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General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan (Somali: Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Moorgan) [1] was the son-in-law of Siad Barre and minister of defense of Somalia. Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis In law and in cultural Anthropology, affinity, as distinguished from Consanguinity, is kinship by Marriage. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known . [2] Said Hersi Morgan is thought to be responsible for many other atrocities committed against the Somali population during the Barre government and during the civil war of the 1990s in the region of Kismayu. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port His military campaign in Southern Somalia in 1992 was one of the main causes of the famine in Somalia in that same year. As a consequence 300. 000 Somali may have died. [3]He is also accused of drug-dealing. [4] and controlling the supply routes of khat. KHAT (1210 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Sports format [5]

Contents

Career

Siad Barre Government

Mohammed Said Hersi (Majeerteen from the sub-clan Abdirahim) received his military training in both Italy and the USA. See also Somali clan The Majeerteen, Majerteen or Macherten (Majerteen ماجرتين Muhammad Harti Amaleh Abdi Muhammad Abdirahman As a colonel he was commander of the Mogadishu sector, where the elite units of the Armed Forces were stationed (ca. Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū 1980). [6] He then went on to become commander of the Red Barets,[7] responsible for the suppression of the revolt of The Majerteen united in the SSDF in 1982. Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF (in Somali: Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed, and initially known as the Democratic Front for Salvation From 1986 to 1988, as a general, he was the military commander of the 26th military district (the region of Somaliland) and in September 1990 he was appointed as minister of defense and substitute head of state.

In 1988 operations conducted by the Barre government against Somali National Movement (SNM) rebels in the northern part of the country led to the death and imprisonment of thousands of Somali civilians by the Somali National Army. The Somali National Movement ( Dhaq dhaqaaqa wadaniga soomaliyeed, Arabic الحركة الوطنية الصوماليه was a 1980s Somali rebel group [8][9][10] Hersi Morgan was in charge of these operations, and thus became known as the "Butcher of Hargeisa. "[11]

Somali Civil War

Main articles: Somali Civil War, Somali National Front, and Somali Patriotic Movement

After the fall of the government on 26 January 1992 Mohammed Said Hersi together with Siad Barre fled from Mogadishu to the South-West of the country. The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 The Somali National Front (SNF was a political revolutionary movement and armed militia initially made up of loyalists to Siad Barre, and the remnants of the Somali National The Somali Patriotic Movement is a Political party and Paramilitary organization in Somalia, and a key faction in the Somali Civil War. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b In Gedo he regrouped the army. Gedo ( Geedo) is an administrative region ( gobolka) formerly part of the historic Upper Juba Region, Somalia. Together with Barre’s son General Maslah, Mohammed Said Hersi went abroad through Kenya on an arms purchasing mission. According to a report of the Minority Rights Group based in Britain[12] they purchased $27 Million worth of arms and petroleum at various black markets. Mohammed Said Hersi became the chairman of the newly founded Somali National Front (SNF); the remains of the Somali National Army functioned as its militia. The Somali National Front (SNF was a political revolutionary movement and armed militia initially made up of loyalists to Siad Barre, and the remnants of the Somali National History Historically Somali society accorded prestige to the warrior (waranle and rewarded military prowess The SNF made two efforts (one in April 1991 and the other in April 1992) to recapture the capital Mogadishu. Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū Both efforts failed. The SNF was vanquished by the USC and pushed back to the Kenyan border. The United Somali Congress (USC is one of the major political and paramilitary organizations of Somalia. It later survived in a diminished form in and around Kismayo. Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port Mohammed Said Hersi then tried to unite the Marehan with the other Darod (Ogaden and Majeerteen ) to conquer the region around Kismayo. The Marehan ( Somali: Mareexaan Arabic:مريحان Marehan bin Ahmed bin Abdirahman bin Is'mail bin Ibrahim al Jaberti) are a Somali See also Somali clan The Darod ( Darood or Daarood, بني داوود is a Somali clan. Ogaden (pronounced and often spelled Ogadēn ]] is the international name of the Somali Regional State in Ethiopia. See also Somali clan The Majeerteen, Majerteen or Macherten (Majerteen ماجرتين Muhammad Harti Amaleh Abdi Muhammad Abdirahman Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port Siad Barre fled from Somalia to Kenya in April 1992. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south [13] On January 8, 1993 Mohammed Said Hersi was one of the signatories of agreement reached at the UN-sponsored Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation, and the March 1993 Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia, both in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) See also Somali Civil War, Disarmament in Somalia A United Nations Economic Commission for Africa-sponsored meeting held in Addis Ababa, Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) See also Somali Civil War, Disarmament in Somalia The Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia was an attempt to end the Somali Civil War Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page [14][15] However, fighting continued in the country unabated.

In December 1993, Mohammed Said Hersi's troops captured Kismayo, and awaited the departure of Belgian UN peacekeepers who were stationed there. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port His troops had taken advantage of the UN's preoccupation with Mohamed Farah Aidid and had rearmed and regrouped. General Mohamed Farrah Aidid (محمد فرح عيديدمحمد فرح عيديد December 15 1934 – August 2 1996 was a controversial Somali leader often described [16] Mohammed Said Hersi remained in control of Kismayo until 1999. Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port In that period Hersi Morgan cooperated with his former enemies, the Majerteen of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF). See also Somali clan The Majeerteen, Majerteen or Macherten (Majerteen ماجرتين Muhammad Harti Amaleh Abdi Muhammad Abdirahman Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF (in Somali: Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed, and initially known as the Democratic Front for Salvation Operating from Kismayo Mohammed Said Hersi was also active in the Kenyan border area . His militia rarely fought those Siyad Hussein, Col. Omar Jess, Ahmed Hashi which also operated in this region. Instead, they devoted most of their energies to preying upon IDPs and refugees. Internally displaced persons (IDPs are people forced to flee their homes but who unlike refugees remain within their country's borders According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race The area around Dobley refugee camp earned a reputation as one of the most dangerous and violent places in the entire region; women gathering firewood in the bush were routinely raped by predatory militiamen, aid convoys were looted, and refugees subjected to extortion and shakedowns. [17]

After the SNF had split up between Marehan and other factions Hersi had lost his position as leader in that faction. The Marehan ( Somali: Mareexaan Arabic:مريحان Marehan bin Ahmed bin Abdirahman bin Is'mail bin Ibrahim al Jaberti) are a Somali He then joined the Somali Patriot Movement (SPM), which consisted of Darod tribe militias, the Rahanweyn Resistance Army, and the South Somali National Movement (SSNM). The Somali Patriotic Movement is a Political party and Paramilitary organization in Somalia, and a key faction in the Somali Civil War. See also Somali clan The Darod ( Darood or Daarood, بني داوود is a Somali clan. The Rahanweyn Resistance Army (RRA also known as the Reewin Resistance Army is an autonomist militant group operating in the two southwestern regions of Somalia, Hersi Morgan was head of the self created entity Jubaland between September 3, 1998—June 11, 1999. Jubaland (Jubbaland or Juba Valley (Dooxada Jubba formerly Trans-Juba (Oltre Giuba is the southwesternmost part of Somalia, on the far side of Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) However he lost the territory to the Juba Valley Alliance (JVA) under Ahmed Warsame in 1999 and only briefly recaptured Kismayo on 6-7 Aug 2001. The Juba Valley Alliance (JVA (Somali Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba) is a political faction of the Somali Civil War. General Ahmed Warsame was the Head of the former Somali Military Academy and Somali National Front. The town remained in the hands of the Juba Valley Alliance until 2006. The Juba Valley Alliance (JVA (Somali Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba) is a political faction of the Somali Civil War.

Transitional National Government

Hersi Morgan was present at the conclusion of the peace Talks in Kenya (2002-2004) in which a transitional Somali Transitional National Government (later to become the Transitional Federal Government) was formed. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia This conclusion, however, was put to risk in September 2004 by the withdrawal of Said Hersi Morgan, who prepared his forces to attack Kismayu, controlled by the Juba Valley Alliance (JVA) which had ousted him in 1999. September 2004: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port [18]

Ambassador Kiplagat requested IGAD to impose sanctions against Hersi Morgan for withdrawing from the peace process. The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD Autorité intergouvernementale pour le développement is a seven-country regional development Organization in The JVA and other warlords began to mobilize forces to oppose him. In September there was some fighting at a distance from Kismayu and the local population fled, but within some days the conference facilitators had persuaded Hersi Morgan to return to Nairobi and re-join the reconciliation conference, although he was not selected as a member of parliament. Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port Nairobi (naɪˈroʊbɪ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. According to Amnesty International "his presence at the peace talks, more than any of the other warlords, had highlighted the significance of the issue of impunity and its effect on human rights in the future. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to "[19]

In May 2005 Said Hersi Morgan left Nairobi to pay a short visit with his militia in Mogadishu and talked to representatives of the USC. Nairobi (naɪˈroʊbɪ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū [20] The battle between the militia and the ICU for the control of the capital would start February 2006 (see Second Battle of Mogadishu). The Second Battle of Mogadishu was a Battle fought for control of Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia. Members of this same USC have been the victim of atrocities of troops of Said Hersi Morgan in 1992. In that year the SNF retook with assistance of the Kenyan military (in violation of a United Nations Security Council arms embargo), the Gedo region. In October 1992, the SNF captured the town of Bardera, committing atrocities against civilians who were thought to have supported the USC (solely on the basis of their clan identity) and greatly disrupting relief efforts. Bardera City ( Somali Baardheere) is an important agricultural and academic city in the Gedo region of Somalia. [21]

In 1991, when Said Hersi was minister of defense in the Barre government, there still were 54,000 soldiers under his command. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b Fourteen years later only 1,000 of those remain. [22]

Morgan's militia is currently based in Gode, in southern Ogaden, Ethiopia. The family of Mohammed Hersi Morgan lives in the United States.

Accusations of war crimes

Mohammed Said Hersi "Morgan" is held to be a war criminal by many in Somalia and abroad. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied A member of the British Parliament, Andrew Robathan, stated that "it is generally accepted that General Morgan, who was in Siad Barre's Government at the time, was responsible for the shooting of a large part of the male population [of Hargeysa]. Andrew Robert George Robathan (born 17 July 1951 is a British Conservative politician and Member of Parliament (MP for Blaby in Leicestershire " (4 Feb 2004)[23]An independent paper written for the UNHCR by Professor Kenneth Menkhaus in August 2003 stated, "General Morgan is a political pariah, likely to be the first Somali leader charged with war crimes at some point in the future. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a "[24] However, as yet no charges have been leveled against General "Morgan" by any international criminal court. [25]

External links

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Sometimes referred to simply as "General Morgan" or "Colonel Morgan". The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 History Historically Somali society accorded prestige to the warrior (waranle and rewarded military prowess History Prehistoric inhabitants The city is home to Neolithic Cave paintings recently discovered named Laas Geel. Barre Adan Shire ( Barre Aadan Shire) also known as Barre Hiiraale, Barre "Hirale" Aden Shire, or Abdikadir Adan Shire, is the
  2. ^ In January 1990, Africa Watch published a 268-page report on the war in northern Somalia, which had broken out in May 1988. By the beginning of 1990, an estimated 50,000 to 60,000 had been killed and nearly half a million had fled the country, the majority for Ethiopia. Entitled A Government at War with Its Own People: Testimonies About the Killings and the Conflict in the North, the report was based on research and interviews with newly arrived refugees in August 1989 in Djibouti and from June to October 1989 in England and Wales, where a sizeable refugee community had also gathered. The report provided eyewitness accounts of the human rights abuses that preceded the outbreak of war, and examined the conduct of the war by government forces and SNM insurgents.
    • The estimate of 40,000 killed is given in SOMALIA ASSESSMENT, Version 4, September 1999, Country Information and Policy Unit of the Immigration & Nationality Directorate, Home Office of the United Kingdom Government, Section OGADEN WAR & OPPOSITION TO BARRE, paragraph 3. 13. [1]
  3. ^ Somalia: Fourteenth time lucky? by Richard Cornwell, Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Paper 87 (section the fall of Siyad Barre) April 2004 http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/papers/87/Paper87.htm
  4. ^ Letter from the committee of the Security Council, 2004 (see p. 27)
  5. ^ Observatoire Géo-politique des drogues (GPD), Annual Report 1998/1999, Chapter The Geo-political Stakes of Khat in Kenya see p. 189 (in PDF)
  6. ^ A letter to the editor of "Horn of Africa" journal published in U. S. A. (Vol. 2 No. 4) 1980-81, written by Ahmed A. Deria, Nairobi [2]
  7. ^ Somali War Lords
  8. ^ Background: The Siad Barre Regime and Ethnic Hostility. U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Citizenship and Immigration Services Country Reports.
  9. ^ Somalia "General Morgan commanded the 26th division." "General Morgan's division used landmines as weapons of terror.". Landmine Monitor Landmine Report1999.
  10. ^ On July 14,1988, the US House Subcommittee on Africa held a hearing after Barre's government troops' military operations in Somaliland (House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Su-Com on Africa, Reported Massacres and Indiscriminate Killings in Somalia, hearing, 100th Cong. , 2nd sess. , July 14, 1988. )
  11. ^ Analysis: Somalia's powerbrokers BBC
  12. ^ Samatar, Somalia: a Nation in Turmoil Aug, 1991. P. 21.
  13. ^ Bradbury, Mark, The Somali conflict: prospects for peace, p. 14 (Oxford, 1993).
  14. ^ The General Agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993 The United Nations and Somalia 1992-1996
  15. ^ Addis Ababa Agreement concluded at the first session of the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia, 27 March 1993 The United Nations and Somalia 1992-1996
  16. ^ Spinning Dunkirk: The Pentagon Quits Somalia Somalia News Update
  17. ^ US-Aid Kenya-Somalia Border Conflict Analysis, p. 39, August 2005 by Dr Ken Menkhaus ( In 2003 Dobley became the victim of JVA atrocities, p. 41)
  18. ^ Somali warlord prepares assault on rival as peace talks falter The Independent, 8 September 2004
  19. ^ Somalia: Urgent need for effective human rights protection under the new transitional government Amnesty International (PDF)
  20. ^ Somalinet May 25, 2005 "General Morgan left Nairobi for Mogadishu"
  21. ^ Somalia
  22. ^ For the force levels of the Somali National Army, see: [http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/bin/get.cgi?directory=J97/articles/&filename=BAGYEMA1.htm The Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to XVI No. 2, Fall 1996, "The Horn of Africa: Conflict, Demilitarization and Reconstruction" , chapter DIMENSIONS OF MILITARIZATION, section: Growth in Force Levels and Expenditure] by Baffour Agyeman-Duah. For the force level of the SNF, see PEACEKEEPING AND POLICING IN SOMALIA, PEACEKEEPING AND POLICING IN SOMALIA, by LYNN THOMAS and STEVE SPATARO, Chapter "Background", section "Capacity for Self-Governance": "Mohammed Said Hersi “Morgan” had a well-organized force of 1,000 former soldiers" (in:in R. B. Oakley, M. J. Dziedzic, and E. M. Goldberg, eds. , Policing the New World Disorder: Peace Operations and Public Security (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1998), ch. 6 pp. 175-214 [3] )
  23. ^ British parliament’s debate on Somaliland http://www.somaliland.org/arcns.asp?ID=04020503 Mr Andrew Robathan later asked the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, if he would investigate the allegations of (a) genocide, (b) crimes against humanity and (c) war crimes against General Mohammed Hersi Morgan, whilst Governor of Hargeisa in 1988.
  24. ^ name=SOMALIA-A-SITUATION-ANALYSIS-AND-TREND-ASSESSMENT>Professor Kenneth Menkhaus (August 2003). August 2003: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - "Somalia: A Situation Analysis and Trend Assessment" (PDF). . UNHCR Protection Information Section, Department of International Protection
  25. ^ Another member of the Barre-government, however, is now brought to trial in the USA for the events of 1988. The center for Justice & accountability has filed a lawsuit against General Mohamed Ali Samantar who was prime-minister of the Barre-government from 1987-1990. The ex-prime-minister is living in the USA and can therefore be brought for a court in that country under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) and the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). He is o. a. accused of crimes against humanity. http://www.cja.org/cases/samantar.shtml
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