| Mohammed Daoud Khan | |
 |
|
|
|
|
|---|---|
| In office 17 July 1973 – 27 April 1978 |
|
| Preceded by | Mohammed Zahir Shah (King of Afghanistan) |
| Succeeded by | Abdul Qadir (Chairman of the Military Council of Afghanistan) |
|
|
|
| In office 07 September 1953 – 10 March 1963 |
|
| Monarch | Mohammed Zahir Shah |
| Preceded by | Shah Mahmud Khan |
| Succeeded by | Mohammad Yusuf |
|
|
|
| Born | 18 July 1909 Kabul, Afghanistan |
| Died | 28 April 1978 (aged 68) Kabul, Afghanistan |
| Political party | National Revolutionary Party |
Mohammed Daoud Khan (July 18, 1909 – April 28, 1978) was a politician in Afghanistan who overthrew the monarchy of Zahir Shah and became the first President of Afghanistan from 1973 until his assassination in 1978 as a result of a revolution led by the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). Afghanistan has only intermittently been a Republic - between 1973-1992 and from 2001 onwards - at other times being governed by a variety of kings Emirs Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Mohammed Zahir Shah ( 15 October 1914 &ndash 23 July 2007) was the last King ( Shah) of Afghanistan, reigning Abdul Qadir may refer to Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi, Algerian Sufi saint and military leader Abdul Qadir Jelani, famous Iranian Sufi saint The Prime Minister of Afghanistan is a currently defunct post in the Afghan Government Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mohammed Zahir Shah ( 15 October 1914 &ndash 23 July 2007) was the last King ( Shah) of Afghanistan, reigning Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan (1890 &ndash 1959 was Prime Minister of Afghanistan from May 1946 to 7 September 1953. For other people with a similar name see Mohammad Yousuf (disambiguation or Yousaf Khan. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Mohammed Zahir Shah ( 15 October 1914 &ndash 23 July 2007) was the last King ( Shah) of Afghanistan, reigning Afghanistan has only intermittently been a Republic - between 1973-1992 and from 2001 onwards - at other times being governed by a variety of kings Emirs Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند PDPA was a Communist Khan was known for his progressive policies, especially in relation to the rights of women, for initiating two five-year modernization plans, and for being a Pashtun nationalist. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called [1]
Contents |
Early life and background
He was the son of Sardar Mohammed Aziz Khan and grandson of Sardar Mohammed Yusuf Khan.
Royal Prime Minister
He was appointed Prime Minister in September 1953 in an intra-family transfer of power that involved no violence. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. His ten-year tenure was noted for the foreign policy turn to the Soviet Union, the completion of the Helmand Valley project, which radically improved living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, and tentative steps towards the emancipation of women. The Helmand River (also spelled Helmend Helmund Hirmand; Pashto: fa هیرمند هلمند fa-Latn Hīrmand Helmand, Latin: Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,
By 1956, having been rebuffed by the US for both sales of arms and loans, and with the independence of the former parts of the British Empire in Southeast Asia, his government turned Afghanistan toward the Soviet Union. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 His main reason was to train both the Afghan Army and Afghan Air Force as a defense against provocations by the Pakistanis.
His obsession with Pashtunistan and his hostility to Pakistan proved disastrous for the economy. Pashtunistan ( Pashto: پښتونستان Persian: پشتونستان or Pakhtunistan ( Persian, Urdu: پختونستان is the Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Daoud supported the reunification of the Pashtun people under Afghanistan, but this would involve taking a considerable amount of territory from the new nation of Pakistan.
With the creation of an independent Pakistan the Durand line had become an international border dividing the Pashtun people. The Durand Line is the term for the 2640 kilometer (1610 mile Border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
In 1961, to discourage Pashtun reunification efforts Pakistan closed its borders with Afghanistan causing a crisis and greater dependence on the USSR and the USSR became Afghanistan's principal trading partner. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Within a few months, the USSR had sent jet airplanes, tanks, heavy and light artillery for a heavily discounted price tag of $25 million. Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine
In 1963 Prime minister Daoud ordered the invasion of north Pakistan (Waziristan, Balochistan, and Peshawar). Waziristan ( Pashto: وزیرستان "land of the Wazir " is a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered This plan however was abandoned as King Zahir Shah announced that Afghanistan was a peaceful nation that would not invade its neighbors. [2]
The crisis was finally resolved with the forced resignation of Daoud in March 1963 and the opening of the border in May.
In 1963 Zahir introduced a new constitution, for the first time excluding all members of the royal family from the council of ministers. He quietly stepped down.
President of the Republic
On July 17, 1973, Khan seized power from his cousin (and brother-in-law) King Zahir. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Mohammed Zahir Shah ( 15 October 1914 &ndash 23 July 2007) was the last King ( Shah) of Afghanistan, reigning Departing from tradition, and for the first time in Afghan history, Daoud did not proclaim himself Shah, establishing instead a republic with himself as President. Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries.
In 1974 Daoud signed one of two economic packages that would enable Afghanistan to have a far more capable military because of increasing fears of lacking an up to date modern army when compared to the militaries of Iran and Pakistan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For every night for two years Kabul International and Baghram Air Base received a great flow of Soviet advanced weapons to rapidly increase modernization of a Soviet-trained military. } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Bagram Air Base is a militarized Airport and housing complex that is located next to the ancient city of Bagram, southeast of Charikar in Parwan The Military of Afghanistan is composed of the Afghan National Army, the Afghan National Air Corps (formerly the Afghan Air Force and scattered
Democracy was curtailed and there was little public representation except through the now largely nominated Loya Jirga. A Loya Jirga ( Pashto: لويه جرګه, Persian: جرگه بزرگ) is a "grand assembly" a phrase taken from the name of large A new constitution backed by a Loya Jirga was promulgated in February 1977 but failed to satisfy all the factions.
In 1976 Daoud sought to increase relationships and trade with other Muslim countries and made a tentative agreement with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on a solution to the Pashtunistan problem. This was highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would soon be closer to the West, especially the United States; the Soviets had always feared that the United States could find a way to influence the government in Kabul. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Daoud's administration and the army squelched a growing Islamic fundamentalist movement whose leaders fled to Pakistan. There they were supported by Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and encouraged to continue the fight against Daoud. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Urdu: ur '''ذوالفقار علی بھٹو''' Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bɦʊʈːoː
Any resistance to the new regime was suppressed. A coup against Daoud, which may have been planned before he took power, was subdued shortly after his seizure of power. In October 1973, Maiwandwal, a former prime minister and a highly respected former diplomat, died in prison at a time when Parchamis controlled the Ministry of Interior under circumstances corroborating the widespread belief that he had been tortured to death.
Reneging on his promise to make progressive reforms, he ran a repressive regime with hundreds of arrests and political executions of leftists (including members of the Parcham who had helped him gain power) and Islamists.
He lessened the country's dependence on the Soviet Union and went to Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia and Iran for aid. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Surprisingly, he did not renew the Pashtunistan issue; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from the US and Iran.
The next year, he established his own political party, the National Revolutionary Party, which became the focus of all political activity. In January 1977, a loyal jirgah approved the constitution establishing a presidential, one party system of government.
Diplomatic relations with the USSR
President Daoud met Leonid Brezhnev on a state visit to Moscow from April 12 to 15, 1977. He had asked for a private meeting with the Soviet Premier, to discuss with him the increased pattern of Soviet actions in Afghanistan. In particular the intensified Soviet attempt to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq. Parcham (پرچم meaning "Banner" or "Flag" was the name of one of the factions of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Khalq ("Masses" was a fraction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.
Brezhnev described Afghanistan's non-alignment as important to the USSR and essential to the promotion of peace in Asia, but warned him about the presence of experts from NATO countries stationed in the northern parts of Afghanistan.
In 1977 President Daoud made plans that the Government in Kabul would no longer have any personal relationships with the Soviet Union and try to make Afghanistan closer to the West, especially with other oil rich Middle-East nations. Afghanistan signed a co-operative military treaty with Egypt and by 1977 the Afghan military and police force were being trained by Egyptian Armed forces. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. This angered the Soviet Union because Egypt took the same route in 1974 and distanced itself from the Soviets. Fearing Afghanistan would do the same, the KGB was ready to get rid of Daoud and set up a puppet government far more friendly to the Soviets. KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power
KGB orchestrating a coup
In September of 1977 the first wave of riots broke out in Kabul by Communist students and government workers who were loyal to the Soviets. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The police quickly controlled the riots and Daoud had arrested several key members of the Communist party of the Khalq and Parcham factions. Khalq ("Masses" was a fraction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Parcham (پرچم meaning "Banner" or "Flag" was the name of one of the factions of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.
In January 1978 another riot broke out in Kabul where loyal communist were demanding the release of Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal. Nur Muhammad Taraki ( July 15, 1913 – September 14, 1979) was an ethnic Pashtun Politician from Afghanistan Hafizullah Amin ( حفيظ الله امين) ( August 1, 1929 – December 27, 1979) was the second President of Afghanistan Babrak Karmal ( January 6, 1929 - December 3, 1996) was the third President of Afghanistan (1979 - 1986 during the period of the communist This resulted in a bloody massacre when the riots got out of hand, police lost control and the army was called in to control the streets, but it did so by using aggressive force on demonstrators. Daoud was highly criticized by the public and the Communists inside Afghanistan. The KGB were using propaganda to turn public support against Daoud and his administration. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people
In March 1978 the head of the Parcham faction, Mir Akhbar Khyber, was arrested by order of President Daoud on charges of being a KGB spy and orchestrating violent riots for KGB and Kremlin. View01jpg|thumb|right|250px|Remains of the Kolomna Kremlin]] Kremlin (Кремль Kreml) is the Russian word for "fortress" "citadel" or "castle" Khyber was awaiting sentencing in prison when he was killed by KGB officers. Daoud was blamed that he had ordered an execution without a fair trial. This resulted in the KGB putting together the communist faction in Afghanistan, using propaganda, swaying public opinion (mostly young students and military officers), and trying to buy or getting rid of opposition to a possible coup against Daoud and his government.
Communist coup and assassination
The April 19, 1978, the funeral for Mir Akbar Khyber, the prominent Parchami ideologue who had been murdered, served as a rallying point for the Afghan communists. Parcham (پرچم meaning "Banner" or "Flag" was the name of one of the factions of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. An estimated 10,000 to 30,000 persons[3] gathered to hear the stirring speeches by PDPA leaders such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal. Nur Muhammad Taraki ( July 15, 1913 – September 14, 1979) was an ethnic Pashtun Politician from Afghanistan Hafizullah Amin ( حفيظ الله امين) ( August 1, 1929 – December 27, 1979) was the second President of Afghanistan Babrak Karmal ( January 6, 1929 - December 3, 1996) was the third President of Afghanistan (1979 - 1986 during the period of the communist
Shocked by this demonstration of communist unity, Daoud ordered the arrest of the PDPA leaders, but he reacted too slowly. It took him a week to arrest Taraki, Karmal managed to escape to the USSR and Amin was merely placed under house arrest. According to later PDPA writings, Amin sent complete orders for the coup from his home while it was under armed guard using his family as messengers.
The army had been put on alert on April 26 because of a presumed "anti-Islamic" coup. On April 27, 1978, a coup d'état beginning with troop movements at the military base at Kabul International Airport, gained ground slowly over the next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Khan in and around the capital. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Kabul International Airport, sometimes known as Khwaja Rawash Airport, is located 16 kilometers (9 miles from downtown Kabul, Afghanistan.
Daoud Khan and most of his family were shot in the presidential palace the following day. [4] His death was not publicly announced after the coup. Instead, the new government declared that President Khan had "resigned for health reasons. "
Notes
- ^ Rubin, Barnett "DĀWŪD KHAN". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online Edition). Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language Encyclopedia about the history culture and Ed. Ehsan Yarshater. Ehsan Yarshater ( born April 3, 1920, Hamadan, Iran) is the director of The Center for Iranian Studies and Hagop Kevorkian Professor Emeritus United States: Columbia University. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Retrieved on January 2008.
- ^ Afghanistan - Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953-63
- ^ 15,000 is the number given on page 35 of Sena, Cāṇakya and Gupta, Bhabani Sen (1982) Afghan Syndrome: How to Live with Soviet Power Croom Helm, London, ISBN 0-7099-0477-0 and Vikas, New Delhi, ISBN 0-7069-1349-3
- ^ "There was, therefore, little to hinder the assault mounted by the rebel 4th Armoured Brigade, led by Major Mohammed Aslam Watanjar, who had also been prominent in Daoud's own coup five years before. Watanjar first secured the airport, where the other coup leader, Colonel Abdul Qadir Dagarwal, left by helicopter for the Bagram air base. There he took charge and organized air strikes on the royal palace, where Daoud and the presidential guard were conducting a desperate defense. Fighting continued the whole day and into the night, when the defenders were finally overwhelmed. Daoud and almost all his family, including women and children, died in the fighting. Altogether there were possiby as many as two thousand fatalities, both military and civilian. " p. 88 of Ewans, Martin (2002) Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics HarperCollins, New York, Page 88 ISBN 0-06-050507-9
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Shah Mahmud |
Prime Minister of Afghanistan 1953 – 1963 |
Succeeded by Mohammed Yusuf |
| Preceded by Mohammed Zahir Shah King of Afghanistan |
President of Afghanistan 1973 – 1978 |
Succeeded by Abdul Qadir Chairman of the Military Council of Afghanistan |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic