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Mohamed Choukri (Arabic: محمد شكري; July 15, 1935—November 15, 2003), was a Moroccan author who is best known for his autobiography For Bread Alone (al-Khubz al-Hafi), which was described by the American playwright Tennessee Williams as 'A true document of human desperation, shattering in its impact. This list is about Writers from Morocco. For writers from Andalusia see after Z. Moroccan literature is a Literature written in (Moroccan Arabic, Berber or French, and of course particularly by people of Morocco Moroccan Arabic (also known as Darija, الدارجة) is the variety of Arabic spoken in the Arabic -speaking areas of Morocco Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of Literature and of the methods for analyzing literature Sidi Abderrahman el Majdoub (also transcribed as 'Mejdub' is a Moroccan poet Tahar Ben Jelloun ( Arabic: طاهر بنجلون (born in Fes Morocco, December 1, 1944) is a Moroccan Poet and Mohamed Zafzaf (1942-2001 was a Moroccan Novelist and Poet from Kenitra writing in Classical Arabic. Edmond Amran El Maleh or El-Mareh (born 30 March, 1917) is one of the best known Moroccan writers Driss Chraïbi ( July 15, 1926, El Jadida &ndash April 1, 2007, Drôme, France) was a Moroccan Fatema or Fatima Mernissi (فاطمة مرنيسي is a Moroccan Feminist writer and Sociologist. Joannes Leo Africanus was the Latin name of Hasan ibn Muhammed al-Wazzan al-Fasi ( Granada 1488? &ndash 1554? Mohammed Khair-Eddine (محمد خيرالدين was amongst the most famous Moroccan literary figures of the 20th century Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26 1911 &ndash February 25 1983 better known as Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright who received many of the top theatrical '
Choukri was born in 1935, in Beni Chiker, a small village in the Rif mountains, near Nador. For the Eleventh Century Talmudist see Isaac Alfasi The Rif ( Berber: Arabic:جبال الريف is a mainly mountainous Nador ( Amazigh:Nnadur) is a northeastern Moroccan city located in the Rif region Raised in a poor family, he ran away from his tyrannic father and became a homeless child living in the poor neighborhoods of Tangier, surrounded by misery, prostitution, violence and drug abuse. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish At the age of 20, he decided to learn how to read and write and to become a schoolteacher.
In the 1960s, in the cosmopolitan Tangier, he met Paul Bowles, Jean Genet and Tennessee Williams. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Paul Frederic Bowles ( December 30, 1910 – November 18, 1999) was an American Expatriate Composer, Author, Jean Genet (ʒɑ̃ ʒəˈnɛ in French ( –) was a prominent controversial French writer and later political activist. Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26 1911 &ndash February 25 1983 better known as Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright who received many of the top theatrical His first writing was published in 1966 (in Al-adab, monthly review of Beirut, a novel entitled Al-Unf ala al-shati (Violence on the Beach). Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 International success came with the English translation of Al-khoubz Al-Hafi (For Bread Alone, Peter Owen Publishers) by Paul Bowles in 1973. Paul Frederic Bowles ( December 30, 1910 – November 18, 1999) was an American Expatriate Composer, Author, The book was be translated to French by Tahar Ben Jelloun in 1980 (éditions Maspéro), published in Arabic in 1982 and censored in Morocco from 1983 to 2000. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Tahar Ben Jelloun ( Arabic: طاهر بنجلون (born in Fes Morocco, December 1, 1944) is a Moroccan Poet and Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The book would later be translated into 30 other languages.
His main works are his autobiographic trilogy, beginning with For Bread Alone, followed by Zaman Al-Akhtaâ aw Al-Shouttar (Time of Mistakes or Streetwise, 1992) and finally Faces. He also wrote collections of short stories in the 1960s/1970s (Majnoun Al-Ward, Madman of the roses, 1980; Al-Khaima, The Tent, 1985). Likewise, he is known for his accounts of his encounters with the writers Paul Bowles, Jean Genet and Tennessee Williams (Jean Genet and Tennessee Williams in Tangier, 1992, Jean Genet in Tangier, 1993, Jean Genet, suite and end, 1996, Paul Bowles: Le Reclus de Tanger, 1997). Paul Frederic Bowles ( December 30, 1910 – November 18, 1999) was an American Expatriate Composer, Author, Jean Genet (ʒɑ̃ ʒəˈnɛ in French ( –) was a prominent controversial French writer and later political activist. Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26 1911 &ndash February 25 1983 better known as Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright who received many of the top theatrical
Mohamed Choukri died on November 15, 2003 from cancer at the military hospital of Rabat and was buried at the Marshan cemetery in Tangier on November 17, with the audience of the Minister of Culture, numerous government officials, personalities and the spokesman of the King of Morocco. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Rabat ( Arabic الرباط, transliterated ar-Rabāṭ or ar-Ribāṭ) population 2 million ( 2007 estimate) is the Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers This is a partial list of rulers in Morocco, including the historical precursors to the modern state Before he died, Choukri created a foundation, Mohamed Choukri (president, Mohamed Achaâri), owning his copyrights, his manuscripts and personal writings. Prior to his death he provided for his servant of almost 22 years.
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Early years
Mohamed Choukri was born in the Rif during a famine, in a poor family with many children and a violent father. For the Eleventh Century Talmudist see Isaac Alfasi The Rif ( Berber: Arabic:جبال الريف is a mainly mountainous His mother tongue was the rifian (a Berber dialect). Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today Because of poverty, his family migrated to Tétouan and then to Tangier. Tétouan ( Arabic: تطوان (meaning eyes in the Berber language) also spelled Tetuan, sometimes Tettawen or Tettawan, is a city Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish As a chld Choukri survived thanks to a variety of jobs, serving in a French family in the Algerian Rif, or guiding sailors who arrived in Tangier, where he learned Spanish. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Now his life is surrounded by prostitutes, thieves, smugglers and especially a tyrannic and violent father. Choukri accused him of murdering his young brother, Kader, as well as his wife. After a family dispute, he left his family at the age of 11 to live in Tangier. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish There, he was a homeless child, a petty burglar, an occasional smuggler and a prostitute. At the age of 20, he met someone who changed his life.
Learning how to read and write
He met someone who helped him to learn how to read and write classical Arabic, a strange language for this boy, accustomed to darija (Moroccan arabic) and rifian. Darija ( الدارجة; also transcribed (ad-dārija (standard derija or darja) is a term used by Maghreb Arabic speakers Moroccan Arabic (also known as Darija, الدارجة) is the variety of Arabic spoken in the Arabic -speaking areas of Morocco He decides to leave Tangier in 1956 (year of the independence of Morocco) and goes to Larache, entering a primary school at the age of 21. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Larache (also El Araich) is an important harbour town in the region Tanger-Tétouan in northern Morocco. He continues, enters the Ecole Normale and becomes a schoolteacher. Back in Tangier in the 1960s, he continues to go to the bars and brothels and begins to write his personal story in Arabic with an unmediated honesty, so that he won't be appreciated by everybody. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish
Choukri grew to literary fame through his association with American writer and composer Paul Bowles, who lived in Tangier for decades. Paul Frederic Bowles ( December 30, 1910 – November 18, 1999) was an American Expatriate Composer, Author, Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Bowles and Choukri worked together on the translation of For Bread Alone in 1973, and Bowles arranged for the novel to be published in England by Peter Owen.
Censorship of For Bread Alone
For Bread Alone became an international success when published in English, but the book also caused a furor in the Arab world. When the Arabic edition emerged, it was prohibited in Morocco, made by the Interior Minister, Driss Basri, following the advice of the religious authorities. Driss Basri (إدريس البصري, November 8 1938 – August 27, 2007) was a Moroccan politician Interior minister It was said to have offended by its references to teenage sexual experiences and drug abuse. This censorship ended in 2000, and For Bread Alone was finally published in Morocco. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa In 2005, For Bread Alone was removed from the syllabus of a modern Arabic Literature course at the American University in Cairo in 2005, due to some sexual explicits writings, prompting some observers to criticize the "ban" and blame government censorship. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor The incident may, however, was the result of more complex factors, with a report later saying that the problems "are compounded in many areas of campus life by intimidation from Islamist militants, which the government does little to prevent"
Films
Ali Zaoua: Princes of the streets, a film of Nabil Ayouch, tells the story of a homeless child, is an adaptation of For Bread Alone, despite a less shocking atmosphere. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Ali Zaoua Prince of the Streets is a 2000 Moroccan crime drama film that tells the story of some homeless boys
For Bread Alone was adapted to cinema by Rachid Benhadj, in an Italian-French-Algerian production in 2004. It starred Said Taghmaoui amongst others. The film premiered at the first edition of the Festival of Casablanca in 2005.
Quotations
When I arrived, there were two Tanger : the colonialist and international Tanger and the Arabic Tanger, made of misery and ignorance. At these times, to eat, I combered the garbages. The European ones preferably, because there were richer.
I cannot write about the milk of birds, the gentle strangehold of the angelic beauty, grasps of dew, the cascade of lions, the heavy breast of females. I cannot write with a crystal's paintbrush. For me, writing is a protest, not a parade.
I saw that writing could also be a way to expose, to protest against those who have stolen my childhood, my teenagehood and a piece of my youthfulness. At that moment, my writing became committed
There's, in the Moroccan society, a more conservative faction. Those people judge my works as depraved. In my books, there's nothing against the regime. I don't talk about politics or religion. But, what annoy the conservatives, is to notice I criticize my father. The father is sacred in the Arabic-Muslim society.
Works
- For Bread Alone, 1973.
- The Tent, Short stories, 1985.
- Time of Errors, 1992.
- Jean Genet and Tennessee Williams in Tanger, 1992.
- Jean Genet in Tanger, 1993.
- 'Madman of the roses, Short stories 1993.
- Jean Genet, suite and end, 1996.
- Paul Bowles, le Reclus de Tanger, 1997.
- Zoco Chico, 1996.
- Faces, 1996.
References in French
Mohamed Choukri, 1935-2003, Oussama Zekri, http://tangier.free.fr/Documents/Mohamed-Choukri.htm
L'homme qui savait ce qu'écrire veut dire, Hassan Daoud, http://www.babelmed.net/index.php?menu=218&cont=388&lingua=fr
Le poète aux pieds nus, Hanan Kassab-Hassan, http://www.babelmed.net/index.php?menu=218&cont=417&lingua=fr
L'enfant terrible de la littérature arabe et écrivain maudit, Hicham Raji, http://www.babelmed.net/index.php?menu=218&cont=445&lingua=fr
References in English
- Mohamed Choukri on Paul Bowles' official website
Obituary, Mohamed Choukri, Madman of the roses, November 2003, <http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/665/cu4.htm>
See also
Moroccan literature is a Literature written in (Moroccan Arabic, Berber or French, and of course particularly by people of MoroccoDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic