| Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi | |
 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, pictured in 1931 | |
| Born | 2 October 1869 Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India |
|---|---|
| Died | 30 January 1948 (age 78) New Delhi, India |
| Cause of death | Assassinated |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Mahatma Gandhi |
| Education | University College London |
| Known for | Indian Independence Movement |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Religious beliefs | Hinduism |
| Spouse | Kasturba Gandhi |
| Children | Harilal Manilal Ramdas Devdas |
Signature | |
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, IPA: [moɦənd̪äs kərəmtʃənd̪ gä̃d̪ʱi]) (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant He was the pioneer of Satyagraha—resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon ahimsa or total non-violence—which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Satyagraha ( Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha) is a philosophy and practice of Nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization. Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical Ahimsa ( Devanagari: sa अहिंसा IAST ahiṃsā is a Sanskrit term meaning Non-violence (literally the avoidance of violence - Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant He is commonly known in India and across the world as Mahatma Gandhi (Sanskrit: महात्मा mahātmā or "Great Soul", an epithet given by Rabindranath Tagore) and as Bapu (Gujarati: બાપુ bāpu or "Father"). Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Mahatma is Sanskrit for "Great Soul" (महात्मा mahātmā: महा mahā (great + आत्मं or आत्मन Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? In India, he is officially accorded the honour of Father of the Nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae) also seen as Parens Patriae, is a Latin Honorific meaning " Father 2 October, his birthday, is commemorated each year as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Gandhi Jayanti Bold text is a national holiday celebrated in India to mark the occasion of the Birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, the " India, being a multicultural and multireligious society celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions On 15 June 2007, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution declaring 2 October to be the "International Day of Non-Violence". Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule The International Day of Non-Violence is observed on 2 October, the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi.
Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Upon his return to India, he organized poor farmers and labourers to protest oppressive taxation and widespread discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for the alleviation of poverty, for the liberation of women, for brotherhood amongst different religious and ethnic groups, for an end to untouchability and caste discrimination, and for the economic self-sufficiency of India, but above all for Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Dalit is a self designation for group of people of South Asian descent who were traditionally regarded as untouchables or low Caste. This article refers to the concept of Swaraj as propagated by Gandhi. Gandhi famously led Indians first in the disobedience of the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 kilometers (249 miles) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in an open call for the British to Quit India in 1942. The Salt Satyagraha was a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi on March 12 1930 The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a Civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in He was imprisoned for many years, on numerous occasions, in both South Africa and India.
Gandhi practiced non-violence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality He lived simply, organizing an ashram that was self-sufficient in its needs. Sabarmati Ashram ( Gujarati: સાબરમતી આશ્રમ also known as Gandhi Ashram Harijan Ashram or Satyagraha Ashram is located Making his own clothes—the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn he hand spun on a charkha—he lived on a simple vegetarian diet; he also undertook long fasts as forms of both self-purification and social protest. The pancha in Telugu, called dhoti or doti in Hindi, Laacha in Punjabi, Mundu in Malayalam A spinning wheel is a device for spinning thread or Yarn from natural or Synthetic Fibers History Technology in World Civilization Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time
Early life
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[1] was born in Porbander, a coastal town in present-day Gujarat, Western India, on October 2, 1869. Porbandar is a coastal city in the Indian state of Gujarat, perhaps best known for being the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi and Sudama Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. History (For detailed history please read the respective articles of the three western states Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat) Parts of Gujarat Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year His father, Karamchand Gandhi, who belonged to the Hindu Modh community, was the diwan (Prime Minister) of the eponymous Porbander state, a small princely state in the Kathiawar Agency of British India. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Modh is a Nyat (community of merchants ( Banias who originated from Modhera in Gujarat in 10th–11th century CE The originally Persian title of diwan (also quite commonly known as Dewan; also spelled -van) has at various points in the Islamic history, designated Porbandar is a coastal city in the Indian state of Gujarat, perhaps best known for being the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi and Sudama For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a Kathiawar Agency was a political unit that was part of the old Bombay Presidency in British India. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British His mother, Putlibai, who came from the Hindu Pranami Vaishnava community, was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first two wives having apparently died in childbirth. Vaishnavism is a tradition of Hinduism, distinguished from other schools by its worship of Vishnu or its associated avatars principally as Rama and Growing up with a devout mother and the Jain traditions of the region, the young Mohandas absorbed early the influences that would play an important role in his adult life; these included, compassion to sentient beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between individuals of different creeds. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time
In May 1883, at the age of 13, Gandhi was married through his parents' arrangements to Kasturba Makhanji (also spelled "Kasturbai" or known as "Ba"). Kastürbā Gāndhi ( April 11, 1869 – 22 February, 1944) affectionately called Ba, was the wife of Mohandas Gandhi. They had five children, the first of whom died in infancy; Harilal Gandhi, born in 1888; Manilal Gandhi, born in 1892; Ramdas Gandhi, born in 1897; and Devdas Gandhi, born in 1900. Harilal Mohandas Gandhi ( Devanagari: हरीलाल गांधी (1888- 18 June 1948) was the first son of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Manilal Mohandas Gandhi ( October 28, 1892 – April 4, 1956) was the second son of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Kasturba Gandhi Ramdas Gandhi (1897 - 1969 was the third son of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Devdas Gandhi (1900 - 1957 was the fourth and youngest son of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi was a mediocre student in his youth at Porbandar and later Rajkot. Rajkot (રાજકોટ राजकोट Rājkot) is the 4th largest city in the state of Gujarat, India. He barely passed the matriculation exam for Samaldas College at Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Bhavnagar (ભાવનગર भावनगर) is a city in the Indian state of Gujarat. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. He was also unhappy at the college, because his family wanted him to become a barrister. A barrister is a Lawyer found in many Common law Jurisdictions that employ a split profession (as opposed to a Fused profession) in relation
At the age of 18 on 4 September 1888, Gandhi went to University College London to study law and train as a barrister. Kastürbā Gāndhi ( April 11, 1869 – 22 February, 1944) affectionately called Ba, was the wife of Mohandas Gandhi. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a University College London ( UCL) is a multi-faculty university institution based in the United Kingdom and a constituent college of the University of London Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society A barrister is a Lawyer found in many Common law Jurisdictions that employ a split profession (as opposed to a Fused profession) in relation His time in London, the Imperial capital, was influenced by a vow he had made to his mother in the presence of the Jain monk Becharji, upon leaving India, to observe the Hindu precepts of abstinence from meat, alcohol, and promiscuity. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Although Gandhi experimented with adopting "English" customs—taking dancing lessons for example—he could not stomach his landlady's mutton and cabbage. She pointed him towards one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. Rather than simply go along with his mother's wishes, he read about, and intellectually embraced vegetarianism. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea He joined the Vegetarian Society, was elected to its executive committee, and founded a local chapter. The Vegetarian Society is a British registered charity established on 30 September 1847 with the aim of promoting understanding and respect for He later credited this with giving him valuable experience in organizing institutions. Some of the vegetarians he met were members of the Theosophical Society, which had been founded in 1875 to further universal brotherhood, and which was devoted to the study of Buddhist and Hindu literature. The Theosophical Society was the organization formed to advance the spiritual principles and search for Truth known as Theosophy. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical They encouraged Gandhi to read the Bhagavad Gita. Not having shown a particular interest in religion before, he read works of and about Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and other religions. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. He returned to India after being called to the bar of England and Wales by Inner Temple, but had limited success establishing a law practice in Bombay. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London which may call members to Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Later, after applying and being turned down for a part-time job as a high school teacher, he ended up returning to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, but was forced to close down that business as well when he ran afoul of a British officer. In his autobiography, he describes this incident as a kind of unsuccessful lobbying attempt on behalf of his older brother. It was in this climate that (in 1893) he accepted a year-long contract from an Indian firm to a post in Natal, South Africa, then part of the British Empire. KwaZulu-Natal (kwɑːˌzuːluː nəˈtɑːl often referred to as " KZN " is a province of South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa
Gandhi returned to London in 1895, when he happened to meet Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain, the Radical-turned-ultra-Tory, whose son Neville Chamberlain would become English Prime Minister and help suppress Gandhi in the 1930s. Joseph Chamberlain ( 8 July 1836 &ndash 2 July 1914) was an influential British businessman politician and statesman The Radicals were a parliamentary political grouping in the United Kingdom in the early to mid 19th century who drew on earlier ideas of radicalism and helped to In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Chamberlain Snr. agreed that the treatment of Indians was barbaric but appeared unwilling to push through any legislation about this however.
Civil rights movement in South Africa (1893–1914)
In South Africa, Gandhi faced discrimination directed at Indians. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Initially, he was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg, after refusing to move from the first class to a third class coach while holding a valid first class ticket. Pietermaritzburg is the capital and second largest city of the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Traveling further on by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the foot board to make room for a European passenger. He suffered other hardships on the journey as well, including being barred from many hotels. In another of many similar events, the magistrate of a Durban court ordered him to remove his turban, which Gandhi refused. Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. The turban (from Persian fa دلبند or دولبند dulband via the Turkish tr tülbent) is a headdress consisting of a long These incidents have been acknowledged as a turning point in his life, serving as an awakening to contemporary social injustice and helping to explain his subsequent social activism. It was through witnessing firsthand the racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa that Gandhi started to question his people's status within the British Empire, and his own place in society. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that The word prejudice refers to prejudgment making a decision before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case or event
Gandhi extended his original period of stay in South Africa to assist Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to vote. Though unable to halt the bill's passage, his campaign was successful in drawing attention to the grievances of Indians in South Africa. He founded the Natal Indian Congress in 1894, and through this organization, he molded the Indian community of South Africa into a homogeneous political force. The Natal Indian Congress was an organization that aimed to fight discrimination against Indians in South Africa. In January 1897, when Gandhi returned from a brief trip to India, a white mob attacked and tried to lynch him. In an early indication of the personal values that would shape his later campaigns, he refused to press charges against any member of the mob, stating it was one of his principles not to seek redress for a personal wrong in a court of law.
In 1906, the Transvaal government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian population. For the Russian theme park see Transvaal Park. The Transvaal (Afrikaans lit At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on September 11 that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of satyagraha (devotion to the truth), or non-violent protest, for the first time, calling on his fellow Indians to defy the new law and suffer the punishments for doing so, rather than resist through violent means. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Satyagraha ( Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha) is a philosophy and practice of Nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas This plan was adopted, leading to a seven-year struggle in which thousands of Indians were jailed (including Gandhi), flogged, or even shot, for striking, refusing to register, burning their registration cards, or engaging in other forms of non-violent resistance. While the government was successful in repressing the Indian protesters, the public outcry stemming from the harsh methods employed by the South African government in the face of peaceful Indian protesters finally forced South African General Jan Christiaan Smuts to negotiate a compromise with Gandhi. Field Marshal Jan Christiaan Smuts, OM, CH, PC, ED, KC, FRS (24 May 1870 &ndash 11 September 1950 was a prominent Gandhi's ideas took shape and the concept of Satyagraha matured during this struggle. Satyagraha ( Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha) is a philosophy and practice of Nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas
Role in Zulu War of 1906
In 1906, after the British introduced a new poll-tax, Zulus in South Africa killed two British officers. The Bambatha Uprising was a Zulu revolt against British rule and taxation in Natal, South Africa, in 1906 The Zulu ( IsiZulu: amaZulu) are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10-11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal The British declared a war against the Zulus, in retaliation. Gandhi actively encouraged the British to recruit Indians. He argued that Indians should support the war efforts in order to legitimize their claims to full citizenship. The British, however, refused to offer Indians positions of rank in their military. However, they accepted Gandhi's offer to let a detachment of Indians volunteer as a stretcher bearer corps to treat wounded British soldiers. On July 21, 1906, Gandhi wrote in Indian Opinion -"The corps had been formed at the instance of the Natal Government by way of experiment, in connection with the operations against the Natives consists of twenty three Indians". Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Indian Opinion was a Newspaper established by Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi. [2] Gandhi urged the Indian population in South Africa to join the war through his columns in Indian Opinion -“If the Government only realized what reserve force is being wasted, they would make use of it and give Indians the opportunity of a thorough training for actual warfare. ”[3]
In Gandhi's opinion, the Draft Ordinance of 1906 brought the status of Indians below the level of Natives. He therefore urged Indians to resist the Ordinance along the lines of Satyagraha, by taking the example of " Kaffirs". Satyagraha ( Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha) is a philosophy and practice of Nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas Kaffir, kaffer or kafir, which once was a blanket term for black southern Africans (see Kaffir (historical usage in southern Africa In his words, "Even the half-castes and kaffirs, who are less advanced than we, have resisted the government. The pass law applies to them as well, but they do not take out passes". [4]
Struggle for Indian Independence (1916–1945)
- See also: Indian Independence Movement
In 1915, Gandhi returned from South Africa to live in India. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant
He spoke at the conventions of the Indian National Congress, but was primarily introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a respected leader of the Congress Party at the time. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, CIE ( गोपाल कृष्ण गोखले) ( May 9, 1866 - February 19, 1915) was one of
Champaran and Kheda
Gandhi's first major achievements came in 1918 with the Champaran agitation and Kheda Satyagraha, although in the latter it was indigo and other cash crops instead of the food crops necessary for their survival. Champaran is a historic region around, which now forms the East Champaran district, and the West Champaran district in Bihar. Indigofera is a large genus of about 700 species of Flowering plants belonging to the family Fabaceae. Suppressed by the militias of the landlords (mostly British), they were given measly compensation, leaving them mired in extreme poverty. The villages were kept extremely dirty and unhygienic; and alcoholism, untouchability and purdah were rampant. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Dalit is a self designation for group of people of South Asian descent who were traditionally regarded as untouchables or low Caste. This article is about the practice of preventing men from seeing women Now in the throes of a devastating famine, the British levied an oppressive tax which they insisted on increasing. The situation was desperate. In Kheda in Gujarat, the problem was the same. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kheda is a town and a Municipality in Kheda district in the Indian state Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Gandhi established an ashram there, organizing scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers from the region. An Ashram in ancient India was a Hindu hermitage where sages lived in Peace and tranquility amidst Nature. He organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering, including the general state of degenerate living. Building on the confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean-up of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leadership to undo and condemn many social evils, as accounted above.
But his main impact came when he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court reluctantly granted. Gandhi led organized protests and strikes against the landlords, who with the guidance of the British government, signed an agreement granting the poor farmers of the region more compensation and control over farming, and cancellation of revenue hikes and its collection until the famine ended. It was during this agitation, that Gandhi was addressed by the people as Bapu (Father) and Mahatma (Great Soul). In Kheda, Sardar Patel represented the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue collection and released all the prisoners. Vallabhbhai Patel (વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ IPA:) (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950 was a political and social leader of India who played As a result, Gandhi's fame spread all over the nation.
Non-cooperation
Non-cooperation and peaceful resistance were Gandhi's "weapons" in the fight against injustice. The non-cooperation movement (असहयोग आन्दोलन was the first-ever series of nationwide people's movements of Nonviolent resistance and Civil Disobedience In Punjab, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of civilians by British troops (also known as the Amritsar Massacre) caused deep trauma to the nation, leading to increased public anger and acts of violence. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also known as the Amritsar Massacre, was named after the Jallianwala Bagh (Garden in the northern Indian city of Amritsar Gandhi criticized both the actions of the British Raj and the retaliatory violence of Indians. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British He authored the resolution offering condolences to British civilian victims and condemning the riots, which after initial opposition in the party, was accepted following Gandhi's emotional speech advocating his principle that all violence was evil and could not be justified. [5] But it was after the massacre and subsequent violence that Gandhi's mind focused upon obtaining complete self-government and control of all Indian government institutions, maturing soon into Swaraj or complete individual, spiritual, political independence. This article refers to the concept of Swaraj as propagated by Gandhi.
In December 1921, Gandhi was invested with executive authority on behalf of the Indian National Congress. Sabarmati Ashram ( Gujarati: સાબરમતી આશ્રમ also known as Gandhi Ashram Harijan Ashram or Satyagraha Ashram is located Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Under his leadership, the Congress was reorganized with a new constitution, with the goal of Swaraj. Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee. A hierarchy of committees was set up to improve discipline, transforming the party from an elite organization to one of mass national appeal. Gandhi expanded his non-violence platform to include the swadeshi policy — the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. The Swadeshi ( Hindi: स्वदेशी movement, part of the Indian independence movement, was a successful economic strategy to remove the British Linked to this was his advocacy that khadi (homespun cloth) be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles. Khādī ( IAST) or khaddar ( Devnagri: खादी or खद्दर Nastaliq: کھڈی کھدر simply means cotton Gandhi exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning khadi in support of the independence movement. [6] This was a strategy to inculcate discipline and dedication to weed out the unwilling and ambitious, and to include women in the movement at a time when many thought that such activities were not respectable activities for women. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honours. The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery achievement or service to the United Kingdom.
"Non-cooperation" enjoyed wide-spread appeal and success, increasing excitement and participation from all strata of Indian society. Yet, just as the movement reached its apex, it ended abruptly as a result of a violent clash in the town of Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, in February 1922. Chauri Chaura is a town near Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Fearing that the movement was about to take a turn towards violence, and convinced that this would be the undoing of all his work, Gandhi called off the campaign of mass civil disobedience. [7] Gandhi was arrested on March 10, 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years imprisonment. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Beginning on March 18, 1922, he only served about two years of the sentence, being released in February 1924 after an operation for appendicitis. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Appendicitis (or epityphlitis) is a condition characterized by Inflammation of the appendix.
Without Gandhi's uniting personality, the Indian National Congress began to splinter during his years in prison, splitting into two factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, opposing this move. Chittaranjan Das (CRDas (চিত্তরঞ্জন দাস Chittorônjon Dash) (popularly called Deshbandhu "Friend of the country" ( November Motilal Nehru ( May 6, 1861 – February 6, 1931) was an early Indian independence activist and leader of the Indian National Congress Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari (Tamil சக்ரவர்த்தி ராஜகோபாலாச்சாரி ( December 10, 1878 - December 25, Vallabhbhai Patel (વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ IPA:) (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950 was a political and social leader of India who played Furthermore, cooperation among Hindus and Muslims, which had been strong at the height of the non-violence campaign, was breaking down. Gandhi attempted to bridge these differences through many means, including a three-week fast in the autumn of 1924, but with limited success. [8]
Swaraj and the Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)
Gandhi stayed out of the limelight for most of the 1920s, preferring to resolve the wedge between the Swaraj Party and the Indian National Congress, and expanding initiatives against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty. He returned to the fore in 1928. The year before, the British government had appointed a new constitutional reform commission under Sir John Simon, with not a single Indian in its ranks. The result was a boycott of the commission by Indian political parties. Gandhi pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December 1928 calling on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-violence with complete independence for the country as its goal. Gandhi had not only moderated the views of younger men like Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru, who sought a demand for immediate independence, but also modified his own call to a one year wait, instead of two. Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party [9] The British did not respond. On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 26 January 1930 was celebrated by the Indian National Congress, meeting in Lahore, as India's Independence Day. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This day was commemorated by almost every other Indian organization. Making good on his word, Gandhi launched a new satyagraha against the tax on salt in March 1930, highlighted by the famous Salt March to Dandi from March 12 to April 6, marching 400 kilometres (248 miles) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Thousands of Indians joined him on this march to the sea. This campaign was one of his most successful at upsetting British rule; Britain responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people.
The government, represented by Lord Edward Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. Edward Frederick Lindley Wood 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC ( 16 April 1881 &ndash The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. Gandhi–Irwin Pact refers to a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931 The British Government agreed to set all political prisoners free in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. Furthermore, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists, as it focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than the transfer of power. Furthermore, Lord Irwin's successor, Lord Willingdon, embarked on a new campaign of repression against the nationalists. Freeman Freeman-Thomas 1st Marquess of Willingdon GCSI GCMG GCIE GBE PC ( 12 September 1866 &ndash Gandhi was again arrested, and the government attempted to destroy his influence by completely isolating him from his followers. This tactic was not successful. In 1932, through the campaigning of the Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar, the government granted untouchables separate electorates under the new constitution. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ( Marathi:डॊभीमराव रामजी आंबेडकर ( April 14, 1891 — December 6, 1956 In protest, Gandhi embarked on a six-day fast in September 1932, successfully forcing the government to adopt a more equitable arrangement via negotiations mediated by the Dalit cricketer turned political leader Palwankar Baloo. This was the start of a new campaign by Gandhi to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God. On 8 May 1933 Gandhi began a 21-day fast of self-purification to help the Harijan movement. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [10] This new campaign was not universally embraced within the Dalit community, however, as prominent leader B. R. Ambedkar condemned Gandhi's use of the term Harijans as saying that Dalits were socially immature, and that privileged caste Indians played a paternalistic role. Dalit is a self designation for group of people of South Asian descent who were traditionally regarded as untouchables or low Caste. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ( Marathi:डॊभीमराव रामजी आंबेडकर ( April 14, 1891 — December 6, 1956 Ambedkar and his allies also felt Gandhi was undermining Dalit political rights. Gandhi, although born into the Vaishya caste, insisted that he was able to speak on behalf of Dalits, despite the availability of Dalit activists such as Ambedkar.
In the summer of 1934, three unsuccessful attempts were made on his life.
When the Congress Party chose to contest elections and accept power under the Federation scheme, Gandhi decided to resign from party membership. He did not disagree with the party's move, but felt that if he resigned, his popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party's membership, that actually varied from communists, socialists, trade unionists, students, religious conservatives, to those with pro-business convictions and that these various voices would get a chance to make themselves heard. Gandhi also did not want to prove a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj. [11]
Gandhi returned to the head in 1936, with the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress. Although Gandhi desired a total focus on the task of winning independence and not speculation about India's future, he did not restrain the Congress from adopting socialism as its goal. Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Bose, who had been elected to the presidency in 1938. Gandhi's main points of contention with Bose were his lack of commitment to democracy, and lack of faith in non-violence. Bose won his second term despite Gandhi's criticism, but left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest against his abandonment of the principles introduced by Gandhi. [12]
World War II and Quit India
World War II broke out in 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a Civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in Mahadev Desai ( January 1, 1892 &ndash August 15, 1942) was an Indian independence activist and nationalist writer he was most famously known A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Initially, Gandhi had favored offering "non-violent moral support" to the British effort, but other Congressional leaders were offended by the unilateral inclusion of India into the war, without consultation of the people's representatives. All Congressmen elected to resign from office en masse. [13] After lengthy deliberations, Gandhi declared that India could not be party to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom, while that freedom was denied to India itself. As the war progressed, Gandhi intensified his demand for independence, drafting a resolution calling for the British to Quit India. The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a Civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in This was Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt aimed at securing the British exit from Indian shores. [14]
Gandhi was criticized by some Congress party members and other Indian political groups, both pro-British and anti-British. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party Some felt that opposing Britain in its life or death struggle was immoral, and others felt that Gandhi wasn't doing enough. Quit India became the most forceful movement in the history of the struggle, with mass arrests and violence on an unprecedented scale. [15] Thousands of freedom fighters were killed or injured by police gunfire, and hundreds of thousands were arrested. Gandhi and his supporters made it clear they would not support the war effort unless India were granted immediate independence. He even clarified that this time the movement would not be stopped if individual acts of violence were committed, saying that the "ordered anarchy" around him was "worse than real anarchy. " He called on all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline via ahimsa, and Karo Ya Maro ("Do or Die") in the cause of ultimate freedom. Ahimsa ( Devanagari: sa अहिंसा IAST ahiṃsā is a Sanskrit term meaning Non-violence (literally the avoidance of violence -
Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay by the British on August 9, 1942. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gandhi was held for two years in the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. Aga Khan Palace is situated in the Yerwada area of Pune Sultan Mohammed Shah Aga Khan III had the palace constructed in the year 1892 Pune (ˈpuːneɪ Marathi: पुणे Hindi: पूना formerly Poona, is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra It was here that Gandhi suffered two terrible blows in his personal life. His 50-year old secretary Mahadev Desai died of a heart attack 6 days later and his wife Kasturba died after 18 months imprisonment in February 22, 1944; six weeks later Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack. Mahadev Desai ( January 1, 1892 &ndash August 15, 1942) was an Indian independence activist and nationalist writer he was most famously known Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Although the Quit India movement had moderate success in its objective, the ruthless suppression of the movement brought order to India by the end of 1943. At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands. At this point Gandhi called off the struggle, and around 100,000 political prisoners were released, including the Congress's leadership.
Freedom and partition of India
Gandhi advised the Congress to reject the proposals the British Cabinet Mission offered in 1946, as he was deeply suspicious of the grouping proposed for Muslim-majority states—Gandhi viewed this as a precursor to partition. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, The British Cabinet Mission of 1946 to India aimed to discuss and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership providing However, this became one of the few times the Congress broke from Gandhi's advice (though not his leadership), as Nehru and Patel knew that if the Congress did not approve the plan, the control of government would pass to the Muslim League. The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British Between 1946 and 1948, over 5,000 people were killed in violence. Gandhi was vehemently opposed to any plan that partitioned India into two separate countries. An overwhelming majority of Muslims living in India, side by side with Hindus and Sikhs, were in favour of Partition. Additionally Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, commanded widespread support in West Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province and East Bengal. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. East Bengal ( Bengali: পূর্ববঙ্গ Purbobôngo) was the name used during two periods in the 20th century for a territory that roughly corresponded The partition plan was approved by the Congress leadership as the only way to prevent a wide-scale Hindu-Muslim civil war. Congress leaders knew that Gandhi would viscerally oppose partition, and it was impossible for the Congress to go ahead without his agreement, for Gandhi's support in the party and throughout India was strong. Gandhi's closest colleagues had accepted partition as the best way out, and Sardar Patel endeavoured to convince Gandhi that it was the only way to avoid civil war. Vallabhbhai Patel (વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ IPA:) (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950 was a political and social leader of India who played A devastated Gandhi gave his assent.
He conducted extensive dialogue with Muslim and Hindu community leaders, working to cool passions in northern India, as well as in Bengal. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Despite the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, he was troubled when the Government decided to deny Pakistan the Rs. 55 crores due as per agreements made by the Partition Council. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir from The rupee (रुपया ( code: INR) is the Currency of India. A crore is a unit in the Indian numbering system and was formerly a unit in the Persian numbering system still widely used in Bangladesh, India, Maldives Leaders like Sardar Patel feared that Pakistan would use the money to bankroll the war against India. Vallabhbhai Patel (વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ IPA:) (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950 was a political and social leader of India who played Gandhi was also devastated when demands resurged for all Muslims to be deported to Pakistan, and when Muslim and Hindu leaders expressed frustration and an inability to come to terms with one another. [16] He launched his last fast-unto-death in Delhi, asking that all communal violence be ended once and for all, and that the payment of Rs. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population 55 crores be made to Pakistan. Gandhi feared that instability and insecurity in Pakistan would increase their anger against India, and violence would spread across the borders. He further feared that Hindus and Muslims would renew their enmity and precipitate into an open civil war. After emotional debates with his life-long colleagues, Gandhi refused to budge, and the Government rescinded its policy and made the payment to Pakistan. Hindu, Muslim and Sikh community leaders, including the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Mahasabha assured him that they would renounce violence and call for peace. The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ National Volunteers' Organisation) also known as the Sangh or Akhil Bhāratīya Hindū Mahāsabhā (अखिल भारत हिन्दू महासभा All-Indian Hindu Assembly a Hindu nationalist organization was originally Gandhi thus broke his fast by sipping orange juice. [17]
Assassination
On January 30, 1948, Gandhi was shot and killed while having his nightly public walk on the grounds of the Birla Bhavan (Birla House) in New Delhi. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Birla House or Birla Bhavan, in New Delhi, India, is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu radical with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan. Nathuram Vinayak Godse (नथूराम विनायक गोडसे (May 19 1910 – November 15 1949 was the Akhil Bhāratīya Hindū Mahāsabhā (अखिल भारत हिन्दू महासभा All-Indian Hindu Assembly a Hindu nationalist organization was originally [18] Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were later tried and convicted; they were executed on 15 November 1949. Narayan Dattatraya Apte was born in 1911 In 1932 he graduated from Bombay University with a Bachelor of Science Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gandhi's memorial (or Samādhi) at Rāj Ghāt, New Delhi, bears the epigraph "Hē Ram", (Devanagari: हे ! राम or, He Rām), which may be translated as "Oh God". Raj Ghat, a Memorial to Mahatma Gandhi is a simple black marble platform that marks the spot of his Cremation on 31 January, 1948 New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: These are widely believed to be Gandhi's last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this statement has been disputed. [19] Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the nation through radio:
| “ | Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country. [20] | ” |
Gandhi's ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services. Most were immersed at the Sangam at Allahabad on 12 February 1948 but some were secreted away. Triveni Sangam is the confluence of three rivers ( Ganga, Yamuna and the legendary Saraswati River) near Allahabad, India Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [21] In 1997, Tushar Gandhi immersed the contents of one urn, found in a bank vault and reclaimed through the courts, at the Sangam at Allahabad. Tushar Arun Gandhi (तुषार गांधी (born 17 January 1960 near Mumbai, India) is a great-grandson Triveni Sangam is the confluence of three rivers ( Ganga, Yamuna and the legendary Saraswati River) near Allahabad, India [21][22] On 30 January 2008 the contents of another urn were immersed at Girgaum Chowpatty by the family after a Dubai-based businessman had sent it to a Mumbai museum. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Girgaum Chaupati, commonly known as just Chaupati (pronounced as chow-patty, is one of the most famous public Beaches adjoining Marine Drive in Girgaum Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial [21] Another urn has ended up in a palace of the Aga Khan in Pune[21] (where he had been imprisoned from 1942 to 1944) and another in the Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine in Los Angeles. Aga Khan ( آقا خان) is the Hereditary title of the Imam of the Nizārī Muslims the largest branch of the Ismā'īlī Pune (ˈpuːneɪ Marathi: पुणे Hindi: पूना formerly Poona, is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra The Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine lies a few blocks walk from the Pacific Ocean, on Sunset Boulevard in Pacific Palisades California. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West [23] The family is aware that these enshrined ashes could be misused for political purposes but does not want to have them removed because it would entail breaking the shrines. [21]
Gandhi's principles
- See also: Gandhism
Truth
Gandhi dedicated his life to the wider purpose of discovering truth, or Satya. Gandhism (or Gandhianism) is a collection of inspirations principles beliefs and philosophy of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (known as Mahatma Gandhi who was The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality Satya is a Sanskrit word that loosely translates into English as " Truth " or "correct He tried to achieve this by learning from his own mistakes and conducting experiments on himself. He called his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth. The Story of My Experiments with Truth ( Gujarātī "સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા" transliterated
Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarized his beliefs first when he said "God is Truth". God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. He would later change this statement to "Truth is God". Thus, Satya (Truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God".
Nonviolence
Mahatama Gandhi was in no way the originator of the principle of non-violence. But he was the first to apply it in the political field on a huge scale. [24] The concept of nonviolence (ahimsa) and nonresistance has a long history in Indian religious thought and has had many revivals in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Jewish and Christian contexts. Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. Ahimsa ( Devanagari: sa अहिंसा IAST ahiṃsā is a Sanskrit term meaning Non-violence (literally the avoidance of violence - Nonresistance (or non-resistance) discourages physical resistance to an enemy and is a subdivision of Nonviolence. Gandhi explains his philosophy and way of life in his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth. The Story of My Experiments with Truth ( Gujarātī "સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા" transliterated He was quoted as saying:
"When I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth and love has always won. There have been tyrants and murderers and for a time they seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall — think of it, always. "
"What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans, and the homeless, whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty and democracy?"
"An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind. "
"There are many causes that I am prepared to die for but no causes that I am prepared to kill for. "
In applying these principles, Gandhi did not balk from taking them to their most logical extremes in envisioning a world where even government, police and armies were nonviolent. The quotations below are from the book "For Pacifists. "[25]
The science of war leads one to dictatorship, pure and simple. The science of non-violence alone can lead one to pure democracy. . . Power based on love is thousand times more effective and permanent than power derived from fear of punishment. . . . It is a blasphemy to say non-violence can be practiced only by individuals and never by nations which are composed of individuals. . . The nearest approach to purest anarchy would be a democracy based on non-violence. . . A society organized and run on the basis of complete non-violence would be the purest anarchy
I have conceded that even in a non-violent state a police force may be necessary. . . Police ranks will be composed of believers in non-violence. The people will instinctively render them every help and through mutual cooperation they will easily deal with the ever decreasing disturbances. . . Violent quarrels between labor and capital and strikes will be few and far between in a non-violent state because the influence of the non-violent majority will be great as to respect the principle elements in society. Similarly, there will be no room for communal disturbances. . . .
A non-violent army acts unlike armed men, as well in times of peace as in times of disturbances. Theirs will be the duty of bringing warring communities together, carrying peace propaganda, engaging in activities that would bring and keep them in touch with every single person in their parish or division. Such an army should be ready to cope with any emergency, and in order to still the frenzy of mobs should risk their lives in numbers sufficient for that purpose. . . . Satyagraha (truth-force) brigades can be organized in every village and every block of buildings in the cities. [If the non-violent society is attacked from without] there are two ways open to non-violence. To yield possession, but non-cooperate with the aggressor. . . prefer death to submission. The second way would be non-violent resistance by the people who have been trained in the non-violent way. . . The unexpected spectacle of endless rows upon rows of men and women simply dying rather than surrender to the will of an aggressor must ultimately melt him and his soldiery. . . A nation or group which has made non-violence its final policy cannot be subjected to slavery even by the atom bomb. . . . The level of non-violence in that nation, if that even happily comes to pass, will naturally have risen so high as to command universal respect.
In accordance with these views, in 1940, when invasion of the British Isles by Nazi Germany looked imminent, Gandhi offered the following advice to the British people (Non-Violence in Peace and War):[26]
"I would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity. You will invite Herr Hitler and Signor Mussolini to take what they want of the countries you call your possessions. . . If these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. If they do not give you free passage out, you will allow yourselves, man, woman, and child, to be slaughtered, but you will refuse to owe allegiance to them. "
In a post-war interview in 1946, he offered a view at an even further extreme:
"The Jews should have offered themselves to the butcher's knife. They should have thrown themselves into the sea from cliffs. "
However, Gandhi was aware that this level of nonviolence required incredible faith and courage, which he realized not everyone possessed. He therefore advised that everyone need not keep to nonviolence, especially if it were used as a cover for cowardice:
"Gandhi guarded against attracting to his satyagraha movement those who feared to take up arms or felt themselves incapable of resistance. 'I do believe,' he wrote, 'that where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence. '"[27]
"At every meeting I repeated the warning that unless they felt that in non-violence they had come into possession of a force infinitely superior to the one they had and in the use of which they were adept, they should have nothing to do with non-violence and resume the arms they possessed before. It must never be said of the Khudai Khidmatgars that once so brave, they had become or been made cowards under Badshah Khan's influence. Khudai Khidmatgar (خدای خدمتگار literally translates as the servants of God. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( Pashto / Urdu: خان عبد الغفار خان Hindi: ख़ान अब्दुल ग़्फ़्फ़ार ख़ान Their bravery consisted not in being good marksmen but in defying death and being ever ready to bare their breasts to the bullets. "[28]
Vegetarianism
As a young child, Gandhi experimented with meat-eating. This was due partially to his inherent curiosity as well as his rather persuasive peer and friend Sheikh Mehtab. The idea of vegetarianism is deeply ingrained in Hindu and Jain traditions in India, and, in his native land of Gujarat, most Hindus were vegetarian and so are all Jains. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. The Gandhi family was no exception. Before leaving for his studies in London, Gandhi made a promise to his mother, Putlibai and his uncle, Becharji Swami that he would abstain from eating meat, taking alcohol, and engaging in promiscuity. He held fast to his promise and gained more than a diet: he gained a basis for his life-long philosophies. As Gandhi grew into adulthood, he became a strict vegetarian. A lactovegetarian diet is a vegetarian diet which includes Dairy products such as Milk, Cheese, Yogurt, Butter, Cream He wrote the book The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism and several articles on the subject, some of which were published in the London Vegetarian Society's publication, The Vegetarian. [29] Gandhi, himself, became inspired by many great minds during this period and befriended the chairman of the London Vegetarian Society, Dr. Josiah Oldfield.
Having also read and admired the work of Henry Stephens Salt, the young Mohandas met and often corresponded with the vegetarian campaigner. Henry Stephens Salt ( September 20, 1851 &ndash April 19, 1939) was an influential Democratic socialist English writer Gandhi spent much time advocating vegetarianism during and after his time in London. To Gandhi, a vegetarian diet would not only satisfy the requirements of the body, it would also serve an economic purpose as meat was, and still is, generally more expensive than grains, vegetables, and fruits. Also, many Indians of the time struggled with low income, thus vegetarianism was seen not only as a spiritual practice but also a practical one. He abstained from eating for long periods, using fasting as a form of political protest. Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time He refused to eat until his death or his demands were met. It was noted in his autobiography that vegetarianism was the beginning of his deep commitment to Brahmacharya; without total control of the palate, his success in Bramacharya would likely falter. Brahmacharya (brʌmatʃərɪə Devanagari: ब्रह्मचर्य is the first ashram in Vedic culture in which a person is dedicated to the quest for self realization
Gandhi had been a frutarian,[30] but started taking goat's milk on the advice of his doctor. Fruitarianism is a form of Veganism that is limited to eating the ripe fruits of plants and trees He never took dairy products obtained from cows because of his view initially that milk is not the natural diet of man, disgust for cow blowing,[31] and, specifically, because of a vow to his late mother. Cow blowing, Kuhblasen, phooka, or doom dev, is a process which is used in many countries according to ethnographers, in which forceful blowing
Brahmacharya
When Gandhi was 16 his father became very ill. Being very devoted to his parents, he attended to his father at all times during his illness. However, one night, Gandhi's uncle came to relieve Gandhi for a while. He retired to his bedroom where carnal desires overcame him and he made love to his wife. Shortly afterward a servant came to report that Gandhi's father had just died. Gandhi felt tremendous guilt and never could forgive himself. He came to refer to this event as "double shame. " The incident had significant influence in Gandhi becoming celibate at the age of 36, while still married. Celibacy refers to the lack of participation in Sexual intercourse. [32]
This decision was deeply influenced by the philosophy of Brahmacharya—spiritual and practical purity—largely associated with celibacy and asceticism. Brahmacharya (brʌmatʃərɪə Devanagari: ब्रह्मचर्य is the first ashram in Vedic culture in which a person is dedicated to the quest for self realization Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. Gandhi saw brahmacharya as a means of becoming close with God and as a primary foundation for self realization. In his autobiography he tells of his battle against lustful urges and fits of jealousy with his childhood bride, Kasturba. Kastürbā Gāndhi ( April 11, 1869 – 22 February, 1944) affectionately called Ba, was the wife of Mohandas Gandhi. He felt it his personal obligation to remain celibate so that he could learn to love, rather than lust. For Gandhi, brahmacharya meant "control of the senses in thought, word and deed. "[33]
Simplicity
Gandhi earnestly believed that a person involved in social service should lead a simple life which he thought could lead to Brahmacharya. Simple living (or voluntary simplicity) is a lifestyle individuals choose to minimize the 'more-is-better' pursuit of Wealth and consumption. His simplicity began by renouncing the western lifestyle he was leading in South Africa. Simplicity is the property condition or quality of being simple or un-combined He called it "reducing himself to zero," which entailed giving up unnecessary expenditure, embracing a simple lifestyle and washing his own clothes. [34] On one occasion he returned the gifts bestowed to him from the natals for his diligent service to the community. [35]
Gandhi spent one day of each week in silence. He believed that abstaining from speaking brought him inner peace. Inner peace (or peace of mind) refers to a state of being mentally and spiritually at Peace, with enough Knowledge and Understanding This influence was drawn from the Hindu principles of mauna (Sanskrit:मौनं — silence) and shanti (Sanskrit:शांति — peace). Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical On such days he communicated with others by writing on paper. For three and a half years, from the age of 37, Gandhi refused to read newspapers, claiming that the tumultuous state of world affairs caused him more confusion than his own inner unrest.
After reading John Ruskin's Unto This Last, he decided to change his lifestyle and create a commune called Phoenix Settlement. John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered Unto This Last is an essay on Economy by John Ruskin, first published in December 1860 in the monthly journal Cornhill Magazine in
Upon returning to India from South Africa, where he had enjoyed a successful legal practice, he gave up wearing Western-style clothing, which he associated with wealth and success. He dressed to be accepted by the poorest person in India, advocating the use of homespun cloth (khadi). Gandhi and his followers adopted the practice of weaving their own clothes from thread they themselves spun, and encouraged others to do so. While Indian workers were often idle due to unemployment, they had often bought their clothing from industrial manufacturers owned by British interests. It was Gandhi's view that if Indians made their own clothes, it would deal an economic blow to the British establishment in India. Consequently, the spinning wheel was later incorporated into the flag of the Indian National Congress. A spinning wheel is a device for spinning thread or Yarn from natural or Synthetic Fibers History Technology in World Civilization He subsequently wore a dhoti for the rest of his life to express the simplicity of his life. The pancha in Telugu, called dhoti or doti in Hindi, Laacha in Punjabi, Mundu in Malayalam
Faith
Gandhi was born a Hindu and practised Hinduism all his life, deriving most of his principles from Hinduism. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. As a common Hindu, he believed all religions to be equal, and rejected all efforts to convert him to a different faith. He was an avid theologian and read extensively about all major religions. He had the following to say about Hinduism:
- "Hinduism as I know it entirely satisfies my soul, fills my whole being. . . When doubts haunt me, when disappointments stare me in the face, and when I see not one ray of light on the horizon, I turn to the Bhagavad Gita, and find a verse to comfort me; and I immediately begin to smile in the midst of overwhelming sorrow. My life has been full of tragedies and if they have not left any visible and indelible effect on me, I owe it to the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita. "
Gandhi wrote a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita in Gujarati. Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? The Gujarati manuscript was translated into English by Mahadev Desai, who provided an additional introduction and commentary. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States It was published with a Foreword by Gandhi in 1946. [36][37]
Gandhi believed that at the core of every religion was truth and love (compassion, nonviolence and the Golden Rule). The ethic of reciprocity is a fundamental moral Value which " refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and He also questioned hypocrisy, malpractices and dogma in all religions and was a tireless social reformer. Some of his comments on various religions are:
- "Thus if I could not accept Christianity either as a perfect, or the greatest religion, neither was I then convinced of Hinduism being such. Hindu defects were pressingly visible to me. If untouchability could be a part of Hinduism, it could but be a rotten part or an excrescence. I could not understand the raison d'etre of a multitude of sects and castes. What was the meaning of saying that the Vedas were the inspired Word of God? If they were inspired, why not also the Bible and the Koran? As Christian friends were endeavouring to convert me, so were Muslim friends. Abdullah Sheth had kept on inducing me to study Islam, and of course he had always something to say regarding its beauty. " (source: his autobiography)
- "As soon as we lose the moral basis, we cease to be religious. The Story of My Experiments with Truth ( Gujarātī "સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા" transliterated There is no such thing as religion over-riding morality. Man, for instance, cannot be untruthful, cruel or incontinent and claim to have God on his side. "
- "The sayings of Muhammad are a treasure of wisdom, not only for Muslims but for all of mankind. "
Later in his life when he was asked whether he was a Hindu, he replied:
- "Yes I am. I am also a Christian, a Muslim, a Buddhist and a Jew. "
In spite of their deep reverence to each other, Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore engaged in protracted debates more than once. These debates exemplify the philosophical differences between the two most famous Indians at the time. On 15 January 1934, an earthquake hit Bihar and caused extensive damage and loss of life. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Gandhi maintained this was because of the sin committed by upper caste Hindus by not letting untouchables in their temples (Gandhi was committed to the cause of improving the fate of untouchables, referring to them as Harijans, people of Krishna). A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Harijan ( son of God) was a term coined by Gandhi for Dalits, which is now considered patronizing Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism Tagore vehemently opposed Gandhi's stance, maintaining that an earthquake can only be caused by natural forces, not moral reasons, however repugnant the practice of untouchability may be. [38]
Writings
Gandhi was a prolific writer. For decades he edited several newspapers including Harijan in Gujarati, Hindi and English; Indian Opinion while in South Africa and, Young India, in English, and Navajivan, a Gujarati monthly, on his return to India. Harijan ( son of God) was a term coined by Gandhi for Dalits, which is now considered patronizing Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The Indian Opinion was a Newspaper established by Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi. Young India was a journal published in English by Mahatma Gandhi. Later Navajivan was also published in Hindi. [39] In addition, he wrote letters almost every day to individuals and newspapers.
Gandhi also wrote a few books including his autobiography, An Autobiography or My Experiments with Truth, Satyagraha in South Africa about his struggle there, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, a political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of John Ruskin's Unto This Last. The Story of My Experiments with Truth ( Gujarātī "સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા" transliterated Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule is a pamphlet/book written by Mahatma Gandhi in 1908 John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered Unto This Last is an essay on Economy by John Ruskin, first published in December 1860 in the monthly journal Cornhill Magazine in [40] This last essay can be considered his program on economics. He also wrote extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, social reforms, etc. Gandhi usually wrote in Gujarati, though he also revised the Hindi and English translations of his books.
Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in the 1960s. The writings comprise about 50,000 pages published in about a hundred volumes. In 2000, a revised edition of the complete works sparked a controversy, as Gandhian followers accused the government of incorporating changes for political purpose. [41]
Books on Gandhi
Several biographers have undertaken the task of describing Gandhi's life. Among them, two works stand out: D. G. Tendulkar with his Mahatma. Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in eight volumes, and Pyarelal and Sushila Nayar with their Mahatma Gandhi in 10 volumes. Sushila Nayyar, also spelled ' Nayar ' (1914-2000 was the younger sister of Pyarelal Nayyar, personal secretary to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and the Gandhis' Colonel G. B. Singh from US Army is said of have spent 20 years[42] collecting Gandhi's original speeches and writings for his factual research book Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity. Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity is a book by US Army Colonel G
Followers and influence
| “ | Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics. | ” |
— Martin Luther King Jr, 1955 [43] |
Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Leaders of the civil rights movement in the United States, including Martin Luther King and James Lawson, drew from the writings of Gandhi in the development of their own theories about non-violence. The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader For details on the English Football (soccer player see James Lawson (footballer James [44] Anti-apartheid activist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, was inspired by Gandhi. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative [45] Others include Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan,[46] Steve Biko, and Aung San Suu Kyi. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( Pashto / Urdu: خان عبد الغفار خان Hindi: ख़ान अब्दुल ग़्फ़्फ़ार ख़ान Stephen Bantu Biko December 1946 &ndash 12 September 1977 was a noted anti-[[apartheid] activist in South Africa in the 1960s and early Aung San Suu Kyi ( àunsʰánsṵtʃì born 19 June 1945 in Rangoon, is a pro- Democracy activist and leader of the National League for [47]
Gandhi's life and teachings inspired many who specifically referred to Gandhi as their mentor or who dedicated their lives to spreading Gandhi's ideas. In Europe, Romain Rolland was the first to discuss Gandhi in his 1924 book Mahatma Gandhi, and Brazilian anarchist and feminist Maria Lacerda de Moura wrote about Gandhi in her work on pacifism. Romain Rolland ( 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French Dramatist, Essayist, Art historian Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Maria Lacerda de Moura (born 16 May 1887; died 20 March 1945 in Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian Teacher, In 1931, notable European physicist Albert Einstein exchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him "a role model for the generations to come" in a later writing about him. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical [48] Lanza del Vasto went to India in 1936 intending to live with Gandhi; he later returned to Europe to spread Gandhi's philosophy and founded the Community of the Ark in 1948 (modeled after Gandhi's ashrams). Lanza del Vasto, (Giuseppe Giovanni Luigi Enrico Lanza di Trabia ( September 29 1901 &ndash January 5 1981) was a philosopher poet artist The Community of the Ark is a small spiritual commune in southern France that was founded in 1948 by Lanza del Vasto. Madeleine Slade (known as "Mirabehn") was the daughter of a British admiral who spent much of her adult life in India as a devotee of Gandhi. Madeleine Slade (Mirabehn ( November 22, 1892 &ndash July 20, 1982) daughter of a British admiral was a British woman who left
In addition, the British musician John Lennon referred to Gandhi when discussing his views on non-violence. John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (born [49] At the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival in 2007, former U. The Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival ( IAF) is generally regarded as the most prestigious international Advertising Festival. S. Vice-President and environmentalist Al Gore spoke of Gandhi's influence on him. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former [50]
Legacy
Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is a national holiday in India, Gandhi Jayanti. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule India has three National days ref> National Portal of India: Know India: AT A GLANCE out of the many public holidays. Gandhi Jayanti Bold text is a national holiday celebrated in India to mark the occasion of the Birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, the " On 15 June 2007, it was announced that the "United Nations General Assembly" has "unanimously adopted" a resolution declaring 2 October as "the International Day of Non-Violence. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule The International Day of Non-Violence is observed on 2 October, the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. "[51]
The word Mahatma, while often mistaken for Gandhi's given name in the West, is taken from the Sanskrit words maha meaning Great and atma meaning Soul. Mahatma is Sanskrit for "Great Soul" (महात्मा mahātmā: महा mahā (great + आत्मं or आत्मन Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Most sources, such as Dutta and Robinson's Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology, state that Rabindranath Tagore first accorded the title of Mahatma to Gandhi. [52] Other sources state that Nautamlal Bhagavanji Mehta accorded him this title on 21 January 1915. Nautamlal Bhagavanji Mehta or the Nagar Sheth of Jetpur ( 2 September 1879 – 2 September 1968) was an Indian freedom fighter Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [53] In his autobiography, Gandhi nevertheless explains that he never felt worthy of the honour. [54] According to the manpatra, the name Mahatma was given in response to Gandhi's admirable sacrifice in manifesting justice and truth. [55]
Time magazine named Gandhi the Man of the Year in 1930. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Person of the Year (formerly Man of the Year) is an annual issue of the United States Newsmagazine Time that features and profiles Gandhi was also the runner-up to "Person of the Century" at the end of 1999. Person of the Year (formerly Man of the Year) is an annual issue of the United States Newsmagazine Time that features and profiles Time Magazine named The Dalai Lama, Lech Wałęsa, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino, Jr., Desmond Tutu, and Nelson Mandela as Children of Gandhi and his spiritual heirs to non-violence. Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub ( 6 July 1935 in Qinghai) He is the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader César Estrada Chávez ( March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) born in Yuma Arizona, was a Mexican-American farm worker Labor Aung San Suu Kyi ( àunsʰánsṵtʃì born 19 June 1945 in Rangoon, is a pro- Democracy activist and leader of the National League for Benigno Servillano Aquino Jr ( November 27, 1932 – August 21 Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African Cleric and activist who rose to Worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative [56] The Government of India awards the annual Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. The International Gandhi Peace Prize, named after Mahatma Gandhi, is awarded annually by the government of India. Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, is a prominent non-Indian recipient. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative
In 1996, the Government of India introduced the Mahatma Gandhi series of currency notes in rupees 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 denomination. The rupee (रुपया ( code: INR) is the Currency of India. Today, all the currency notes in circulation in India contain a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. In 1969, the United Kingdom issued a series of stamps commemorating the centenary of Mahatma Gandhi.
In the United Kingdom, there are several prominent statues of Gandhi, most notably in Tavistock Square, London near University College London where he studied law. Tavistock Square is a public square in Bloomsbury, in the London Borough of Camden with a fine garden named after Tavistock in Devon London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. University College London ( UCL) is a multi-faculty university institution based in the United Kingdom and a constituent college of the University of London January 30 is commemorated in the United Kingdom as the "National Gandhi Remembrance Day. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located " In the United States, there are statues of Gandhi outside the Union Square Park in New York City, and the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site in Atlanta, and on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D. C., near the Indian Embassy. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Union Square Park (also known as Union Square) is an important and historic intersection in New York City, located where Broadway and the Bowery The City of New York Martin Luther King Jr National Historic Site established on October 10, 1980, consists of several buildings surrounding Martin Luther King Jr Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The city of Pietermaritzburg, South Africa—where Gandhi was ejected from a first-class train in 1893—now hosts a commemorative statue. Pietermaritzburg is the capital and second largest city of the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa There are wax statues of Gandhi at the Madame Tussaud's wax museums in London, New York, and other cities around the world. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The City of New York
Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first-ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC is a Religious Society of Friends ( Quaker) affiliated organization which provides Humanitarian relief [57] Decades later, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission, and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying the award. Mahatma Gandhi was to receive the Prize in 1948, but his assassination prevented the award. The war breaking out between the newly created states of India and Pakistan could have been an additional complicating factor that year. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and [58] The Prize was not awarded in 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year, and when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi. Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub ( 6 July 1935 in Qinghai) He is the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile "[59]
In New Delhi, the Birla Bhavan (or Birla House), where Gandhi was assassinated on January 30, 1948, was acquired by the Government of India in 1971 and opened to the public in 1973 as the Gandhi Smriti or "Gandhi Remembrance". Raj Ghat, a Memorial to Mahatma Gandhi is a simple black marble platform that marks the spot of his Cremation on 31 January, 1948 New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It preserves the room where Mahatma Gandhi lived the last four months of his life and the grounds where he was shot while holding his nightly public walk. A Martyr's Column now marks the place where Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated.
On January 30 every year, on the anniversary of the death of Mahatma Gandhi, in schools of many countries is observed the School Day of Non-violence and Peace (DENIP), founded in Spain in 1964. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In countries with a Southern Hemisphere school calendar, it can be observed on March 30 or thereabouts. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
Ideals and criticisms
Gandhi's rigid ahimsa implies pacifism, and is thus a source of criticism from across the political spectrum. Ahimsa ( Devanagari: sa अहिंसा IAST ahiṃsā is a Sanskrit term meaning Non-violence (literally the avoidance of violence -
Concept of partition
As a rule, Gandhi was opposed to the concept of partition as it contradicted his vision of religious unity. In politics, a partition is a change of political Borders cutting through at least one community’s homeland [60] Of the partition of India to create Pakistan, he wrote in Harijan on 6 October 1946:
[The demand for Pakistan] as put forth by the Moslem League is un-Islamic and I have not hesitated to call it sinful. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, Harijan ( son of God) was a term coined by Gandhi for Dalits, which is now considered patronizing Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Islam stands for unity and the brotherhood of mankind, not for disrupting the oneness of the human family. Therefore, those who want to divide India into possibly warring groups are enemies alike of India and Islam. They may cut me into pieces but they cannot make me subscribe to something which I consider to be wrong [. . . ] we must not cease to aspire, in spite of [the] wild talk, to befriend all Moslems and hold them fast as prisoners of our love. [61]
However, as Homer Jack notes of Gandhi's long correspondence with Jinnah on the topic of Pakistan: "Although Gandhi was personally opposed to the partition of India, he proposed an agreement. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan . . which provided that the Congress and the Moslem League would cooperate to attain independence under a provisional government, after which the question of partition would be decided by a plebiscite in the districts having a Moslem majority. "[62]
These dual positions on the topic of the partition of India opened Gandhi up to criticism from both Hindus and Muslims. Muhammad Ali Jinnah and contemporary Pakistanis condemned Gandhi for undermining Muslim political rights. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his allies condemned Gandhi, accusing him of politically appeasing Muslims while turning a blind eye to their atrocities against Hindus, and for allowing the creation of Pakistan (despite having publicly declared that "before partitioning India, my body will have to be cut into two pieces"). Vināyak Dāmodar Sāvarkar (विनायक दामोदर सावरकर (born May 28, 1883 in Bhagur – February 26, [63] This continues to be politically contentious: some, like Pakistani-American historian Ayesha Jalal argue that Gandhi and the Congress' unwillingness to share power with the Muslim League hastened partition; others, like Hindu nationalist politician Pravin Togadia have also criticized Gandhi's leadership and actions on this topic, but indicating that excessive weakeness on his part led to the division of India. Ayesha Jalal (عائشہ جلال is a Pakistani-American historian Hindu nationalism is a nationalist Ideology that sees the modern State of the Republic of India as a Hindu Polity Praveen Togadia (born in 1957 is the International General Secretary of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP
Gandhi also expressed his dislike for partition during the late 1930s in response to the topic of the partition of Palestine to create Israel. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29 He stated in Harijan on 26 October 1938:
Several letters have been received by me asking me to declare my views about the Arab-Jew question in Palestine and persecution of the Jews in Germany. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jews have lived in Germany, or " Ashkenaz " at least since the early 4th century, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of It is not without hesitation that I venture to offer my views on this very difficult question. My sympathies are all with the Jews. I have known them intimately in South Africa. Some of them became life-long companions. Through these friends I came to learn much of their age-long persecution. They have been the untouchables of Christianity [. . . ] But my sympathy does not blind me to the requirements of justice. The cry for the national home for the Jews does not make much appeal to me. The sanction for it is sought in the Bible and the tenacity with which the Jews have hankered after return to Palestine. Why should they not, like other peoples of the earth, make that country their home where they are born and where they earn their livelihood? Palestine belongs to the Arabs in the same sense that England belongs to the English or France to the French. It is wrong and inhuman to impose the Jews on the Arabs. What is going on in Palestine today cannot be justified by any moral code of conduct. [64][65]
Rejection of violent resistance
Gandhi also came under some political fire for his criticism of those who attempted to achieve independence through more violent means. His refusal to protest against the hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Udham Singh and Rajguru were sources of condemnation among some parties. Bhagat Singh ( Punjabi: ਭਗਤ ਸਿੰਘ بھگت سنگھ pə̀gət̪ sɪ́ŋg ( September 27, 1907 &ndash March 23, 1931 Sukhdev Thapar (ਸੁਖਦੇਵ ਥਾਪਰ سُکھدیو تھاپر Hindi: सुखदेव थापर was an Indian Revolutionary who lived Udham Singh ( Gurmukhi:ਉਧਮ ਸਿੰਘ}} Devanagari:उधम सिंह् udham siṅgh; December 26, 1899 &ndash Shivaram Hari Rajguru ( Hindi / Marathi:शिवराम हरि राजगुरु ( August 24, 1908 - March 23, 1931 [66][67]
Of this criticism, Gandhi stated, "There was a time when people listened to me because I showed them how to give fight to the British without arms when they had no arms. . . but today I am told that my non-violence can be of no avail against the [Hindu–Moslem riots] and, therefore, people should arm themselves for self-defense. "[68]
He continued this argument in a number of articles reprinted in Homer Jack's The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings. In the first, "Zionism and Anti-Semitism," written in 1938, Gandhi commented upon the 1930s persecution of the Jews in Germany within the context of Satyagraha. Jews have lived in Germany, or " Ashkenaz " at least since the early 4th century, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of Satyagraha ( Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha) is a philosophy and practice of Nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas He offered non-violence as a method of combating the difficulties Jews faced in Germany, stating,
If I were a Jew and were born in Germany and earned my livelihood there, I would claim Germany as my home even as the tallest Gentile German might, and challenge him to shoot me or cast me in the dungeon; I would refuse to be expelled or to submit to discriminating treatment. And for doing this I should not wait for the fellow Jews to join me in civil resistance, but would have confidence that in the end the rest were bound to follow my example. If one Jew or all the Jews were to accept the prescription here offered, he or they cannot be worse off than now. And suffering voluntarily undergone will bring them an inner strength and joy. . . the calculated violence of Hitler may even result in a general massacre of the Jews by way of his first answer to the declaration of such hostilities. But if the Jewish mind could be prepared for voluntary suffering, even the massacre I have imagined could be turned into a day of thanksgiving and joy that Jehovah had wrought deliverance of the race even at the hands of the tyrant. For to the God-fearing, death has no terror. [69]
Gandhi was highly criticized for these statements and responded in the article "Questions on the Jews" with "Friends have sent me two newspaper cuttings criticizing my appeal to the Jews. The two critics suggest that in presenting non-violence to the Jews as a remedy against the wrong done to them, I have suggested nothing new. . . what I have pleaded for is renunciation of violence of the heart and consequent active exercise of the force generated by the great renunciation. [70] He responded to the criticisms in "Reply to Jewish Friends"[71] and "Jews and Palestine. "[72] by arguing that "What I have pleaded for is renunciation of violence of the heart and consequent active exercise of the force generated by the great renunciation. "[70]
Gandhi's statements regarding Jews facing the impending Holocaust have attracted criticism from a number of commentators. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as [73] Martin Buber, himself an opponent of a Jewish state, wrote a sharply critical open letter to Gandhi on February 24, 1939. Martin Buber ( 8 February 1878 – 13 June 1965) was an Austrian Israeli Jewish Philosopher, translator Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Buber asserted that the comparison between British treatment of Indian subjects and Nazi treatment of Jews was inapposite; moreover, he noted that when Indians were the victims of persecution, Gandhi had, on occasion, supported the use of force. [74]
Gandhi commented upon the 1930s persecution of the Jews in Germany within the context of Satyagraha. Jews have lived in Germany, or " Ashkenaz " at least since the early 4th century, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of Satyagraha ( Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha) is a philosophy and practice of Nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas In the November 1938 article on the Nazi persecution of the Jews quoted above, he offered non-violence as a solution:
The German persecution of the Jews seems to have no parallel in history. The tyrants of old never went so mad as Hitler seems to have gone. And he is doing it with religious zeal. For he is propounding a new religion of exclusive and militant nationalism in the name of which any inhumanity becomes an act of humanity to be rewarded here and hereafter. The crime of an obviously mad but intrepid youth is being visited upon his whole race with unbelievable ferocity. If there ever could be a justifiable war in the name of and for humanity, a war against Germany, to prevent the wanton persecution of a whole race, would be completely justified. But I do not believe in any war. A discussion of the pros and cons of such a war is therefore outside my horizon or province. But if there can be no war against Germany, even for such a crime as is being committed against the Jews, surely there can be no alliance with Germany. How can there be alliance between a nation which claims to stand for justice and democracy and one which is the declared enemy of both?"[75][76]
Early South African articles
Some of Gandhi's early South African articles are controversial. As reprinted in "The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi," (Vol. 8, p. 120), Gandhi wrote in the "Indian Opinion" in 1908 of his time in a South African prison: "Many of the native prisoners are only one degree removed from the animal and often created rows and fought among themselves. The Indian Opinion was a Newspaper established by Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi. " Also as reprinted in The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, (Vol. 2, p. 74), Gandhi gave a speech on 26 September 1896 in which he referred to the "raw kaffir, whose occupation is hunting and whose sole ambition is to collect a certain number of cattle to buy a wife with, and then pass his life in indolence and nakedness". Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The term Kaffir is considered a derogatory term today (it is worth noting, however, that during Gandhi's time, the term Kaffir had a different connotation than its present-day usage). This article refers to the use of the word Kaffir in its historical sense as a term to describe black South African languages and cultures Kaffir, kaffer or kafir, which once was a blanket term for black southern Africans (see Kaffir (historical usage in southern Africa Remarks such as these have led some to accuse Gandhi of racism. [77]
Two professors of history who specialize in South Africa, Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed, examined this controversy in their text, The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. (New Delhi: Manohar, 2005). [78] They focus in Chapter 1, "Gandhi, Africans and Indians in Colonial Natal" on the relationship between the African and Indian communities under "White rule" and policies which enforced segregation (and, they argue, inevitable conflict between these communities). Of this relationship they state that, "the young Gandhi was influenced by segregationist notions prevalent in the 1890s. "[79] At the same time, they state, "Gandhi's experiences in jail seemed to make him more sensitive to their plight. . . the later Gandhi mellowed; he seemed much less categorical in his expression of prejudice against Africans, and much more open to seeing points of common cause. His negative views in the Johannesburg jail were reserved for hardened African prisoners rather than Africans generally. "[80]
Former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela is a follower of Gandhi,[45] despite efforts in 2003 on the part of Gandhi's critics to prevent the unveiling of a statue of Gandhi in Johannesburg. The President of South Africa, in full the President of the Republic of South Africa is the Head of state and Head of government under South Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. [77] Bhana and Vahed commented on the events surrounding the unveiling in the conclusion to The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. In the section "Gandhi's Legacy to South Africa," they note that "Gandhi inspired succeeding generations of South African activists seeking to end White rule. This legacy connects him to Nelson Mandela. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative . . in a sense Mandela completed what Gandhi started. "[81] They continue by referring to the controversies which arose during the unveiling of the statue of Gandhi. [82] In response to these two perspectives of Gandhi, Bhana and Vahed argue: "Those who seek to appropriate Gandhi for political ends in post-apartheid South Africa do not help their cause much by ignoring certain facts about him; and those who simply call him a racist are equally guilty of distortion. "[83]
Anti Statism
- See also: Swaraj
Gandhi was an anti statist in the sense that his vision of India meant India without an underlying government. This article refers to the concept of Swaraj as propagated by Gandhi. Anti- Statism refers to opposition to state intervention into personal social or economic affairs [84] His idea was that true self rule in a country means that every person rules himself and that there is no state which enforces laws upon the people. This article refers to the concept of Swaraj as propagated by Gandhi. [85][86] On occassions he described himself as a philosophical anarchist. Philosophical anarchism is an Anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy but does not advocate revolution to eliminate [87] A free India for him meant existence of thousands of self sufficient small communities (an idea possibly from Tolstoy) who rule themselves without hindering others. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded It did not mean merely transferring a British established administrative structure into Indian hands which he said was just making Hindustan into Englistan [88]. He wanted to dissolve the Congress Party after independence and establish a system of direct democracy in India,[89] having no faith in the British styled parliamentary system. Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public [90].
See also
- Gandhi Memorial International Foundation
- Gandhi Peace Prize
- List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi
Notes
- ^ Gandhi means "grocer" in Gujarati (L. The Gandhi Memorial International Foundation, also known as the Mahatma Gandhi International Foundation, is a controversial Non-profit organization run by Yogesh The International Gandhi Peace Prize, named after Mahatma Gandhi, is awarded annually by the government of India. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी R. Gala, Popular Combined Dictionary, English-English-Gujarati & Gujarati-Gujarati-English, Navneet), or "perfumer" in Hindi (Bhargava's Standard Illustrated Dictionary Hindi-English).
- ^ Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi Vol 5 Document#393 from Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity p106
- ^ http://www.gandhism.net/sergeantmajorgandhi.php Sergeant Major Gandhi
- ^ Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi VOL 5 p 410
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 82.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 89.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 105.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 131.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 172.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 230–32.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 246.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 277–81.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 283–86.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 309.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 318.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 462.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 464–66.
- ^ R. Gandhi, Patel: A Life, p. 472.
- ^ Vinay Lal. ‘Hey Ram’: The Politics of Gandhi’s Last Words. Humanscape 8, no. 1 (January 2001): pp. 34–38.
- ^ Nehru's address on Gandhi's death. Retrieved on 15 March 2007. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e "Gandhi's ashes to rest at sea, not in a museum" The Guardian, 16 January 2008
- ^ "GANDHI'S ASHES SCATTERED" The Cincinnati Post, 30 January 1997 "For reasons no one knows, a portion of the ashes was placed in a safe deposit box at a bank in Cuttack, 1,100 miles (1,800 km) southeast of New Delhi. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Cincinnati Post is a discontinued afternoon daily newspaper that was published in Cincinnati Ohio. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar A safe deposit box (sometimes incorrectly called a safety deposit box) is a type of Safe usually located in groups inside a Bank vault or in the back of WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Cuttack ( Oriya: କଟକ)(कटक (derived from the Sanskrit word 'Kataka' which signifies New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. Tushar Gandhi went to court to gain custody of the ashes after newspapers reported in 1995 that they were at the bank. Tushar Arun Gandhi (तुषार गांधी (born 17 January 1960 near Mumbai, India) is a great-grandson "
- ^ Ferrell, David. "A Little Serenity in a City of Madness", 2001-09-27, pp. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again B 2.
- ^ Asirvatham, Eddy. Political Theory. S. chand. ISBN 8121903467.
- ^ Bharatan Kumarappa, Editor, "For Pacifists," by M. K. Gandhi, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, India, 1949.
- ^ Gandhi, Mahatma (1972). Non-violence in peace and war, 1942–[1949]. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-0375-6.
- ^ Bondurant, p. 28.
- ^ Bondurant, p. 139.
- ^ International Vegetarian Union — Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948).
- ^ Gokhale's Charity, My Experiments with Truth, M. K. Gandhi.
- ^ The Rowlatt Bills and my Dilemma, My Experiments with Truth, M. K. Gandhi.
- ^ Time magazine people of the century
- ^ The Story of My Experiments with Truth — An Autobiography, p. 176.
- ^ The Story of My Experiments with Truth — An Autobiography, p. 177.
- ^ The Story of My Experiments with Truth — An Autobiography, p. 183.
- ^ Desai, Mahadev. The Gospel of Selfless Action, or, The Gita According To Gandhi. (Navajivan Publishing House: Ahmedabad: First Edition 1946). Other editions: 1948, 1951, 1956.
- ^ A shorter edition, omitting the bulk of Desai's additional commentary, has been published as: Anasaktiyoga: The Gospel of Selfless Action. Jim Rankin, editor. The author is listed as M. K. Gandhi; Mahadev Desai, translator. (Dry Bones Press, San Francisco, 1998) ISBN 1-883938-47-3.
- ^ http://www.indiatogether.org/2003/may/rvw-gndhtgore.htm Overview of debates between Gandhi and Tagore
- ^ Peerless Communicator by V. N. Narayanan. Life Positive Plus, October–December 2002
- ^ Gandhi, M. K. . Unto this Last: A paraphrase (in English; trans. from Gujarati). Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. ISBN 81-7229-076-4.
- ^ Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (CWMG) Controversy (gandhiserve)
- ^ Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity. Retrieved on 2007-12-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila
- ^ Life Magazine: Remembering Martin Luther King Jr. 40 Years Later. Time Inc, 2008. Pg 12
- ^ COMMEMORATING MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.: Gandhi's influence on King
- ^ a b Nelson Mandela, The Sacred Warrior: The liberator of South Africa looks at the seminal work of the liberator of India, Time Magazine, January 3, 2000. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ A pacifist uncovered — Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Pakistani pacifist
- ^ An alternative Gandhi
- ^ Einstein on Gandhi
- ^ Lennon Lives Forever. Taken from rollingstone. com. Retrieved on May 20, 2007. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Of Gandhigiri and Green Lion, Al Gore wins hearts at Cannes. Taken from exchange4media. com. Retrieved on 23 June 2007. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Chaudhury, Nilova. "October 2 is global non-violence day", hindustantimes. com, Hindustan Times, 15 June 2007. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-06-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history
- ^ Dutta, Krishna and Andrew Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology, p. 2.
- ^ Kamdartree: Mahatma and Kamdars.
- ^ M.K. Gandhi: An Autobiography. Retrieved 21 March 2006. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Documentation of how and when Mohandas K. Gandhi became known as the "Mahatma". Retrieved 21 March 2006. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ The Children Of Gandhi. Time (magazine). Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Retrieved on 21 April 2007. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ AFSC's Past Nobel Nominations.
- ^ Amit Baruah. "Gandhi not getting the Nobel was the biggest omission". The Hindu, 2006. The Hindu is a single-edition English-language Indian newspaper Retrieved 17 October 2006. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Øyvind Tønnesson. Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate. Nobel e-Museum Peace Editor, 1998–2000. Retrieved 21 March 2006. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ reprinted in The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas. , Louis Fischer, ed. , 2002 (reprint edition) pp. 106–108.
- ^ reprinted in The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas. Louis Fischer, ed. , 2002 (reprint edition) pp. 308–9.
- ^ Jack, Homer. The Gandhi Reader, p. 418.
- ^ "The life and death of Mahatma Gandhi", on BBC News, see section "Independence and partition. "
- ^ reprinted in The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas. , Louis Fischer, ed. , 2002 (reprint edition) pp. 286-288.
- ^ SANET-MG Archives - September 2001 (#303)
- ^ Mahatama Gandhi on Bhagat Singh.
- ^ Gandhi — 'Mahatma' or Flawed Genius?.
- ^ reprinted in The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas. , Louis Fischer, ed. , 2002 (reprint edition) p. 311.
- ^ Jack, Homer. The Gandhi Reader, pp. 319–20.
- ^ a b Jack, Homer. The Gandhi Reader, p. 322.
- ^ Jack, Homer. The Gandhi Reader, pp. 323–4.
- ^ Jack, Homer The Gandhi Reader, pp. 324–6.
- ^ David Lewis Schaefer. What Did Gandhi Do?. National Review, 28 April 2003. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved 21 March 2006; Richard Grenier. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "The Gandhi Nobody Knows". Commentary Magazine. Commentary is an American monthly Magazine covering Politics, International affairs, Judaism, and social cultural March 1983. Retrieved 21 March 2006. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Hertzberg, Arthur. The Zionist Idea. PA: Jewish Publications Society, 1997, pp. 463-464. ; see also Gordon, Haim. "A Rejection of Spiritual Imperialism: Reflections on Buber's Letter to Gandhi. " Journal of Ecumenical Studies, June 22, 1999. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
- ^ Jack, Homer. The Gandhi Reader, Harijan, November 26, 1938, pp. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 317–318.
- ^ Mohandas K. Gandhi. A Non-Violent Look at Conflict & Violence Published in Harijan on November 26, 1938
- ^ a b Rory Carroll, "Gandhi branded racist as Johannesburg honours freedom fighter", The Guardian, October 17, 2003. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914
- ^ The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed, 2005: p. 44
- ^ The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed, 2005: p. 45
- ^ The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed, 2005: p. 149
- ^ The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed, 2005: pp. 150–1
- ^ The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed, 2005: p. 151
- ^ Jesudasan, Ignatius. A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India, 1987, pp 236-237
- ^ Murthy, Srinivas. Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy Letters. Long Beach Publications: Long Beach, 1987, pp 13
- ^ Murthy, Srinivas. Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy Letters. Long Beach Publications: Long Beach, 1987, pp 189.
- ^ Articles on and by Gandhi, Retrieved on June 7, 2008. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Chapter VI Hind Swaraj by M. K. Gandhi
- ^ Bhattacharyya, Buddhadeva. Evolution of the political philosophy of Gandhi. Calcutta Book House: Calcutta, 1969, pp 479
- ^ Chapter VI Hind Swaraj by M. K. Gandhi
Further reading
- Bhana, Surendra and Goolam Vahed. The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. New Delhi: Manohar, 2005.
- Bondurant, Joan V. Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict. Princeton UP, 1988 ISBN 0-691-02281-X
- Chernus, Ira. American Nonviolence: The History of an Idea, chapter 7. ISBN 1-57075-547-7
- Chadha, Yogesh. Gandhi: A Life. ISBN 0-471-35062-1
- Dalton, Dennis (ed). Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1996. Hackett Publishing Company Inc is an academic Publishing house based in Indianapolis, Indiana. ISBN 0-87220-330-1
- Gandhi, Mahatma. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1994.
- Eswaran, Eknath. Eknath Easwaran (December 1910 &ndash October 26, 1999) was born in a village in Kerala, India. Gandhi The Man. ISBN 0-915132-96-6
- Fischer, Louis. The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas. Vintage: New York, 2002. (reprint edition) ISBN 1-4000-3050-1
- Gandhi, M. K. The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings. Homer Jack (ed. ) Grove Press, New York, 1956.
- Gandhi, M. K. An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth (available at wikisource), 1929 ISBN 0-8070-5909-9
- Gandhi, Rajmohan. The Story of My Experiments with Truth ( Gujarātī "સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા" transliterated Patel: A Life. Navajivan Publishing House, 1990 ISBN 81-7229-138-8
- Hunt, James D. Gandhi in London. New Delhi: Promilla & Co. , Publishers, 1978.
- Mann, Bernhard, The Pedagogical and Political Concepts of Mahatma Gandhi and Paulo Freire. In: Claußen, B. (Ed. ) International Studies in Political Socialization and Education. Bd. 8. Hamburg 1996. ISBN 3-926952-97-0
- Rühe, Peter. Gandhi: A Photo biography. ISBN 0-7148-9279-3
- Sharp, Gene. Gandhi as a Political Strategist, with Essays on Ethics and Politics. Boston: Extending Horizon Books, 1979.
- Sofri, Gianni. Gandhi and India: A Century in Focus. (1995) ISBN 1-900624-12-5
- Gordon, Haim. A Rejection of Spiritual Imperialism: Reflections on Buber's Letter to Gandhi. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 22 June 1999. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
- Gandhi, M. K. Satyagraha in South Africa
External links
- Mahatma Gandhi's autobiography on wikisource
- Works by Mahatma Gandhi at Project Gutenberg
- Gandhi Smriti — Government of India website
- Mahatma Gandhi News Research and Media service
- Mahatma Gandhi a votary of sustainable living
- Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya Gandhi Museum & Library
- Gandhi Book Centre
- Works by Mahatma Gandhi
- Gandhi Hall and statue at Soka University of America
- Works by or about Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Gandhi, Mahatma |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Political leader |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 2, 1869 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Porbandar, Gujarat, India |
| DATE OF DEATH | January 30, 1948 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Birla House, New Delhi, India |
Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Soka University of America ( SUA) is a Private university located in Aliso Viejo, California, United States. WorldCat is a Union catalog which itemizes the collections of more than 10000 libraries which participate in the OCLC global cooperative Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Porbandar is a coastal city in the Indian state of Gujarat, perhaps best known for being the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi and Sudama Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Birla House or Birla Bhavan, in New Delhi, India, is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
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