| Dr. Mohammad Najibullah محمد نجيب الله |
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| In office 30 September 1987 – 16 April 1992 |
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| Prime Minister | Sultan Ali Keshtmand Mohammad Hasan Sharq Sultan Ali Keshtmand Fazal Haq Khaliqyar |
| Preceded by | Haji Mohammad Chamkani |
| Succeeded by | Abdul Rahim Hatef (Acting) |
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| Born | August 1947 Kabul, Afghanistan |
| Died | 28 September 1996 Kabul, Afghanistan |
| Political party | People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan |
Mohammad Najibullah (Pashto: محمد نجيب الله; born August, 1947, killed September 27, 1996) was the fourth and last President of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Afghanistan has only intermittently been a Republic - between 1973-1992 and from 2001 onwards - at other times being governed by a variety of kings Emirs Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Sultan Ali Keshtmand (born 1935 was an Afghan politician He served twice as Prime Minister during the 1980s from 1981 to 1988 and from 1989 to 1990 in the Mohammad Hasan Sharq (* 1925 was an Afghan Politician, becoming Prime Minister of the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Sultan Ali Keshtmand (born 1935 was an Afghan politician He served twice as Prime Minister during the 1980s from 1981 to 1988 and from 1989 to 1990 in the Fazal Haq Khaliqyar (1934 - July 2004 was an Afghan Politician, that was briefly Prime Minister of the Republic of Afghanistan He performed Haji Mohammad Chamkani ( Pashto: حاجي محمد خان څمکنی is a politician from Afghanistan who held the post of interim President of Afghanistan during Abdul Rahim Hatef (born 1926 is an Afghan politician He was born in Kandahar, in 1926 and served as Vice President during the last years of the Democratic Republic Other names In Arabic, the month is called أغسطسص ʾUġusṭuṣ or آب ʾĀb; usage varies from place to place and Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند PDPA was a Communist Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Other names In Arabic, the month is called أغسطسص ʾUġusṭuṣ or آب ʾĀb; usage varies from place to place and Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Afghanistan has only intermittently been a Republic - between 1973-1992 and from 2001 onwards - at other times being governed by a variety of kings Emirs Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was a Soviet -backed government in Afghanistan between 1978 and 1992. He is also considered the second President of the Republic of Afghanistan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,
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Early years
Mohammad Najibullah was born in August 1947 to the Ahmadzai sub-tribe of the Ghilzai Pashtun tribe. Aḥmadzai ("descendants of Aḥmad" is a Pashtun tribal last name The Ghilzais (also known as Khiljis or Ghaljis) are a large Pashtun Tribe located mainly in southeastern Afghanistan, between Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Though born in Kabul, his ancestral village was located between the towns of Said Karam and Gardez in Paktia Province. } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Gardēz is the capital of the Paktiā province of Afghanistan. Paktia ( پکتيا) is one of the thirty-four Provinces of Afghanistan, in the east of the country He was educated at Habibia High School and Kabul University, where he graduated with a doctor degree in medicine in 1975. Kabul University ( - Dāneshgāh-e Kābul; Pashto: دکابل پوهنتون A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement
Political career
In 1965 Najibullah joined the Parcham faction of the Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and in 1977 joined the Central Committee. Parcham (پرچم meaning "Banner" or "Flag" was the name of one of the factions of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند PDPA was a Communist Central Committee most commonly refers to the central executive unit of a Leninist (commonly also Trotskyist) or Communist party, whether ruling or
In 1978 the PDPA took power in Afghanistan, with Najibullah a member of the ruling Revolutionary Council. However, the Khalq faction of the PDPA gained supremacy over his own Parcham faction, and after a brief stint as ambassador in Iran, he was dismissed from government and went into exile in Europe. Khalq ("Masses" was a fraction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return
He returned to Kabul after the Soviet invasion in 1979. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving In 1980, he was appointed the head of KHAD, the secret police. Khadamat-e Etela'at-e Dawlati ( Persian ' خدمات اطلاعات دولتی') ( English: "State Information Agency" almost always Secret police (sometimes political police) are a Police agency which operates in Secrecy to maintain National security against internal Under Najibullah's control, it is claimed that KHAD arrested, tortured and executed tens of thousands of Afghans. Amnesty International provided evidence of ‘widespread and systematic torture of men, women and children’. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to Survivors of his prisons have accused him of personally torturing and killing inmates, often by beating them to the ground and kicking them to death. [1] In 1981 he was promoted to full membership in the Politburo. Politburo, short for Political Bureau, Russian Politicheskoye Buro, is the executive organization for a number of Political parties, most notably
Meanwhile, a change had taken place in Kabul. On May 4, 1986, under pressure of the Soviet Union Babrak Karmal resigned as secretary general of the PDPA and was replaced by Dr. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Babrak Karmal ( January 6, 1929 - December 3, 1996) was the third President of Afghanistan (1979 - 1986 during the period of the communist Najibullah. Karmal retained the presidency for a while, but power had shifted to Najibullah.
His selection by the Soviets was clearly related to his success in running KHAD, the secret police, more effectively than the rest of the DRA had been governed.
President of the Republic (November 1986 - April 1992)
In November 1986, Najibullah was elected president and a new constitution was adopted. The Constitution of Afghanistan became the official law of Afghanistan when the 2003 Loya jirga approved it by the Consensus on January 4, Some of the innovations incorporated into the constitution were a multi-party political system, freedom of expression, and an Islamic legal system presided over by an independent judiciary. A political system is a System of Politics and Government. It is usually compared to the Law system, Economic system, Cultural Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, Common law and Religious law. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State
However, all of these measures were largely outweighed by the broad powers of the president, who commanded a military and police apparatus under the control of the Homeland Party (Hizb-i Watan, as the PDPA became known in 1988). In September he set up the National Compromise Commission to contact counter-revolutionaries "in order to complete the Saur Revolution in its new phase. " Allegedly some 40,000 rebels were contacted.
In this way, Najibullah had stabilized his political position enough to begin matching Moscow's moves toward withdrawal. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of On July 20, 1987, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country was announced. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar)
It was also during his Administration that the peak of the fighting came in 1985-86. The Soviet forces launched their largest and most effective assaults on the Mujahedeen supply lines adjacent to Pakistan. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Major campaigns had also forced the mujahedeen back to defensive positions near Herat and Kandahar. area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and
Najibullah made an expanded reconciliation offer to the resistance in July 1987, including twenty seats in State (formerly Revolutionary) Council, twelve ministries and a possible prime ministership and Afghanistan's status as an Islamic non-aligned state. The term Islamic state refers to states that have adopted Islam, specifically the Shari'a or "God's Law" as their ideological foundation for their political institution The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc Military, police, and security powers were not mentioned, and the offer still fell far short of what even the moderate mujahedeen parties would accept.
Najibullah then reorganized his government to face the mujahedeen alone. A new constitution took effect in November, 1987. The name of the country was reverted to the Republic of Afghanistan, the State Council was replaced by a National Assembly for which "progressive parties" could freely compete. Mir Hussein Sharq, a non-party politician, was named Prime Minister.
On June 7, 1988, President Najibullah addressed the UN General Assembly for peace solution of crisis in Afghanistan. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members
Soviet withdrawal and Civil War
Immediately after the Soviet departure, Najibullah pulled down the façade of shared government. He declared an emergency, removed Sharq and the other non-party ministers from the cabinet. The Soviet Union responded with a flood of military and economic supplies. Sufficient food and fuel were made available for the next two difficult winters.
Much of the military equipment belonging to Soviet units evacuating Eastern Europe was shipped to Afghanistan. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Assured adequate supplies, the Afghan Air Force, which had developed tactics minimizing the threat from Stinger missiles, now deterred mass attacks against the cities. The Afghan National Air Corps is a service branch of the Military of Afghanistan, which is responsible for Air defense and Air warfare. The FIM-92 Stinger is a personal portable Infrared homing Surface-to-air missile developed in the United States and used by all the U Medium-range missiles, particularly the Scud, were successfully launched from Kabul in the defense of Jalalabad, 145 kilometres away. Scud is a series of Tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and exported widely to other countries Jalalabad (Jalalkot ( Pashto: جلالکوټ، جلال اباد) is a city in eastern Afghanistan.
Victory at Jalalabad dramatically revived the morale of the Kabul government. Its army proved able to fight effectively alongside the already hardened troops of the Soviet-trained special security forces. Defections decreased dramatically when it became apparent that the resistance was in disarray, with no capability for a quick victory.
Soviet support reached a value of $3 billion a year in 1990. Kabul had achieved a stalemate which exposed the mujahedeen weaknesses, political and military. Najibullah's government survived for another four years. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Eventually divisions within his own ranks, including the defection of General Abdul Rashid Dostam fatally weakened the government's resolve. Abdul Rashid Dostum was a former Pro-Soviet fighter during the Soviet Invasion and the current leader of Uzbek-Afghan northern provinces
In March 1990 his government successfully withstood a Khalqi coup d'état, headed by Defense Minister Shahnawaz Tanai. Lieut Gen Shahnawaz Tanai is a former communist general He was chief of Afghanistan's army under the Soviet -backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was one of the main supporters of the coup. Gulbuddin Hekmatyar ( ګلبدین حکمتیار) (born 1947 is an Islamist Mujahideen leader and former warlord.
Najibullah had been working on a compromise settlement to end the civil war with Ahmad Shah Massoud, brokered by the United Nations. Ahmad Shah Massoud ( (2 September 1953 &ndash 9 September 2001 was a Tajik Kabul University engineering student turned military leader who played a leading The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security However, talks broke down and the government fell, and by 1992 Najibullah agreed to step down in favor of a transitional government. A provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by the collapse of a previous administration or regime He also announced that a bicameral parliament would be established "within a few months," on the basis of "free and democratic elections. "
Downfall
The regime collapsed, as Kabul was short of fuel and food at the end of winter in 1992. Najibullah announced his willingness on March 18 to resign in order to make way for a neutral interim government. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor On April 16, having lost internal control, was forced to resign by his own ruling party, following the capture of the strategically important Bagram air base and the nearby town of Charikar, by the Jamiat-i-Islami guerrilla group. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Bagram Air Base is a militarized Airport and housing complex that is located next to the ancient city of Bagram, southeast of Charikar in Parwan Charikar ( Persian: چاریکار Pronounced Chârikâr) is the main town of Kōhdāman and the capital of Parwan province in northern Jamiat-e Islami (also rendered as Jamiat-e-Islami, Jamiati Islami) is an Islamic political party in Afghanistan along the line of the Jamaat-e-Islami Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc
Najibullah tried to meet Benon Sevan - director and senior political advisor to the UN Secretary-General's representative on the Afghan conflict at Kabul International Airport, but he was blocked by Abdul Rashid Dostum. Benon Vahe Sevan (born December 18, 1937 Nicosia, Cyprus) was the head of the United Nations ' Oil-for-Food Programme, established The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. Kabul International Airport, sometimes known as Khwaja Rawash Airport, is located 16 kilometers (9 miles from downtown Kabul, Afghanistan. On April 17, he sought sanctuary in the UN compound in Kabul. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Burhanuddin Rabbani refused to let him leave the country, but made no attempt to arrest him. Burhanuddin Rabbani ( - Burhânuddîn Rabbânî) (born 1940 an ethnic Tajik, is a former President of Afghanistan.
On the day Sarobi fell to the Taliban, Najibullah sent a message to the United Nations in Islamabad, asking them to arrange the evacuation of himself, his brother Ahmadzai and some of his bodyguards, but the UN did not respond due to the intervention by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence's (ISI) in the process. The town of Sorūbī (not Surobi but also Sarobi Sorūbī Surawbi or Surobay is the center of Surobi District, between Kabul and Jalalabad The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Aḥmadzai ("descendants of Aḥmad" is a Pashtun tribal last name History After independence in 1947 two new intelligence agencies were created in Pakistan called the Intelligence Bureau (IB and Military Intelligence
Death
His wife Fatana and his three daughters had lived in exile in New Delhi since 1992. New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. He spent the rest of his days in virtual detention, and remained there until he was killed in September 1996 by the Taliban who captured Kabul. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately
Ahmad Shah Massoud, commander-in-chief of Burhanuddin Rabbani's Army, fled Kabul and surrendered Kabul to the Taliban to avoid further war in the city. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces There are rumors about Massoud who made attempts to secure Mohammad Najibullah's life and that of his brother, secretary, and bodyguards, but Najibullah rejected the offer. This is supported by General Tokhi's letters. Tokhi was with Najibullah at the UN compound when he was taken away by the Taliban, castrated and brutally murdered. His blood soaked body was hung in public from a traffic light post. [2] His secretary and bodyguards were hanged the following day.
There was widespread international condemnation[3], particularly from the Muslim world[4]. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Mohammad Najibullah's body was removed and sent to Gardez in Paktia Province, where he was buried by his Ahmadzai tribesmen. Gardēz is the capital of the Paktiā province of Afghanistan. Paktia ( پکتيا) is one of the thirty-four Provinces of Afghanistan, in the east of the country Aḥmadzai ("descendants of Aḥmad" is a Pashtun tribal last name
References
- ^ Christopher M Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin (2005). The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Basic Books, p.409. ISBN 0465003117.
- ^ Guardian.co.uk: They can't see why they are hated
- ^ " Endorses the Special Rapporteur's condemnation of the abduction from United Nations premises of the former President of Afghanistan, Mr. Najibullah, and of his brother, and of their subsequent summary execution;" United Nations Resolution 51/108 article 10
- ^ "After the execution, even Taliban acknowledged that such behavior was 'un-Islamic' " p. 25 in In the Shadow of the Prophet: The Struggle for the Soul of Islam by Milton Viorst, published by Westview Press 2001; ISBN 0813339022.
External links
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Haji Mohammad Chamkani |
President of Afghanistan 1987 – 1992 |
Succeeded by Abdul Rahim Hatef Acting |
| Government offices | ||
| Preceded by Asadullah Amin Head of the KAM |
General Secretary of the State Information Agency 1980 – 1986 |
Succeeded by Ghulam Faruq Yakubi |
| Preceded by Babrak Karmal |
Chairman of the Revolutionary Council 1986 – 1987 |
Succeeded by Office abolished |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Babrak Karmal |
General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 1986 – 1992 |
Succeeded by Office abolished |
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