemp gatherers" are an American Indian tribe with members in New York, Canada, and North Carolina. The Iroquoian languages are a Native American Language family. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Mohawk Valley ( Yenęˀná•ˀna•č in Tuscarora) region of the U New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Their current settlements include areas around Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence River in Canada. Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Their traditional homeland stretches southward of the Mohawk River, eastward to the Green Mountains of Vermont, westward to its border with the Oneida Nation traditional homeland territory, and northward to the St Lawrence River. The Mohawk River is a long River in the US state of New York. The Green Mountains are a Mountain range in the US state of Vermont. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Oneida ( Onyota'aka or Onayotekaono, meaning the People of the Upright Stone or standing stone, Thwahrù•nęˀ in Tuscarora Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway As original members of the Iroquois League, or Haudenosaunee, the Mohawk were known as the "Keepers of the Eastern Door" who guarded the Iroquois Confederation against invasion from that direction. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse (It was from the westward direction that European settlers first appeared, sailing up the Hudson River to found and inhabit Albany, New York, in the early 17th century. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. )

Contents

Origins of name

The name of the Mohawk people in the Mohawk language is Kanien'kehá:ka, alternately attributed various spellings by early French-settler ethnographers including one such spelling as, Canyenkehaka. This article is about the language spoken by the Mohawk people for other uses see Mohawk. There are various theories as to why the Mohawk were called the "Mohawk" by Europeans, but the most widely-accepted one is that the name is from the word for "man-eater" in some Algonquian language (e. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic g. , Narraganset Mohowawog) meaning those who eat meat. The Massachusett language was a Native American language, a member of the Algonquian language family [1][2]

The Dutch referred to the Mohawk as Hawks, or Egils, or Maquasen, or Maquas. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. To the French they were Agniers, Maquis, or simply Iroquois.

To the Mohawk themselves, they are Kanien'kehá:ka and "People of the Flint". The use of People of the Flint is associated with their origins in the Mohawk Valley, and their original homeland in the United States, New York. The Mohawk Valley ( Yenęˀná•ˀna•č in Tuscarora) region of the U There, flint deposits were traditionally used in Mohawk bow arrows, and as Toolmaking Flint. Chipped stone tools were made by Stone age peoples worldwide Paleolithic tools were relatively simple repeated small flakes being struck or pressed from a cobble

History

In 1614, the Dutch opened a trading post at Fort Nassau, New Netherland near present day Albany, New York. Fort Nassau (North was a Dutch fort constructed on an island in the Hudson River near present day Albany in 1614. New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. The Dutch initially traded for furs with the local Mahicans. Mohican redirects here For other uses of Mohican see Mohican (disambiguation The Mahicans (also Mohicans) are a In 1628, the Mohawks defeated the Mahicans who then retreated to Connecticut. The Mohawks gained a near monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch by not allowing Canadian Indians and other tribes to trade with the Dutch.

The Mohawks and the Dutch became allies and relations were peaceful even including the periods of Kieft's War and the Esopus Wars. Kieft's War, also known as the Wappinger War, was a conflict between Dutch settlers and Indians in the colony of New Netherland from 1643 to The Esopus Wars were two localized conflicts between Dutch settlers and the Esopus tribe of Lenape Indians during the latter half of the 17th century in what is now Their Dutch trade partners equipped the Mohawks to fight against other nations allied with the French, including the Ojibwes, Huron-Wendats, and Algonquins. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations "Huron" redirects here For other uses see Huron (disambiguation. The Algonquins (or Algonkins) are an aboriginal North American people speaking Algonquin, an Anishinaabe language. The Mohawks made peace with the French in 1645.

During the Pequot War, their alliance was sought by the Algonquian Indians of New England, but they refused and killed the fleeing Pequot sachem Sassacus. The Pequot War was an armed conflict in 1636-1637 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Sassacus is also a genus of Jumping spiders. Sassacus ( Massachuset: Sassakusu, which translates In the winter of 1651 the Mohawks attacked to the south and overwhelmed the Atrakwaeronons and took between five and six hundred captives. In 1664, the Pocumtuck of New England killed a Mohawk ambassador which started a war which resulted in the destruction of the Pocumtuck. The Pocomtuc, also Pocumtuck or Deerfield Indians, were a Native American tribe formerly inhabiting Western Massachusetts, especially around The Mohawks also attacked other members of the Pocumtuck confederacy including the Pennacook, Abnakis, Squakhead, and Sokokis in a war which did not end until 1671. The Pennacook, or Merrimack, tribe were a people that formerly inhabited the Merrimack River Valley of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and portions The Abenaki ( or Abnaki) are a Tribe of Native American and First Nations people belonging to the Algonquian peoples In 1666, the French raeped the Mohawks and burned all the Mohawk villages and their food supply. One of the conditions of the peace was that the Mohawks accept Jesuit missionaries. Beginning in 1669 the missionaries convinced some Mohawks to relocate to two reservations near Montreal. These Mohawks became known as Caughnawagas and they became allies of the French. The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (Gah'nah'wah'gay in Mohawk, Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora) is an Indian

After the fall of New Netherland to the English, the Mohawks in New York became allies of the Kingdom of England. New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally In 1675 during King Philip's War, Metacom sachem of the warring Pokanoket decided to winter with his warriors near Albany. King Philip's War, sometimes called Metacom 's War or Metacom's Rebellion was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of Metacomet (c 1639 - August 12, 1676) also known as King Philip or Metacom, was a war chief or Sachem of the Wampanoag The Pokanoket, or Pocasset, were one of the tribes that made up the Wampanoag peoples Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. With the encouragement of the English, the Mohawks attacked and killed all but forty out of four hundred Pokanokets. From the 1690s, they underwent a period of Christianization acculturation, during which many were baptized with English surnames while others were given complete English names. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings

During the era of the French and Indian War, Anglo-Mohawk partnership relations were maintained by men such as Sir William Johnson (for the British Crown), Conrad Weiser (on behalf of the colony of Pennsylvania), and King Hendrick (for the Mohawks). The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. Sir William Johnson 1st Baronet (1715 &ndash 11 July 1774) founder of Johnstown, New York, was an Irish pioneer and army Johann Conrad Weiser ( November 2, 1696 – July 13, 1760) was a German Pennsylvanian pioneer farmer monk tanner The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Theyanoguin or King Hendrick (c1680 &ndash 8 September 1755) was an important Mohawk leader and orator in the Mohawk Valley The Albany Congress of 1754 was called in part to repair the damaged diplomatic relationship between the British and Mohawks. The Albany Congress, also known as the Albany Conference, was a meeting of representatives of seven of the British North American colonies in 1754 (specifically The Covenant Chain was an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee and the British colonies of North America.

American Revolutionary War

During the second and third quarters of the 18th century, most of the Mohawks in the Province of New York lived at Canajoharie, a few lived at Schoharie, while the rest lived about 30 miles downstream at the Tiononderoga Castle also called Fort Hunter. The Province of New York (1664-1776 (Provincie New York resulted from the capture of the Dutch Republic colony of Provincie Nieuw-Nederland by the Canajoharie New York may refer to Canajoharie (town New York Canajoharie (village New York Schoharie New York may refer to Schoharie (town New York, located in Schoharie County Schoharie (village New York, located within the Fort Hunter, New York is a hamlet in the town of Florida Montgomery County New York, on the Mohawk River at Schoharie Creek. The two settlements were traditionally called the Upper Castle and the Lower Castle. The Lower Castle was almost contiguous with Sir Peter Warren's Warrensbush. Admiral Sir Peter Warren, KB (1703 or 1704 &ndash 29 July 1752) was a British Naval officer from Ireland who commanded Sir William Johnson built his first house on the north bank of the Mohawk almost opposite Warrensbush. Sir William Johnson 1st Baronet (1715 &ndash 11 July 1774) founder of Johnstown, New York, was an Irish pioneer and army

Because of unsettled conflicts with settlers infiltrating into the Mohawk Valley and outstanding treaty obligations to the Crown, the Mohawks fought against the United States during the American Revolutionary War. The Mohawk Valley ( Yenęˀná•ˀna•č in Tuscarora) region of the U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Most of the Mohawks at the Upper Castle fled to Fort Niagara, while most of those at the Lower Castle fled to Montreal. Fort Niagara is a fortification originally built to protect the interests of New France in North America. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec A few such as the sachem Little Abraham at Fort Hunter remained neutral throughout the war. Fort Hunter, New York is a hamlet in the town of Florida Montgomery County New York, on the Mohawk River at Schoharie Creek. During this war, Johannes Tekarihoga was the leader of the Mohawks. Johannes Tekarihoga died around 1780, and Catherine Crogan, wife of Joseph Brant, named her brother Henry Crogan as the new Tekarihoga.

After War Years

After the American victory in the war, one prominent Mohawk war chief, Joseph Brant, led a large group of Iroquois out of New York to a new homeland at Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario. Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant ( c 1743 &ndash 24 November 1807) was a Mohawk leader and British military officer during Six Nations of the Grand River is the name applied to two contiguous Indian reserves southeast of Brantford Ontario, Canada &ndash Six Nations reserve Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Another Mohawk war chief John Deseronto lead another group of Mohawks to a new homeland on the Bay of Quinte. Captain John Deseronto (alt Deserontyon (Odeserundiye UE (c1740's - 1811 was a prominent Mohawk war chief during the American Revolutionary War. The Bay of Quinte is on the northern shore of Lake Ontario. Located about 200 kilometers east of Toronto and 400 west of Montreal, the Bay of Quinte One large group of Mohawks settled in the vicinity of Montreal, Quebec. From this group descend the Mohawks of Kahnawake, Akwesasne and Kanesatake. The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (Gah'nah'wah'gay in Mohawk, Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora) is an Indian The Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne is a Mohawk Nation territory located across the intersection of the New York - Ontario - Quebec borders Kanehsatake is a Mohawk community on the shore of the Lake of Two Mountains in southwestern Quebec, Canada, near Montreal. One of the most famous Catholic Mohawks was Kateri, who was later beatified. Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha or Blessed Catherine Tekakwitha (ɡɔdeli deɡɔkwidɔ in Mohawk (1656 – April 17, 1680) the daughter of a Mohawk Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church

On November 11, 1794, representatives of the Mohawks (along with the other Iroquois nations) signed the Treaty of Canandaigua with the United States. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Treaty of Canandaigua was signed at Canandaigua, New York on November 11, 1794, by fifty sachems and war chiefs representing the Grand Council The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Mohawks fought against the United States in the War of 1812. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The Mohawk Nation, as part of the Iroquois Confederacy, was recognised for some time by the French government, and the Confederacy was a participant in the Congress of Vienna, having been allied with the French during the War of 1812 which was viewed by the French as part of the Napoleonic Wars. Mohawk ( Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint" are an indigenous people of North America The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions However, in 1842 their legal existence was overlooked in Lord Durham's report on the reform and organization of the Canadas. Earl of Durham is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Upper Canada and Lower Canada, collectively referred to as the Canadas, were two British colonies in Canada.

Organization

Members of the Mohawk tribe now live in settlements spread throughout New York State and southeastern Canada. Among these are Ganienkeh and Kanatsiohareke in northeast New York, Akwesasne (St. Regis) along the Ontario-New York border, Kanesatake (Oka) and Kahnawake in southern Quebec, and Tyendinaga and Wahta (Gibson) in southern Ontario. Ganienkeh, which translates from Mohawk into Land of the Flint, is a Mohawk community located within original sovereign Mohawk Territory in Upper Kanatsiohareke is a small Mohawk /Kanienkahaka community on the north bank of the Mohawk River, west of Fonda New York. The Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne is a Mohawk Nation territory located across the intersection of the New York - Ontario - Quebec borders St Regis Mohawk Reservation is a Mohawk Indian reservation in Franklin County, New York, United States. Kanehsatake is a Mohawk community on the shore of the Lake of Two Mountains in southwestern Quebec, Canada, near Montreal. The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (Gah'nah'wah'gay in Mohawk, Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora) is an Indian Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory is an 73 km² (18000- Acre) Mohawk Indian reserve on the Bay of Quinte in southeastern Ontario, Canada Wahta Mohawk Territory is an Indian reserve near Bala Ontario on the Musquash River in south-central Ontario, Canada in the Mohawks also form the majority on the mixed Iroquois reserve, Six Nations of the Grand River, in Ontario. Six Nations of the Grand River is the name applied to two contiguous Indian reserves southeast of Brantford Ontario, Canada &ndash Six Nations reserve There are also Mohawk Orange Lodges in Canada. The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly

Many Mohawk communities have two sets of chiefs that exist in unison and are in some sense competing governmental rivals. One group are the hereditary chiefs nominated by clan matriarchs in the traditional Mohawk fashion; the other is the elected chief and councilors with whom the Canadian and U. A matriarch, clan-mother or 'chief' is an Autocratic female ruler of a human family Clan, or Kinship, or of an animal grouping S. governments usually prefer to deal exclusively. Since the 1980s, Mohawk politics have been driven by factional disputes over gambling, land claims, traditional government jurisdiction, taxation, and the Indian Act. The Indian Act ("An Act respecting Indians" RS 1985 c

Both the elected chiefs and the controversial Warrior Society have encouraged gaming as a means of ensuring tribal self-sufficiency on the various reserves Indian reservations while traditional chiefs have opposed gaming on moral grounds and out of fear of corruption and organized crime. Such disputes have also been associated with religious divisions: the traditional chiefs are often associated with the Longhouse Religion|Longhouse tradition, practicing consensus-democratic values, while the Warrior Society has attacked that religion and asserted independence in favor of their rebellious nature. Meanwhile, the elected chiefs have tended to be associated (though in a much looser and general way) with democratic, legislative and Canadian governmental values. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system

This is covered below. . . The Government of Canada imposed English schooling and separated families to place children in English boarding schools. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. A boarding school is a School where some or all pupils not only study but also live during term time with their fellow students and possibly teachers Like other tribes, Mohawks have flucuated in their native language fluency, and many have left the reserve to meld with the English Canadian culture, and to work

Residential Schools

The 'Mohawk Institute' or Residential School, also called the mush hole, was opened in 1850 by missionaries and the church and was funded by the Canadian Government. The school was meant to acculturate Mohawk children of all ages, to teach them the English language, culture, and education. The school was conducted in malice and travesty methods, and many abuse issues came to light including Mohawk children being punished for speaking Mohawk language to one another. Malice is a Legal term referring to a party's Intention to do Injury to another party

The Mohawk children were taken by the school with the school officials acting in Parens Partriae, and In Loco Parentis often with the youth being expropriated from their reservations. The term in loco parentis, Latin for "in the place of a parent" or "instead of a parent" refers to the legal responsibility of a person or Eminent domain ( United States) compulsory purchase ( United Kingdom, New Zealand, Ireland) resumption/compulsory acquisition Few incidences involved emancipated minors. Emancipation of minors is a legal mechanism by which a child is freed from control by their parent(s/guardian(s and the parent(s/guardian(s is/are freed from any and all responsibility Mohawk children of other regions were taken to residential schools in those regions, as well as other native children.

According to another source, a First Nation's historian, Geronimo Henry defines in his "Mohawk Institute" literature that:

"The Mohawk Institute was established in 1831 by the New England Co, a Protestant missionary society based in Britain, to convert and civilize the "wild" native. The school was later run by the Anglican Church and controlled by the federal Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. It wasn’t until the latter part of the 1800s that Ottawa took a leading role in the "education" of native children and made residential schools part of government policy".

Casinos

On October 15, 1993, Governor Mario Cuomo entered into the "Tribal-State Compact Between the St. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Mario Matthew Cuomo (born Queens New York, June 15, 1932) served as the 52nd Governor of New York from 1983 to 1994 Regis Mohawk Tribe and the State of New York. " The compact allowed the Tribe to conduct gambling, including games such as baccarat, blackjack, craps and roulette, on the Akwesasne Reservation in Franklin County under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA). Baccarat is a casino Card game. It is believed to have been introduced into France from Italy during the reign of Charles VIII of France Blackjack (also known as Twenty-one, Vingt-et-un (French for Twenty-one or Pontoon) is the most widely played casino banking Craps is a Dice game played against other players or a bank Craps developed from a simplification of the Old English game hazard. Roulette is a Casino and Gambling game named after the French word meaning "small wheel" Franklin County is a County located in the US state of New York. The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act ( et seq) is a 1988 United States federal law which establishes the Jurisdictional framework that presently governs

According to the terms of the 1993 compact, the New York State Racing and Wagering Board, the New York State Police and the St. The New York State Police ( NYSP) is the State police force of 4600 sworn Troopers for the state of New York. Regis Mohawk Tribal Gaming Commission were vested with gaming oversight. Law enforcement responsibilities fell under the cognizance of the state police, with some law enforcement matters left to the tribe. As required by IGRA, the compact was approved by the United States Department of the Interior before it took effect. The United States Department of the Interior ( DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally There were several extensions and amendments to this compact, but not all of them were approved by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The United States Department of the Interior ( DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally

On June 12, 2003, the New York Court of Appeals affirmed the lower courts' rulings that Governor Cuomo exceeded his authority by entering into the compact absent legislative authorization and declared the compact void [1]. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. New York Court of Appeals is the highest court in the US state of New York. On October 19, 2004, Governor George Pataki signed a bill passed by the State Legislature that ratified the compact as being Nunc Pro Tunc, with some additional minor changes. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " George Elmer Pataki (born June 24, 1945) is an American politician who was the 53rd Governor of New York serving three consecutive Nunc pro tunc is a Latin expression in common legal use in the English language. [3]

The Mohawk Nation is currently in pursuit of obtaining approval to own and operate a casino in Sullivan County, New York at Monticello Raceway. A casino is in the modern sense of the word a facility that houses and accommodates certain types of Gambling activities Sullivan County is a County located in the US state of New York. Monticello Gaming and Raceway is a harness Racing track, and home to a relatively new Racino, in Monticello, Sullivan County New York The U. S. Department of the Interior has until recently approved of this action and even after obtaining Governor Eliot Spitzer's concurrence subject to the negotiation and approval of either an amendment to the current compact or a new compact has rejected their application to take the land in to trust[2]. Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and former politician of the Democratic Party.

There are currently two pending. The State of New York has expressed similar objections in its responses to take land into trust for other Indian nations and tribes;[3]. The other contends that the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act violates the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as it is applied in the State of New York and is currently pending in the United States District Court for the Western District of New York[4]. The Tenth Amendment ( Amendment X) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, The United States District Court for the Western District of New York is the Federal district court whose jurisdiction comprises the following counties Allegany,

Traditional Mohawk dress

The Mohawks, like many indigenous tribes in the Great Lakes region, sometimes wore a hair style in which all their hair would be cut off except for a narrow strip down the middle of the scalp from the forehead to the nape, that was approximately three finger widths across. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. This style was only used by warriors going off to war. The Mohawks saw their hair as a connection to the Creator, and therefore grew it long. But when they went to war, they cut all or some of it off, leaving that narrow strip. The women wore their hair long often with traditional Bear Grease or tied back into a single braid. Their heads were often not covered by a covering or hat, often wearing nothing on their heads in winter.

Traditional dress styles of the Kanien'kehá:ka Mohawk peoples consisted of women going topless in summer with a skirt of deerskin. In colder seasons, women wore a full woodland deerskin dress, leather tied underwear, long fashioned hair or a braid and Bear Grease. There was otherwise nothing on their head, except several ear piercings adorned by shell earrings, shell necklaces, and also puckered seam ankle wrap moccasins.

The women also used a layer of smoked and curated peat moss as an insulation absorbancy for menses, as well as simple scraps of leather were used. Later menses use consisted of cotton linen pieces where pilgrim settlers and missionaries provided trade and introduced of such items.

The traditional dress styles of the Kanien'kehá:ka Mohawk men consisted solely of a breech cloth of deerskin in summer, deerskin leggings and a full piece deerskin shirt in winter, several shell strand earrings, shell necklaces, long fashioned hair or a three finger width forehead-to-nape hair row which stood approximately three inches from the head, and puckered seamed wrap ankle moccasins.

The men would also carry a quill and flint arrow hunting bag as well as arm and knee bands.

During the summer, traditional dress styles of the Kanien'kehá:ka Mohawk children consisted of nothing up to the ages of thirteen, the time before they were ready for their warrior or woman passages or rites.

Later dress after European contact combined some cloth pieces such as the males ribbon shirt in addition to the place of the deerskin clothing, and wool trousers and skirts. For a time many Mohawk peoples incorporated a combination of the older styles of dress with newly introduced forms of clothing.

According to author Kanatiiosh in "Hodenasaunee Clothing and & Other Cultural Items" Mohawk as a part of the Hodenasaunee Confederacy: "Traditionally used furs obtained from the woodland, which consisted of elk and deer hides, corn husks, and they also wove plant and tree fibers to produce [the] clothing".

Later Sinew or animal gut was cleaned and prepared as a thread for garments and footwear and was threaded to porcupine quills or sharp leg bones, in order to sew or pierce eyeholes for threading. A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of Fibrous connective tissue that usually connects Muscle to Bone and is capable of withstanding tension

Clothing dyes were obtained of various sources such as berries, tree barks, flowers, grasses, water and from smoke, and curated urine was sometimes used to extract difficult dyes because of its acidic tendencies.

Generally a village of Mohawk people wore the same design of clothing applicable to their gender, with acception to various color and artwork designs incorporated onto the clothing and moccasins. Durable clothing that was held by older village people and adults was handed down to others in their family sometimes as gifts, honours, or because of outgrowth. Mohawk clothing was sometimes reminiscent of designs from trade with neighbouring First Nation tribes, and was more closely in resemblance to that of other Six Nations confederacy nations however much originality applicable to the Mohawk nation peoples style of dress was often kept as the foundation of the style they wore.

Longhouses

Apart from additional seventeenth century replica artifact longhouse landmark and tourist villages such as Kanata Village Brantford, Ontario and Awkwasasne's "Tsiionhiakwatha" replica and interpretation village in Quebec, Ontario there are a plentitude of other Mohawk Nation Longhouses on the varying Mohawk territory reserves that hold the Mohawk law recitations, ceremonial rites, and the Mohawk and Handsome Lake religion:

Mohawk communities today

These are grouped by broad geographical cluster, with notes on the character of community governance found in each.

Ceremonies

The Mohawks believe that winter is a time of death in which Mother Earth goes into a long slumber, in which many plants die, but when spring arrives and nature begins to flourish, she has woken up and given life once again. The Summer Initiation Festival is held at the beginning of May each year to celebrate the coming of summer and the life it brings. This has been a very respected and honoured festival of the Mohawk people for several thousands of years. For five days, the Mohawks perform various rituals, such as planting new seeds that will flourish into plants over the summer, that honour and celebrate the Mother Earth for the life she is giving to the Earth.

Marriage

Mohawk Nation wedding ceremonies are conducted by a chief since the chief holds the sanction to perform the greatest rituals before the Creator, and in a marriage the couple vow their commitment before the Creator. The marrying man and woman then unite in a lifelong relationship, and there is not any custom for divorce. This is not held as a punishment however; the Mohawk Nation people are a matrilineal society and hold marriage as a great commitment which should be nurtured and respected. Much respect is given to the woman by her husband because the woman is the head of the household.

The marriage ceremony includes a day of celebration for the man and woman, a formal oration by the chief of the woman's nation and clan, community dancing and feast, and gifts of respect and honour by community members. Traditionally these gifts were realistic in nature with which the couple would use in their everyday religious and working lives.

As clothing the man and woman wore white rabbit leathers and furs with personal adornments usually made by their families so as to stand apart from the rest of the communities traditional style of dress during the ceremony. The "Rabbit Dance Song" and other social dance songs were sung by the men, where they used gourd rattles and later cow-horn rattles, as well as a "Water Drum" in which other well-wishing couples participated in the dance with the couple. The meal would commence after the ceremony and everyone who participated would eat.

Today the marriage ceremony may follow that of the old tradition or incorporate newer methods, but it is still used by many Mohawk Nation marrying couples. In addition there are still couples who have chosen to marry in the European manner, as well as in the Longhouse manner, with the longhouse ceremony usually being held first. [4]

The Canadian and U. S. government however still consider the centuries old Mohawk Marriage Ceremony to be non-existent in its rights and will not sanctify a marriage license based upon a marriage that took place in a Mohawk Wedding Ceremony by a chief. If the ceremony takes place in a chapel conducted by a Justice of the Peace, it can be recognized by the state. A chapel is a holy place or area of Worship for Christians, which may be attached to an institution such as a large church, a College, a A Justice of the Peace ( JP) is a Puisne Judicial officer appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace

Notable Mohawks

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997). Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant ( c 1743 &ndash 24 November 1807) was a Mohawk leader and British military officer during Koñwatsiãtsiaiéñni or Mary (Molly Brant ( c 1736 &ndash April 16, 1796) was an important Mohawk woman in New York Captain John Deseronto (alt Deserontyon (Odeserundiye UE (c1740's - 1811 was a prominent Mohawk war chief during the American Revolutionary War. Emily Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake (10 March 1861 &ndash 7 March 1913 commonly known as E August Werner Schellenberg is a Canadian actor His Ethnicity is Mohawk and Swiss-German[http //www Jay Silverheels ( May 26, 1912 &ndash March 5, 1980) was a Canadian Mohawk Actor. Ots-Toch is the traditional name given to a 17th century Mohawk woman from Canajoharie who married Dutch trader Cornelius Anthonisse Van Slyck and founded Gerald Taiaiake Alfred, born in Tiohtiáke ( Montréal) in 1964 is a Kanien’kehaka intellectual and a professor at the University of Victoria (UVic Robbie Robertson (born Jaime Robert Klegerman, 5 July 1943 at Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Songwriter, The Oka Crisis was a land dispute between the Mohawk nation and the town of Oka Quebec which began on July 11, 1990, and lasted The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse Most discussions regarding the Lower-Canada Rebellions have not rigorously deciphered the specific role played by the Iroquois community of Kahnawake. This article is about the language spoken by the Mohawk people for other uses see Mohawk. Native American tribe means any Indigenous peoples in the United States tribe band nation or other organized group or community extant or historical Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Flying Head, or Ko nea rau neh neh, is a spiritual being within the traditional belief systems of the Iroquois people American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 401
  2. ^ Mohawk. Dictionary. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
  3. ^ see C. 590 of the Laws of 2004
  4. ^ Anne Marie Shimony, "Conservatism among the Iroquois at Six Nations Reserve", 1961

References

External links

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