Modernism describes an array of cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work The term covers a series of reforming movements in art, architecture, music, literature and the applied arts which emerged during this period. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual This article is concerned with architectural aspects of Modernism; for the most recent developments in architecture see Contemporary architecture. Modernism in music is characterized by a desire for or belief in progress and Science, Surrealism, anti-romanticism Political Advocacy, general Modernist literature is the literary form of Modernism and especially High modernism; it should not be confused with modern literature, which is the history Applied art refers to the application of Design and Aesthetics to objects of function and everyday use

It is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology or practical experimentation. ^[1] Modernism encouraged the re-examination of every aspect of existence, from commerce to philosophy, with the goal of finding that which was 'holding back' progress, and replacing it with new, progressive and therefore better, ways of reaching the same end. Social progress is defined as the changing of society toward the ideal

Embracing change and the present, modernism encompasses the works of thinkers who rebelled against nineteenth century academic and historicist traditions, believing the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated; they directly confronted the new economic, social and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Some divide the 20th Century into movements designated Modernism and Postmodernism, whereas others see them as two aspects of the same movement. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism

Contents 1 History 1.1 Beginning, 1890–1910 1.2 Explosion, 1910–1930 1.3 Second generation, 1930–1945 1.4 After World War II 1.4.1 Pollock and Abstract influences 1.4.2 In the 1960s after abstract expressionism 1.4.3 Pop Art 1.4.4 Minimalism 1.4.5 Collage, Assemblage, Installations 1.4.6 Neo-Dada 1.4.7 Performance and happenings 1.4.8 Fluxus 1.5 Late period 2 Goals of the movement 3 Reception and controversy 4 See also 5 References & Notes 6 External links

History

The first half of the nineteenth century for Europe was marked by a number of wars and revolutions, which reveal the rise of the ideas and doctrines now identified as Romanticism: emphasis on individual subjective experience, the sublime, the supremacy of "Nature" as a subject for art, revolutionary or radical extensions of expression, and individual liberty. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the By mid-century, however, a synthesis of these ideas with stable governing forms had emerged, partly in reaction to the failed Romantic and democratic Revolutions of 1848. The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European It was exemplified by Otto von Bismarck's Realpolitik and by "practical" philosophical ideas such as positivism. Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) Realpolitik ( German: de real “realistic” “practical” or “actual” and de Politik “politics” refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience Called by various names—in Great Britain it is designated the "Victorian era"—this stabilizing synthesis was rooted in the idea that reality dominates over impressions that are subjective. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Subjectivity refers to a subject's perspective particularly feelings beliefs and desires

Central to this synthesis were common assumptions and institutional frames of reference, including the religious norms found in Christianity, scientific norms found in classical physics, especially electromagnetism, and doctrines that asserted that the depiction of external reality from an objective standpoint was not only possible but desirable. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Objectivity is both an important and very difficult concept to pin down in philosophy Cultural critics and historians label this set of doctrines Realism, though this term is not universal. Contemporary philosophical realism is the belief in a Reality that is completely Ontologically independent of our conceptual schemes linguistic practices beliefs In philosophy, the rationalist, materialist and positivist movements established a primacy of reason and system. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience

Against the current ran a series of ideas, some of them direct continuations of Romantic schools of thought. Notable were the agrarian and revivalist movements in plastic arts and poetry (e. Agrarianism is a social and Political philosophy which stresses the viewpoint that the cultivation of plants or Farming leads to a fuller and happier life Plastic arts are those Visual arts that involve the use of Materials that can be moulded or modulated in some way often in three dimensions g. the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the philosopher John Ruskin). The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters Poets, and critics founded in 1848 by John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered Rationalism also drew responses from the anti-rationalists in philosophy. In particular, Hegel's dialectic view of civilization and history drew responses from Friedrich Nietzsche and Søren Kierkegaard, who were major influences on Existentialism. In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence All of these separate reactions together began to be seen as offering a challenge to any comfortable ideas of certainty derived by civilization, history, or pure reason.

From the 1870s onward, the ideas that history and civilization were inherently progressive and that progress was always good came under increasing attack. Writers Wagner and Ibsen had been reviled for their own critiques of contemporary civilization and for their warnings that accelerating "progress" would lead to the creation of individuals detached from social norms and isolated from their fellow men. "Ibsen" redirects here For other people named Ibsen see Ibsen (disambiguation. Arguments arose that the values of the artist and those of society were not merely different, but that Society was antithetical to Progress, and could not move forward in its present form. Philosophers called into question the previous optimism. The work of Schopenhauer was labelled "pessimistic" for its idea of the "negation of the will", an idea that would be both rejected and incorporated by later thinkers such as Nietzsche. Pessimism, from the Latin pessimus (worst is the decision to evaluate perceive and view life in a generally negative light Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist

Two of the most significant thinkers of the period were, in biology, Charles Darwin, and in political science, Karl Marx. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection undermined the religious certainty of the general public, and the sense of human uniqueness of the intelligentsia. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 For the coffee shop company often called Intelligentsia for short see Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. The notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as "lower animals" proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Karl Marx seemed to present a political version of the same proposition: that problems with the economic order were not transient, the result of specific wrong doers or temporary conditions, but were fundamentally contradictions within the "capitalist" system. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Both thinkers would spawn defenders and schools of thought that would become decisive in establishing modernism.

Separately, in the arts and letters, two ideas originating in France would have particular impact. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The first was Impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (en plein air). Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e En plein air is a French expression which means "in the open air" and is particularly used to describe the act of Painting outdoors Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored Paris Salon, the Impressionists organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. The Salon (Salon or rarely Paris Salon (French Salon de Paris) beginning in 1725 was the official Art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. The Salon des Refusés, French for “exhibition of rejects” is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President While most were in standard styles, but by inferior artists, the work of Manet attracted tremendous attention, and opened commercial doors to the movement.

The second school was Symbolism, marked by a belief that language is expressly symbolic in its nature and a portrayal of patriotism, and that poetry and writing should follow connections that the sheer sound and texture of the words create. Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts The poet Stéphane Mallarmé would be of particular importance to what would occur afterwards. Stéphane Mallarmé (malaʁ'me ( March 18, 1842 – September 9, 1898) whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French

At the same time social, political, and economic forces were at work that would become the basis to argue for a radically different kind of art and thinking. Chief among these was steam-powered industrialization, which produced buildings that combined art and engineering in new industrial materials such as cast iron to produce railroad bridges and glass-and-iron train sheds—or the Eiffel Tower, which broke all previous limitations on how tall man-made objects could be—and at the same time offered a radically different environment in urban life. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built

The miseries of industrial urbanism, and the possibilities created by scientific examination of subjects brought changes that would shake a European civilization which had, until then, regarded itself as having a continuous and progressive line of development from the Renaissance. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere With the telegraph's harnessing of a new power, offering instant communication at a distance, the experience of time itself was altered.

The breadth of the changes can be sensed in how many modern disciplines are described, in their pre-twentieth century form, as being "classical", including physics, economics, and arts such as ballet or architecture. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation

Beginning, 1890–1910

William Everdell has argued that Modernism began with Richard Dedekind's division of the real number line in 1872 and Boltzmann's statistical thermodynamics in 1874; but Clement Greenberg wrote, "What can be safely called Modernism emerged in the middle of the last century—and rather locally, in France, with Baudelaire in literature and Manet in painting, and perhaps with Flaubert, too, in prose fiction. William Romeyn Everdell is an American teacher and author Born in 1941 he graduated from St Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind ( October 6, 1831 &ndash February 12, 1916) was a German mathematician who did important In Mathematics, a Dedekind cut, named after Richard Dedekind, in a Totally ordered set S is a partition of it into two non-empty In Mathematics, the real numbers may be described informally in several different ways Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( February 20, 1844 &ndash September 5, 1906) was an Austrian Physicist famous for his founding In Thermodynamics, statistical thermodynamics is the study of the microscopic behaviors of Thermodynamic systems using Probability theory. Clement Greenberg ( January 16, 1909 - May 7, 1994) was an influential American This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Gustave Flaubert (gystaːv flobɛːʁ in French ( December 12, 1821 &ndash May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among (It was a while later, and not so locally, that Modernism appeared in music and architecture). "^[2] The "avant-garde" was what Modernism was called at first, and the term remained to describe movements which identify themselves as attempting to overthrow some aspect of tradition or the status quo. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard ^[3]

In the 1890s a strand of thinking began to assert that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of merely revising past knowledge in light of current techniques. The growing movement in art paralleled such developments as the Theory of Relativity in physics; the increasing integration of the internal combustion engine and industrialization; and the increased role of the social sciences in public policy. This page is about the scientific concept of relativity for philosophical or sociological theories about relativity see Relativism. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies It was argued that, if the nature of reality itself was in question, and if restrictions which had been in place around human activity were falling, then art, too, would have to radically change. Thus, in the first fifteen years of the twentieth century a series of writers, thinkers, and artists made the break with traditional means of organizing literature, painting, and music.

Sigmund Freud offered a view of subjective states involving an unconscious mind full of primal impulses and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions, a view that Carl Jung would combine with a belief in natural essence to stipulate a collective unconscious that was full of basic typologies that the conscious mind fought or embraced. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Many observers throughout history have argued that there are influences on Consciousness from other parts of the Mind. Collective Unconscious or known to laymen as Collective Subconscious is a term of Analytical psychology, Coined by Carl Jung. Jung's view suggested that people's impulses towards breaking social norms were not the product of childishness or ignorance, but were instead essential to the nature of the human animal, the ideas of Darwin having already introduced the concept of "man, the animal" to the public mind.

Friedrich Nietzsche championed a philosophy in which forces, specifically the 'Will to power', were more important than facts or things. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist The will to power ( German: " Der Wille zur Macht " is a prominent concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Similarly, the writings of Henri Bergson championed the vital 'life force' over static conceptions of reality. What united all these writers was a romantic distrust of the Victorian positivism and certainty. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Instead they championed, or, in the case of Freud, attempted to explain, irrational thought processes through the lens of rationality and holism. This was connected with the century-long trend to thinking in terms of holistic ideas, which would include an increased interest in the occult, and "the vital force".

Out of this collision of ideals derived from Romanticism, and an attempt to find a way for knowledge to explain that which was as yet unknown, came the first wave of works, which, while their authors considered them extensions of existing trends in art, broke the implicit contract that artists were the interpreters and representatives of bourgeois culture and ideas. These "modernist" landmarks include Arnold Schoenberg's atonal ending to his Second String Quartet in 1908, the expressionist paintings of Wassily Kandinsky starting in 1903 and culminating with his first abstract painting and the founding of the Blue Rider group in Munich in 1911, and the rise of cubism from the work of Picasso and Georges Braque in 1908. Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with The Austrian Composer Arnold Schoenberg published four String quartets, distributed over his lifetime Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form Wassily Kandinsky (Russian Василий Кандинский first name pronounced as) ( – 13 December 1944 was a Russian painter, Printmaker Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider) was a group of artists from the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Georges Braque ( May 13, 1882 &ndash August 31, 1963) was a major 20th century French painter and sculptor

Powerfully influential in this wave of modernity were the theories of Sigmund Freud and Ernst Mach, who argued, beginning in the 1880s, that the mind had a basic and fundamental structure, and that subjective experience was based on the interplay of the parts of the mind. All subjective reality was based, according to Freud's ideas, on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived. Ernst Mach developed a well-known philosophy of science, often called "positivism," according to which the relations of objects in nature were not guaranteed but only known through a sort of mental shorthand. This represented a break with the past, in that previously it was believed that external and absolute reality could impress itself, as it was, on an individual, as, for example, in John Locke's empiricism, with the mind beginning as a tabula rasa. John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. Tabula rasa ( Latin: blank slate) refers to the epistemological thesis that individual human beings are born with no built-in mental content

This wave of the modern movement broke with the past in the first decade of the twentieth century, and tried to redefine various artforms in a radical manner. Leading lights within the literary wing of this movement (or, rather, these movements) include:

Rafael Alberti Gabriele D'Annunzio Guillaume Apollinaire Louis Aragon Djuna Barnes Basil Bunting Mário de Sá-Carneiro Constantine P. Cavafy Jean Cocteau Joseph Conrad

T. S. Eliot Paul Eluard William Faulkner H.D. Hugo von Hofmannsthal Max Jacob James Joyce Franz Kafka D. H. Lawrence

Wyndham Lewis Federico García Lorca Marianne Moore Robert Musil Almada Negreiros Fernando Pessoa Ezra Pound Marcel Proust

Pierre Reverdy Gertrude Stein Wallace Stevens Tristan Tzara Paul Valéry Robert Walser William Carlos Williams Virginia Woolf William Butler Yeats

Composers such as Schoenberg, Stravinsky, and George Antheil represent modernism in music. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Rafael Alberti Merello ( El Puerto de Santa María, December 16, 1902 - October 28, 1999) was a Spanish poet a member Gabriele d'Annunzio ( 12 March 1863 &ndash 1 March 1938) was an Italian Poet, Journalist, Novelist Guillaume Apollinaire (in French ɡijom apɔliˈnɛʁ ( August 26, 1880 &ndash November 9, 1918) was a French Poet Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist Djuna Barnes (12 June 1892 &ndash 18 June 1982 was an American Writer who played an important part in the development of 20th century English language Basil Cheesman Bunting ( 3 March 1900 – 17 April 1985) was a British modernist poet Mário de Sá-Carneiro ( Lisbon, May 19 1890 — Paris, April 26 1916 was a Portuguese poet and writer Constantine P Cavafy, also known as Konstantin or Konstantinos Petrou Kavafis, or Kavaphes (Greek Κωνσταντίνος Π Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 &ndash 11 October 1963 was a French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, Designer, Boxing Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. Paul Éluard was the Pen name of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ( 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952) a French William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner) ( September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American Author HD (September 10 1886 – September 27 1961 born Hilda Doolittle, was an American poet, Novelist and Memoirist She is best known Hugo von Hofmannsthal ( February 1, 1874 – July 15, 1929) was an Austrian Novelist, librettist, Poet Max Jacob ( July 12, 1876 &ndash March 5, 1944) was a French Poet, painter, Writer, and critic James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930 was an English writer of the 20th century whose prolific and diverse output included Novels short Percy Wyndham Lewis ( November 18, 1882 &ndash March 7, 1957) was an English painter and Author (he dropped Federico García Lorca' ( 5 June 1898 &ndash 19 August 1936) was a Spanish Poet and dramatist also remembered as Marianne Moore ( November 15, 1887 – February 5, 1972) was a Modernist American Poet and Writer Robert Musil born Robert Edler von Musil ( November 6, 1880, Klagenfurt, Austria &ndash José Sobral de Almada Negreiros ( São Tomé e Príncipe, São Tomé, Mé-Zóchi District, Trindade, Roça Saudade April 7, Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa (fɨɾˈnɐ̃du pɨˈsoɐ (b Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic Pierre Reverdy ( 13 September 1889 - 17 June 1960) was a French poet associated with Surrealism and Cubism. Gertrude Stein ( February 3, 1874 &ndash July 27, 1946) was an American Writer who spent most of her life in France Wallace Stevens ( October 2, 1879 – August 2, 1955) was a major American Modernist Poet. Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S Ambroise-Paul-Toussaint-Jules Valéry (French pɔl valeˈʁi October 30, 1871 – July 20, 1945) was a French Poet For the US musicologist see Robert Walser (musicologist. Robert Walser ( 15 April 1878 near Biel/Bienne, William Carlos Williams ( 17 September 1883 &ndash 4 March 1963) was an American poet closely associated with modernism (Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941 was an English Novelist and Essayist, regarded as one of the foremost Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to George Antheil ( July 8, 1900, Trenton New Jersey – February 12, 1959, New York City) was an American Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Artists such as Gustav Klimt, Picasso, Matisse, Mondrian, and the movements Les Fauves, Cubism and the Surrealists represent various strains of Modernism in the visual arts, while architects and designers such as Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, and Mies van der Rohe brought modernist ideas into everyday urban life. Gustav Klimt (July 14 1862 – February 6 1918 was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Henri Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954 was a French Artist, known for his use of Colour and his fluid brilliant and original draughtsmanship Pieter Cornelis (Piet Mondriaan, after 1912 Mondrian, (pronounced Dutch pit 'mɔndrian later pit 'mɔndɹiɔn ( March 7, 1872 &ndash February Les Fauves ( French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss Walter Adolph Georg Gropius ( May 18, 1883 &ndash July 5, 1969) was a German Architect and founder of Bauhaus Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (ˈlʊdvɪç miːs faːn dɛʀ ˈʀoːɐ born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies ( March 27, 1886 &ndash August 17, 1969 A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Several figures outside of artistic modernism were influenced by artistic ideas; for example, John Maynard Keynes was friends with Woolf and other writers of the Bloomsbury group. John Maynard Keynes 1st Baron Keynes CB (ˈkeɪnz "cains" (5 June 1883 &ndash 21 April 1946 was a British Economist whose ideas The Bloomsbury Group was an English collectivity of loving friends and relatives who lived in or near London during the first half of the twentieth century

Explosion, 1910–1930

On the eve of the First World War a growing tension and unease with the social order, seen in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the agitation of "radical" parties, also manifested itself in artistic works in every medium which radically simplified or rejected previous practice. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All See also Russian Revolution (1917 The 1905 Russian Revolution also known as the Failed Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of In 1913, the year of Einstein's first paper on the General Theory of Relativity, Niels Bohr's quantized atom, Edmund Husserl's Ideas, Ezra Pound's founding of Imagism, and the New York Armory Show, famed Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, working for Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes, composed Rite of Spring for a ballet, choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky that depicted human sacrifice, and young painters such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse were causing a shock with their rejection of traditional perspective as the means of structuring paintings—a step that none of the Impressionists, not even Cézanne, had taken. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical This page is about the scientific concept of relativity for philosophical or sociological theories about relativity see Relativism. Niels Henrik David Bohr (nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ in Danish 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962 was a Danish Physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (ˈhʊsɛrl April 8 1859 – April 26 1938) was a philosopher, known as the father of Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of Imagery, and clear sharp language Many exhibitions have been held in the vast spaces of US National Guard armories, but the Armory Show refers to the International Exhibition Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev (Серге́й Па́влович Дя́гилев / Sergei Pavlovich Dyagilev) also referred to as Serge, ( March 31, See also Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, The Ballets Russes ( French for The Russian Ballets) was a Ballet company established This article is about the ballet music For the emo/hardcore band see Rites of Spring The Rite of Spring, commonly referred Nijinsky redirects here For other uses of the name see Nijinsky (disambiguation. Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Henri Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954 was a French Artist, known for his use of Colour and his fluid brilliant and original draughtsmanship Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s

These developments began to give a new meaning to what was termed 'Modernism': It embraced disruption, rejecting or moving beyond simple Realism in literature and art, and rejecting or dramatically altering tonality in music. Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. This set modernists apart from 19th century artists, who had tended to believe in 'progress'. Writers like Dickens and Tolstoy, painters like Turner, and musicians like Brahms were not 'radicals' or 'Bohemians', but were instead valued members of society who produced art that added to society, even if it were, at times, critiquing less desirable aspects of it. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 1775 &ndash 19 December 1851 was an English Romantic landscape painter, Watercolourist and Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer Modernism, while it was still "progressive" increasingly saw traditional forms and traditional social arrangements as hindering progress, and therefore the artist was recast as a revolutionary, overthrowing rather than enlightening.

Futurism exemplifies this trend. Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century In 1909, F. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting T. Marinetti's first manifesto was published in the Parisian newspaper Le Figaro; soon afterward a group of painters (Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo, and Gino Severini) co-signed the Futurist Manifesto. Le Figaro is one of the leading French morning daily Newspapers Its editorial line is conservative and has generally been supportive of Giacomo Balla ( July 18, 1871 - March 1, 1958) was an Italian painter Umberto Boccioni ( October 19 1882 &ndash August 17 1916) was a painter and a sculptor. Carlo Carrà ( February 11 1881 &mdash April 13 1966) was an Italian painter, a leading figure of the Futurist Luigi Russolo ( April 30, 1885 - February 4, 1947) was an Italian Futurist painter and Composer, and the author of Gino Severini ( 1883 – 1966) was an Italian painter and a leading member of the Futurist movement The Futurist Manifesto, written by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, was published in French in Le Figaro on 20 February[[ 909]] Modeled on the famous "Communist Manifesto" of the previous century, such manifestoes put forward ideas that were meant to provoke and to gather followers. Manifesto of the Communist Party ( often referred to as The Communist Manifesto, was first published on February 21, 1848, and is Strongly influenced by Bergson and Nietzsche, Futurism was part of the general trend of Modernist rationalization of disruption.

Modernist philosophy and art were still viewed as being part, and only a part, of the larger social movement. Artists such as Klimt and Cézanne, and composers such as Mahler and Richard Strauss were "the terrible moderns"—those farther to the avant-garde were more heard of than heard. Gustav Klimt (July 14 1862 – February 6 1918 was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 &ndash 8 September 1949 was a German Composer of the late Romantic era and early modern era particularly noted Polemics in favour of geometric or purely abstract painting were largely confined to 'little magazines' (like The New Age in the UK) with tiny circulations. The New Age was a British Literary magazine, noted for its wide influence under the editorship of A Modernist primitivism and pessimism were controversial, but were not seen as representative of the Edwardian mainstream, which was more inclined towards a Victorian faith in progress and liberal optimism.

However, the Great War and its subsequent events were the cataclysmic upheavals that late 19th century artists such as Brahms had worried about, and avant-gardists had embraced. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer First, the failure of the previous status quo seemed self-evident to a generation that had seen millions die fighting over scraps of earth—prior to the war, it had been argued that no one would fight such a war, since the cost was too high. Second, the birth of a machine age changed the conditions of life—machine warfare became a touchstone of the ultimate reality. Finally, the immensely traumatic nature of the experience dashed basic assumptions: Realism seemed to be bankrupt when faced with the fundamentally fantastic nature of trench warfare, as exemplified by books such as Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front. Erich Maria Remarque (Erich Paul Remark 22 June 1898 &ndash 25 September 1970) was a German author. All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues is an Anti-war Novel written by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran Moreover, the view that mankind was making slow and steady moral progress came to seem ridiculous in the face of the senseless slaughter of the Great War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The First World War, at once, fused the harshly mechanical geometric rationality of technology with the nightmarish irrationality of myth.

Thus in the 1920s, modernism, which had been such a minority taste before the war, came to define the age. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada Modernism was seen in Europe in such critical movements as Dada, and then in constructive movements such as Surrealism, as well as in smaller movements such as the Bloomsbury Group. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members The Bloomsbury Group was an English collectivity of loving friends and relatives who lived in or near London during the first half of the twentieth century Each of these "modernisms", as some observers labelled them at the time, stressed new methods to produce new results. Again, Impressionism was a precursor: breaking with the idea of national schools, artists and writers adopted ideas of international movements. Surrealism, Cubism, Bauhaus, and Leninism are all examples of movements that rapidly found adopters far beyond their original geographic base. Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European ("House of Building" or "Building School" is the common term for the, a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts and was famous Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin.

Exhibitions, theatre, cinema, books and buildings all served to cement in the public view the perception that the world was changing. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Hostile reaction often followed, as paintings were spat upon, riots organized at the opening of works, and political figures denounced modernism as unwholesome and immoral. At the same time, the 1920s were known as the "Jazz Age", and the public showed considerable enthusiasm for cars, air travel, the telephone, and other technological advances. The Jazz Age describes the period from 1918-1929 the years after the end of World War I, continuing through the Roaring Twenties and ending with the rise of the Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information

By 1930, modernism had won a place in the establishment, including the political and artistic establishment, although by this time modernism itself had changed. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. There was a general reaction in the 1920s against the pre-1918 modernism, which emphasized its continuity with a past while rebelling against it, and against the aspects of that period which seemed excessively mannered, irrational, and emotionalistic. The post-World War period, at first, veered either to systematization or nihilism and had, as perhaps its most paradigmatic movement, Dada. The word paradigm ( Greek:παράδειγμα (paradigmacomposite from para- and the verb δείχνυμι "to show" as a whole -roughly- meaning "example" For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released

While some writers attacked the madness of the new modernism, others described it as soulless and mechanistic. Among modernists there were disputes about the importance of the public, the relationship of art to audience, and the role of art in society. Modernism comprised a series of sometimes contradictory responses to the situation as it was understood, and the attempt to wrestle universal principles from it. In the end science and scientific rationality, often taking models from the 18th Century Enlightenment, came to be seen as the source of logic and stability, while the basic primitive sexual and unconscious drives, along with the seemingly counter-intuitive workings of the new machine age, were taken as the basic emotional substance. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century From these two poles, no matter how seemingly incompatible, modernists began to fashion a complete weltanschauung that could encompass every aspect of life. A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is a term Calqued from the German word Weltanschauung ( Welt is the German

Second generation, 1930–1945

By 1930, Modernism had entered popular culture. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. With the increasing urbanization of populations, it was beginning to be looked to as the source for ideas to deal with the challenges of the day. As modernism gained traction in academia, it was developing a self-conscious theory of its own importance. Popular culture, which was not derived from high culture but instead from its own realities (particularly mass production) fueled much modernist innovation. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — High culture is a term now used in a number of different ways in Academic discourse whose most common meaning is the set of cultural products mainly in the Mass production (also called flow production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of By 1930 The New Yorker magazine began publishing new and modern ideas by young writers and humorists like Dorothy Parker, Robert Benchley, E.B. White, S.J. Perelman, and James Thurber, amongst others. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Dorothy Parker (August 22 1893&ndashJune 7 1967 was an American writer and poet best known for her caustic Wit, wisecracks and sharp eye for 20th century urban foibles Robert Charles Benchley (September 15 1889 – November 21 1945 was an American comedian best known for his work as a Newspaper columnist and Film actor Elwyn Brooks "E B" White ( July 11, 1899 – October 1 1985) was an American writer Sidney Joseph Perelman, almost always known as S J Perelman ( February 1 1904 &ndash October 17 1979) was an American James Grover Thurber ( December 8, 1894 &ndash November 2, 1961) was an American Humorist and Cartoonist. Modern ideas in art appeared in commercials and logos, the famous London Underground logo, designed by Edward Johnston in 1919, being an early example of the need for clear, easily recognizable and memorable visual symbols. A television advertisement or television commercial (often just commercial or advert (US or ad (UK is a span of television programming produced The London Underground is a Metro system serving a large part of Greater London and neighbouring areas of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire Edward Johnston CBE ( 11 February 1872 &ndash 26 November 1944) was a British Craftsman who is credited with

Another strong influence at this time was Marxism. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. After the generally primitivistic/irrationalist aspect of pre-World War One Modernism, which for many modernists precluded any attachment to merely political solutions, and the neoclassicism of the 1920s, as represented most famously by T. S. Eliot and Igor Stravinsky—which rejected popular solutions to modern problems—the rise of Fascism, the Great Depression, and the march to war helped to radicalise a generation. Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The Russian Revolution was the catalyst to fuse political radicalism and utopianism, with more expressly political stances. Bertolt Brecht, W. H. Auden, Andre Breton, Louis Aragon and the philosophers Gramsci and Walter Benjamin are perhaps the most famous exemplars of this Modernist Marxism. (born; 10 February 1898&ndash14 August 1956 was a German Poet, Playwright, and Theatre director. Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist Antonio Gramsci ('ɡramʃi ( January 23, 1891 &ndash April 27, 1937) was an Italian Philosopher, Writer, Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( July 15, 1892 &ndash September 27, 1940) was a German - Jewish Marxist Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. This move to the radical left, however, was neither universal, nor definitional, and there is no particular reason to associate Modernism, fundamentally, with 'the left'. Modernists explicitly of 'the right' include Wyndham Lewis, William Butler Yeats, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, the Dutch author Menno ter Braak and many others. Percy Wyndham Lewis ( November 18, 1882 &ndash March 7, 1957) was an English painter and Author (he dropped Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate Menno ter Braak ( January 26, 1902 &ndash May 14, 1940) was a Dutch Modernist author

One of the most visible changes of this period is the adoption of objects of modern production into daily life. Electricity, the telephone, the automobile—and the need to work with them, repair them and live with them—created the need for new forms of manners, and social life. The kind of disruptive moment which only a few knew in the 1880s, became a common occurrence. The speed of communication reserved for the stock brokers of 1890 became part of family life.

Modernism as leading to social organization would produce inquiries into sex and the basic bondings of the nuclear, rather than extended, family. The Freudian tensions of infantile sexuality and the raising of children became more intense, because people had fewer children, and therefore a more specific relationship with each child: the theoretical, again, became the practical and even popular.

After World War II

The Post war period left the capitals of Europe in upheaval with an urgency to economically and physically rebuild and to politically regroup. In Paris (the former center of European culture and the former capital of the art world) the climate for art was a disaster. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Important collectors, dealers, and modernist artists, writers, and poets had fled Europe for New York and America. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Surrealists, and modern artists from every cultural center of Europe had fled the onslaught of the Nazis for safe haven in the United States. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Many of those that didn't flee perished. A few artists, notably Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Pierre Bonnard, remained in France and survived. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Henri Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954 was a French Artist, known for his use of Colour and his fluid brilliant and original draughtsmanship Pierre Bonnard (3 October 1867 &ndash 23 January 1947 was a French painter and Printmaker, a founding member of Les Nabis. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

The 1940s in New York City heralded the triumph of American Abstract expressionism, a modernist movement that combined lessons learned from Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Surrealism, Joan Miró, Cubism, Fauvism, and early Modernism via great teachers in America like Hans Hofmann and John D. Graham. The City of New York Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. Henri Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954 was a French Artist, known for his use of Colour and his fluid brilliant and original draughtsmanship Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Les Fauves ( French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early Hans Hofmann ( March 21 1880 – February 17 1966) was a German-born American abstract expressionist painter John D Graham (1886 – 1961 was a Russian born American Modernist / Figurative painter American artists benefited from the presence of Piet Mondrian, Fernand Leger, Max Ernst and the Andre Breton group, Pierre Matisse's gallery, and Peggy Guggenheim's gallery The Art of This Century, as well as other factors. Pieter Cornelis (Piet Mondriaan, after 1912 Mondrian, (pronounced Dutch pit 'mɔndrian later pit 'mɔndɹiɔn ( March 7, 1872 &ndash February Joseph Fernand Henri Léger ( February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painter, sculptor, and Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Peggy Guggenheim ( August 26, 1898 – December 23, 1979) was an American Art collector The Art of This Century Gallery was opened by Peggy Guggenheim at 30 W

Pollock and Abstract influences

During the late 1940s Jackson Pollock's radical approach to painting revolutionized the potential for all Contemporary art that followed him. Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28 1912 &ndash August 11 1956 was an influential American painter and a major force in the abstract expressionist movement Contemporary art can be defined variously as art produced at this present point in time or art produced since World War II. To some extent Pollock realized that the journey toward making a work of art was as important as the work of art itself. Like Pablo Picasso's innovative reinventions of painting and sculpture near the turn of the century via Cubism and constructed sculpture, Pollock redefined the way art gets made. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European His move away from easel painting and conventionality was a liberating signal to the artists of his era and to all that came after. Artists realized that Jackson Pollock's process—the placing of unstretched raw canvas on the floor where it could be attacked from all four sides using artist materials and industrial materials; linear skeins of paint dripped and thrown; drawing, staining, brushing; imagery and non-imagery—essentially blasted artmaking beyond any prior boundary. Canvas is an extremely heavy-duty plain-woven fabric used for making Sails Tents Marquees Backpacks and other functions Abstract expressionism in general expanded and developed the definitions and possibilities that artists had available for the creation of new works of art.

The other Abstract expressionists followed Pollock's breakthrough with new breakthroughs of their own. Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. In a sense the innovations of Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Mark Rothko, Philip Guston, Hans Hofmann, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Peter Voulkos and others opened the floodgates to the diversity and scope of all the art that followed them. Willem de Kooning (April 24 1904 – March 19 1997 was an Abstract expressionist painter born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands Franz Kline ( May 23, 1910 – May 13, 1962) was an American painter mainly associated with the Abstract Expressionist Mark Rothko, born Marcus Rothkowitz ( Latvian: Marks Rotko; September 25, 1903 &ndash February 25, 1970 Philip Guston ( June 27, 1913 &ndash June 7, 1980) was a notable painter and Printmaker in the New York School Clyfford Still ( November 30, 1904 &ndash June 23, 1980) was an American painter, and one of the leading Barnett Newman ( January 29, 1905 &ndash July 4, 1970) was an American Artist. Adolph Dietrich Friedrich Reinhardt ( "Ad" Reinhardt) ( December 24, 1913 &ndash August 30, 1967) was an Peter Voulkos ( January 29 1924 – 2002 popular name of Panagiotis Voulkos, was an American artist of Greek descent Rereadings into abstract art, done by art historians such as Linda Nochlin,^[4] Griselda Pollock ^[5] and Catherine de Zegher ^[6] critically shows, however, that pioneer women artists who have produced major innovations in modern art had been ignored by the official accounts of its history.

In the 1960s after abstract expressionism

Main articles: Post-painterly abstraction, Color Field painting, Lyrical Abstraction, Arte Povera, Process Art, and Western painting

In abstract painting during the 1950s and 1960s several new directions like Hard-edge painting and other forms of Geometric abstraction, as a reaction against the subjectivism of Abstract expressionism began to appear in artist studios and in radical avant-garde circles. Post-painterly Abstraction is a term created by Art critic Clement Greenberg as the title for an exhibit he curated for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art In Quantum mechanics, color field is a whimsical name for some of the properties of Quarks Color Field painting is an abstract style that See also Tachisme, Art Informel, School of Paris, Lyrical Abstraction refers to two related but distinctly separate movements in Post-war The term Arte Povera (Italian for "Poor Art" was introduced by the Italian Art critic and Curator, Germano Celant, in 1967 Process art is an Artistic movement as well as a creative sentiment and world view where the end product of art and craft, the objet d’art See also Western art, History of painting, Western art history, History of art, Art history, Painting, Outline of painting Abstract art uses a Visual language of form color and line to create a composition which exists independently of visual references to the world Hard-edge painting consists of rough straight edges that are geometrically consistent Geometric abstraction is a form of Abstract art based on the use of simple geometric forms placed in non-illusionistic space and combined into non-objective compositions Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Clement Greenberg became the voice of Post-painterly abstraction; by curating an influential exhibition of new painting that toured important art museums throughout the United States in 1964. Clement Greenberg ( January 16, 1909 - May 7, 1994) was an influential American The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Color field painting, Hard-edge painting and Lyrical Abstraction^[7] emerged as radical new directions. In Quantum mechanics, color field is a whimsical name for some of the properties of Quarks Color Field painting is an abstract style that Hard-edge painting consists of rough straight edges that are geometrically consistent See also Tachisme, Art Informel, School of Paris, Lyrical Abstraction refers to two related but distinctly separate movements in Post-war

By the late 1960s however, Postminimalism, Process Art and Arte Povera^[8] also emerged as revolutionary concepts and movements that encompassed both painting and sculpture, via Lyrical Abstraction and the Postminimalist movement, and in early Conceptual Art. Postminimalism is a term utilized in various artistic fields for work which is influenced by or attempts to develop and go beyond the aesthetic of Minimalism. Process art is an Artistic movement as well as a creative sentiment and world view where the end product of art and craft, the objet d’art The term Arte Povera (Italian for "Poor Art" was introduced by the Italian Art critic and Curator, Germano Celant, in 1967 See also Tachisme, Art Informel, School of Paris, Lyrical Abstraction refers to two related but distinctly separate movements in Post-war Postminimalism is a term utilized in various artistic fields for work which is influenced by or attempts to develop and go beyond the aesthetic of Minimalism. Conceptual art is Art in which the Concept (s or Idea (s involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns ^[9] Process art as inspired by Pollock enabled artists to experiment with and make use of a diverse encyclopedia of style, content, material, placement, sense of time, and plastic and real space. Nancy Graves, Ronald Davis, Howard Hodgkin, Larry Poons, Jannis Kounellis, Brice Marden, Bruce Nauman, Richard Tuttle, Alan Saret, Walter Darby Bannard, Lynda Benglis, Dan Christensen, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Eva Hesse, Keith Sonnier, Richard Serra, Sam Gilliam, Mario Merz, Peter Reginato were some of the younger artists who emerged during the era of late modernism that spawned the heyday of the art of the late 1960s. Nancy Graves ( December 23, 1939 – October 21, 1995) was an American sculptor, painter, Printmaker Ronald Davis (aka Ron Davis born 1937 is an American painter whose work is associated with Geometric abstraction, Abstract Illusionism Sir Gordon Howard Eliot Hodgkin CH, CBE (born August 6, 1932) is a British painter and Printmaker. Lawrence Poons, better known as Larry Poons, is an abstract painter who was born in Tokyo Japan in 1937 Jannis Kounellis was born in 1936 in Piraeus, Greece.He studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Rome. Brice Marden (born October 15, 1938) is an American artist, generally described as Minimalist, although his work defies specific Bruce Nauman (born December 6, 1941, in Fort Wayne, Indiana Richard Dean Tuttle (born 12 July, 1941 in Rahway New Jersey) is an American postminimalist artist known for his small subtle intimate Walter Darby Bannard (born September 23, 1934 in New Haven CT also known as Darby Bannard is an American abstract painter Lynda Benglis (born October 25 1941 in Lake Charles Louisiana) is an American Sculptor known for her wax paintings and poured Latex sculptures Dan Christensen the American Abstract painter, was born in Cozad Nebraska on October 6, 1942, he died in Easthampton Lawrence "Larry" Zox (b May 31 1937 - d December 16 2006) was an American painter and printmaker who is classified Ronnie Landfield (born January 9, 1947 in The Bronx, New York) is an American Abstract painter. Eva Hesse ( January 11, 1936 - May 29, 1970) was a German-born American sculptor known for her pioneering work in Keith Sonnier (born 1941, Mamou Louisiana) is a Minimalist, performance, video and light Artist. Richard Serra (born November 29, 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and Video artist known for working with large Sam Gilliam (b November 30 1933 in Tupelo Mississippi) is an African American Color field painter associated with the Washington Color Mario Merz ( Jan 1, 1925 in Milan - 9 November 2003 in Turin) was an Italian Artist. Peter Reginato (born August 19 1945 in Dallas Texas) is an American abstract sculptor Late Modernism encompasses the overall production of most recent art made between the aftermath of World War II and the early years of the 21st century ^[10]

Pop Art

Main articles: Pop Art and Western painting

In 1962 the Sidney Janis Gallery mounted The New Realists the first major Pop Art group exhibition in an uptown art gallery in New York City. Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. See also Western art, History of painting, Western art history, History of art, Art history, Painting, Outline of painting Roy Fox Lichtenstein (October 27 1923 &ndash September 29 1997 was a prominent American Pop artist his work heavily influenced by both popular advertising and Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sidney Janis (1896-1989 was a wealthy clothing manufacturer and art collector who opened an art gallery in New York in 1948 Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. Sidney Janis mounted the exhibition in a 57th Street storefront near his gallery at 15 E. Sidney Janis (1896-1989 was a wealthy clothing manufacturer and art collector who opened an art gallery in New York in 1948 57th Street. The show sent shockwaves through the New York School and reverberated worldwide. The New York School (synonymous with abstract expressionist painting was an informal group of American Poets painters Dancers and Musicians Earlier in England in 1958 the term "Pop Art" was used by Lawrence Alloway to describe paintings that celebrated consumerism of the post World War II era. Lawrence Alloway ( London, 1926 - New York, January 2, 1990) was an English art critic and curator who worked in the United States This movement rejected Abstract expressionism and its focus on the hermeneutic and psychological interior, in favor of art which depicted, and often celebrated material consumer culture, advertising, and iconography of the mass production age. Hermeneutics may be described as the development and study of Theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts The early works of David Hockney and the works of Richard Hamilton and Eduardo Paolozzi were considered seminal examples in the movement. David Hockney, CH, RA, (born 9 July 1937 is an English Artist, based in Los Angeles California, United States Richard Hamilton (born February 24 1922) is an English painter and Collage artist Eduardo Luigi Paolozzi KBE, FRA ( March 7 1924 &ndash April 22 2005) was a Scottish sculptor While in the downtown scene in New York's East Village 10th Street galleries artists were formulating an American version of Pop Art. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The East Village is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Claes Oldenburg had his storefront, and the Green Gallery on 57th Street began to show Tom Wesselmann and James Rosenquist. Claes Oldenburg (born January 28, 1929) is a sculptor, best known for his Public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of Tom Wesselmann ( February 23 1931, Cincinnati - December 17 2004) was an American Pop artist who specialized James Rosenquist (born November 29, 1933) is an acclaimed American Artist and one of the protagonists in the Pop-art Later Leo Castelli exhibited other American artists, including Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein for most of their careers. Leo Castelli (born Leo Krauss on September 4, 1907, at Trieste, of Italian and Austro-Hungarian Jewish origin &ndash died August 21 For the song by David Bowie, see Andy Warhol (song. Andrew Warhola (August 6 1928 &ndash February 22 1987 known as Andy Warhol Roy Fox Lichtenstein (October 27 1923 &ndash September 29 1997 was a prominent American Pop artist his work heavily influenced by both popular advertising and There is a connection between the radical works of Duchamp and Man Ray, the rebellious Dadaists with a sense of humor, and Pop Artists like Claes Oldenburg, Andy Warhol, and Roy Lichtenstein, whose paintings reproduce the look of Benday dots, a technique used in commercial reproduction. Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised The Ben-day Dots Printing process named after Illustrator and printer Benjamin Day, is similar to Pointillism.

Minimalism

Main articles: Minimalism and Western painting

By the early 1960s Minimalism emerged as an abstract movement in art (with roots in geometric abstraction via Malevich, the Bauhaus and Mondrian) which rejected the idea of relational, and subjective painting, the complexity of Abstract expressionist surfaces, and the emotional zeitgeist and polemics present in the arena of Action painting. Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features See also Western art, History of painting, Western art history, History of art, Art history, Painting, Outline of painting Geometric abstraction is a form of Abstract art based on the use of simple geometric forms placed in non-illusionistic space and combined into non-objective compositions Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (Казимир Северинович Малевич Kazimierz Malewicz Ukrainian Казимир Северинович Малевич sɛʋɛˈrɪnoʋɪtʃ ("House of Building" or "Building School" is the common term for the, a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts and was famous Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. Zeitgeist ( pronounced) is a German language expression literally translated Zeit time; Geist spirit, meaning "the Action painting, sometimes called "gestural abstraction", is a style of Painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled splashed or smeared onto the canvas Minimalism argued that extreme simplicity could capture all of the sublime representation needed in art. Associated with painters such as Frank Stella, minimalism in painting, as opposed to other areas, is a modernist movement. Frank Stella (born May 12, 1936) is an American painter and Printmaker. Depending on the context, minimalism might be construed as a precursor to the postmodern movement. Seen from the perspective of writers who sometimes classify it as a postmodern movement, early minimalism began and succeeded as a modernist movement to yield advanced works, but which partially abandoned this project when a few artists changed direction in favor of the anti-form movement. Systems art is Art influenced by Systems theory, which reflects on natural systems social systems and social signs of the Art world itself In the late 1960s the term Postminimalism was coined by Robert Pincus-Witten^[11] to describe minimalist derived art which had content and contextual overtones which minimalism rejected, and was applied to the work of Eva Hesse, Keith Sonnier, Richard Serra and new work by former minimalists Robert Smithson, Robert Morris, and Sol Lewitt, and Barry Le Va, and others. Postminimalism is a term utilized in various artistic fields for work which is influenced by or attempts to develop and go beyond the aesthetic of Minimalism. Eva Hesse ( January 11, 1936 - May 29, 1970) was a German-born American sculptor known for her pioneering work in Keith Sonnier (born 1941, Mamou Louisiana) is a Minimalist, performance, video and light Artist. Richard Serra (born November 29, 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and Video artist known for working with large Robert Smithson ( January 2, 1938 – July 20, 1973) was an American Artist famous for his Land art. Robert Morris (b February 9, 1931 Kansas City Missouri) is an American sculptor conceptual artist and writer Sol LeWitt ( September 9, 1928 - April 8, 2007) was Minimalists like Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Agnes Martin, John McCracken and others continued to produce their late modernist paintings and sculpture for the remainder of their careers. Donald Clarence Judd ( June 3, 1928 - February 12, 1994) was a minimalist Artist (a term he stridently disavowed Dan Flavin ( April 1, 1933, Jamaica New York – November 29, 1996, Riverhead New York) was an American Carl Andre (born September 16, 1935) is an American minimalist Artist. Agnes Martin ( March 22, 1912 &ndash December 16, 2004) was a Canadian - American painter, often referred to as John McCracken (b 1934 Berkeley California) is an American artist

In the 1960s the work of the avant-garde Minimalist composers La Monte Young, Philip Glass, Steve Reich, and Terry Riley also became prominent in the New York art world. La Monte Thornton Young (born October 14 1935) is an American Composer and musician WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3 Terry Riley (born June 24 1935) is an American composer associated with the minimalist school

Since this time, many artists have embraced minimal or Postminimal styles and the label postmodern, has been attached to them.

Collage, Assemblage, Installations

Main articles: Collage, Assemblage, and Installation art

Related to Abstract expressionism was the emergence of combined manufactured items, with artist materials, moving away from previous conventions of painting and sculpture. A collage (From the coller to glue is a work of formal art primarily in the Visual arts, made from an assemblage of different forms thus creating a new whole Installation art uses sculptural materials and other media to modify the way a particular space is experienced Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. This trend in art is exemplified by the work of Robert Rauschenberg, whose "combines" in the 1950s were forerunners of Pop Art and Installation art, and made use of the assemblage of large physical objects, including stuffed animals, birds and commercial photography. Installation art uses sculptural materials and other media to modify the way a particular space is experienced Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Larry Rivers, John Chamberlain, Claes Oldenburg, George Segal, Jim Dine, and Edward Kienholz among others were important pioneers of both abstraction and Pop Art; creating new conventions of art-making; they made acceptable in serious contemporary art circles the radical inclusion of unlikely materials as parts of their works of art. Jasper Johns Jr (born May 15, 1930 in Augusta Georgia) is a contemporary American artist who primarily works in painting and Printmaking Larry Rivers ( August 17, 1923 - August 14 2002) was a Jewish American artist musician filmmaker and occasional actor John Angus Chamberlain (born April 16, 1927) is an American sculptor. Claes Oldenburg (born January 28, 1929) is a sculptor, best known for his Public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of George Segal ( November 26, 1924, New York - June 9 2000, New Brunswick New Jersey was an American painter and Sculptor Jim Dine (born June 16, 1935) is an American Pop artist He is sometimes considered to be a part of the Neo-Dada movement Edward Kienholz ( October 23, 1927 – June 10, 1994) was an American installation Artist whose work Another pioneer of Collage was Joseph Cornell whose more intimate scaled works were seen as radical; partially because of his personal iconography and partially because of his use of found objects. Joseph Cornell ( December 24, 1903 &ndash December 29, 1972) was an American artist and sculptor one of the pioneers and most celebrated A found object, in an artistic sense indicates the use of an object which has not been designed for an artistic purpose but which exists for another purpose already

Neo-Dada

Main article: Neo-Dada

In the early 20th century Marcel Duchamp exhibited a urinal as a sculpture. Neo-Dada is a label applied primarily to the Visual arts describing artwork that has similarities in method or intent to earlier Dada artwork Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist His professed point was to have people look at the urinal as if it were a work of art because he said it was a work of art. He referred to his work as "Readymades. The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that he selected and modified as an antidote to what he called "retinal art" " Fountain, was a urinal signed with the pseudonym R. Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art Mutt, that shocked the art world in 1917. This and Duchamp's other works are generally labelled as Dada. Duchamp can be seen as a precursor to conceptual art, other famous examples being John Cage's 4' 33", which is four minutes and thirty three seconds of silence, and Rauschenberg's Erased De Kooning Drawing. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr Willem de Kooning (April 24 1904 – March 19 1997 was an Abstract expressionist painter born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands Many conceptual works take the position that art is created by the viewer viewing an object or act as art, not from the intrinsic qualites of the work itself. Thus, because Fountain was exhibited, it was a sculpture.

Marcel Duchamp famously gave up "art" in favor of chess. [1] Avant-garde composer David Tudor created a piece, Reunion (1968), written jointly with Lowell Cross that features a chess game, where each move triggers a lighting effect or projection. David Eugene Tudor ( January 20, 1926 – August 13, 1996) was an American Pianist and Composer of Experimental At the premiere, the game was played between John Cage and Marcel Duchamp. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist [2]

Another trend in art which can be associated with the term Neo-Dada is the use of a number of different media together. Neo-Dada is a label applied primarily to the Visual arts describing artwork that has similarities in method or intent to earlier Dada artwork Intermedia, a term coined by Dick Higgins and meant to convey new artforms along the lines of Fluxus, Concrete Poetry, Found objects, Performance art, and Computer art. Intermedia was a concept employed in the mid-sixties by Fluxus artist Dick Higgins to describe the ineffable often confusing inter-disciplinary activities that occur Dick Higgins (born Cambridge England 1938 died Quebec Canada 1998 was a composer poet printer and early Fluxus artist Concrete poetry, pattern poetry or shape poetry is Poetry in which the typographical arrangement of words is as important in conveying the intended effect A found object, in an artistic sense indicates the use of an object which has not been designed for an artistic purpose but which exists for another purpose already This article is about Performance art For other uses see Performance (disambiguation Computer art is any Art Higgins was the publisher of the Something Else Press, a Concrete poet, married to artist Alison Knowles and an admirer of Marcel Duchamp. Something Else Press was founded by Dick Higgins in 1963 It published many important texts and artworks by Higgins Gertrude Stein, George Brecht, Alison Knowles (born 1933 is an American Artist who produced work in a number of forms

Performance and happenings

Main articles: Performance and Happenings

During the late 1950s and 1960s artists with a wide range of interests began to push the boundaries of Contemporary art. A performance, in Performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers behave in a particular way for another group of people A happening is a performance event or situation meant to be considered as Art. Carolee Schneemann (born October 12, 1939 in Fox Chase Pennsylvania) is an American visual artist known for her discourses on the body Yves Klein in France, and in New York City, Carolee Schneemann, Yayoi Kusama, Charlotte Moorman and Yoko Ono were pioneers of performance-based works of art. Yves Klein ( 28 April 1928 - 6 June 1962) was a French artist and is considered an important figure in post-war European The City of New York Carolee Schneemann (born October 12, 1939 in Fox Chase Pennsylvania) is an American visual artist known for her discourses on the body Yayoi Kusama (草間彌生 or 草間弥生 born March 29,1929 is a Japanese artist Madeline Charlotte Moorman ( November 18, 1933 &ndash November 8, 1991) was an American cellist and performance artist born in Tokyo on February 18 1933 is a Japanese Artist and Musician. Groups like The Living Theater with Julian Beck and Judith Malina collaborated with sculptors and painters creating environments; radically changing the relationship between audience and performer especially in their piece Paradise Now. The Living Theatre is an American Theatre company founded in 1947 and based in New York City. Julian Beck ( May 31, 1925 &ndash September 14, 1985) was an American Actor, director, Poet, and painter Judith Malina (born June 4, 1926) is an American Theater and Film Actor, Writer, and director, who The Judson Dance Theater located at the Judson Memorial Church, New York, and the Judson dancers, notably Yvonne Rainer, Trisha Brown, Elaine Summers, Sally Gross, Simonne Forti, Deborah Hay, Lucinda Childs, Steve Paxton and others collaborated with artists Robert Morris, Robert Whitman, John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg, and engineers like Billy Klüver. Judson Dance Theater is located at the Judson Memorial Church, New York. The Judson Memorial Church is located in Greenwich Village of Manhattan on the south side of Washington Square Park. Yvonne Rainer (born November 24, 1934, San Francisco) is an American choreographer and filmmaker, whose work in both Trisha Brown ( 25 November 1936, Aberdeen Washington, US) is a Postmodernist American choreographer and Dancer. Elaine Summers American Choreographer, Experimental filmmaker, and intermedia pioneer Robert Whitman (born 1935 in New York City) is an American Artist best known for his seminal theater pieces of the early WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr Billy Klüver (1927-2004 Johan Wilhelm (Billy Klüver was an electrical engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories who founded Experiments Park Place Gallery was a center for musical performances by electronic composers Steve Reich, Philip Glass and other notable performance artists including Joan Jonas. Park Place Gallery was a contemporary art gallery located in SoHo in Lower Manhattan, New York City, USA, during the mid to late 1960s WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3 WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 Born in 1936 in New York City, Joan Jonas is a pioneer of video and Performance art and one of the most important female artists to emerge in the late These performances were often designed to be the creation of a new art form, combining sculpture, dance, and music or sound, often with audience participation. The works were characterized by the reductive philosophies of minimalism, and the spontaneous improvisation, and expressivity of Abstract expressionism.

During the same period—the late 1950s through the mid 1960s—various avant-garde artists created Happenings. Happenings were mysterious and often spontaneous and unscripted gatherings of artists and their friends and relatives in varied specified locations, often incorporating exercises in absurdity, physicality, costuming, spontaneous nudity, and various random or seemingly disconnected acts. Nudity is the state of wearing no Clothing. The term' "nudity" can also occasionally be used to refer to wearing significantly less clothing than expected Allan Kaprow, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, and Robert Whitman among others were notable creators of Happenings. Allan Kaprow ( August 23, 1927 &ndash April 5, 2006) was an American painter assemblagist and a pioneer in establishing the concepts Claes Oldenburg (born January 28, 1929) is a sculptor, best known for his Public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of Jim Dine (born June 16, 1935) is an American Pop artist He is sometimes considered to be a part of the Neo-Dada movement Red Grooms (born Charles Rogers Grooms on June 7, 1937) is an American Multimedia Artist best known for his Robert Whitman (born 1935 in New York City) is an American Artist best known for his seminal theater pieces of the early

Fluxus

Main article: Fluxus

Fluxus was named and loosely organized in 1962 by George Maciunas (1931-78), a Lithuanian-born American artist. Fluxus —a name taken from a Latin word meaning "to flow"—is an international network of artists composers and designers noted for blending different artistic media George Maciunas ( Jurgis Mačiūnas, pronounced ma-chew-nas; born Kaunas, Lithuania, November 8, 1931; died May 9 Fluxus traces its beginnings to John Cage's 1957 to 1959 Experimental Composition classes at the New School for Social Research in New York City. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr This is about the university in New York; for other uses see New School (disambiguation. Many of his students were artists working in other media with little or no background in music. Cage's students included Fluxus founding members Jackson Mac Low, Al Hansen, George Brecht and Dick Higgins. Jackson Mac Low ( September 12, 1922 &ndash December 8, 2004) was an American Poet, Performance artist, Composer Al Hansen ( October 5, 1927 – June 22 1995) was an American artist considered as one of the most important Fluxus figures George Brecht (born George MacDiarmid, New York, United States August 27 1926 is a Minimalist Artist and Composer Dick Higgins (born Cambridge England 1938 died Quebec Canada 1998 was a composer poet printer and early Fluxus artist

Fluxus encouraged a do it yourself aesthetic, and valued simplicity over complexity. Like Dada before it, Fluxus included a strong current of anti-commercialism and an anti-art sensibility, disparaging the conventional market-driven art world in favor of an artist-centered creative practice. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Anti-art is the definition of a work which may be exhibited or delivered in a conventional context but makes fun of serious Art or challenges the nature of art Fluxus artists preferred to work with whatever materials were at hand, and either created their own work or collaborated in the creation process with their colleagues.

Late period

Main article: Late Modernism

Artists from many disciplines continue to work in modernist styles into the 21st century. Late Modernism encompasses the overall production of most recent art made between the aftermath of World War II and the early years of the 21st century The continuation of Abstract expressionism, Color Field painting, Lyrical Abstraction, Geometric abstraction, Minimalism, Abstract Illusionism, Process Art, Pop Art, Postminimalism, and other late 20th century modernist movements in both painting and sculpture continue through the first decade of the 21st century. Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. In Quantum mechanics, color field is a whimsical name for some of the properties of Quarks Color Field painting is an abstract style that See also Tachisme, Art Informel, School of Paris, Lyrical Abstraction refers to two related but distinctly separate movements in Post-war Geometric abstraction is a form of Abstract art based on the use of simple geometric forms placed in non-illusionistic space and combined into non-objective compositions Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features Abstract illusionism, a name coined by Louis K Meisel, is an artistic movement that came into prominence in the United States during the mid 1970s Process art is an Artistic movement as well as a creative sentiment and world view where the end product of art and craft, the objet d’art Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. Postminimalism is a term utilized in various artistic fields for work which is influenced by or attempts to develop and go beyond the aesthetic of Minimalism.

At the turn of the 21st century, well-established artists such as Sir Anthony Caro, Lucian Freud, Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Agnes Martin, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Helen Frankenthaler, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, James Rosenquist, Alex Katz, Philip Pearlstein, and younger artists like Brice Marden, Chuck Close, Sam Gilliam, Isaac Witkin, Sean Scully, Elizabeth Murray, Larry Poons, Richard Serra, Walter Darby Bannard, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Dan Christensen, Joel Shapiro, Tom Otterness, Joan Snyder, Ross Bleckner, Archie Rand, Susan Crile, and dozens of others continued to produce vital and influential paintings and sculpture. Sir Anthony Caro, OM, CBE, (born 8 March 1924 in New Malden, then in Surrey) is an English, abstract Lucian Michael Freud, OM, CH (born 8 December 1922 is a British painter of German Origin Cy Twombly (born April 25 1928 is an American artist well known for his large scale freely-scribbled calligraphic style Graffiti paintings on solid fields of Jasper Johns Jr (born May 15, 1930 in Augusta Georgia) is a contemporary American artist who primarily works in painting and Printmaking Agnes Martin ( March 22, 1912 &ndash December 16, 2004) was a Canadian - American painter, often referred to as Al Held ( October 12, 1928 &ndash July 27, 2005) was an American Abstract expressionist painter. Ellsworth Kelly (b Newburgh, New York, May 31, 1923) is an American painter and sculptor associated with Hard-edge painting Helen Frankenthaler (born December 12, 1928) is an American Post-painterly abstraction artist Frank Stella (born May 12, 1936) is an American painter and Printmaker. Kenneth Noland (born April 10, 1924) is an American abstract painter. Jules Olitski ( March 27 1922 &ndash February 4 2007) was an American abstract painter printmaker and sculptor Claes Oldenburg (born January 28, 1929) is a sculptor, best known for his Public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of Jim Dine (born June 16, 1935) is an American Pop artist He is sometimes considered to be a part of the Neo-Dada movement James Rosenquist (born November 29, 1933) is an acclaimed American Artist and one of the protagonists in the Pop-art Alex Katz (born July 24 1927) is an American figural Artist associated with the Pop art movement Philip Pearlstein (born May 24, 1924) is an American painter and an important and innovative artist of the contemporary Realist school Brice Marden (born October 15, 1938) is an American artist, generally described as Minimalist, although his work defies specific Chuck Thomas Close (born July 5, 1940, Monroe Washington) is an American painter and photographer who achieved fame as a Photorealist, through Sam Gilliam (b November 30 1933 in Tupelo Mississippi) is an African American Color field painter associated with the Washington Color Isaac Witkin, internationally renowned modern sculptor was born in Johannesburg South Africa on May 10, 1936, and he died April 23, 2006 Sean Scully (born Dublin, Ireland, 30 June 1945) is an Irish-born American painter and printmaker who has twice been named Elizabeth Murray (1940 &ndash August 12, 2007) was an American Painter, Printmaker and Draughtsman. Lawrence Poons, better known as Larry Poons, is an abstract painter who was born in Tokyo Japan in 1937 Richard Serra (born November 29, 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and Video artist known for working with large Walter Darby Bannard (born September 23, 1934 in New Haven CT also known as Darby Bannard is an American abstract painter Lawrence "Larry" Zox (b May 31 1937 - d December 16 2006) was an American painter and printmaker who is classified Ronnie Landfield (born January 9, 1947 in The Bronx, New York) is an American Abstract painter. Ronald Davis (aka Ron Davis born 1937 is an American painter whose work is associated with Geometric abstraction, Abstract Illusionism Dan Christensen the American Abstract painter, was born in Cozad Nebraska on October 6, 1942, he died in Easthampton Joel Shapiro (born 1941 New York City, New York) is an American Sculptor renown for his dynamic work composed of simple rectangular shapes Tom Otterness (b 1952 in Wichita Kansas) is an American sculptor whose works adorn parks plazas subway stations libraries courthouses Ross Bleckner (born 1949 is an American Artist. Life and work Ross Bleckner was born in New York City. Archie Rand (born 1950 is an artist and academic from Brooklyn New York, currently Presidential Professor of Art at Brooklyn College. Susan Crile (b Cleveland, 1942 is an artist primarily a painter and Printmaker.

However by the early 1980s the Postmodern movement in art and architecture began to establish its position through various Conceptual and Intermedia formats. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle Intermedia was a concept employed in the mid-sixties by Fluxus artist Dick Higgins to describe the ineffable often confusing inter-disciplinary activities that occur Postmodernism in music and literature began to take hold even earlier, some say by the 1950s. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism While postmodernism implies an end to modernism many theorists and scholars realize that late modernism continues into the 21st century.

Goals of the movement

Many modernists believed that by rejecting tradition they could discover radically new ways of making art. The Glaspaleis (in English Glass Palace or Crystal Palace) is the name of former fashion house and department store Schunck in Heerlen The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Arnold Schoenberg believed that by rejecting traditional tonal harmony, the hierarchical system of organizing works of music which had guided music making for at least a century and a half, and perhaps longer, he had discovered a wholly new way of organizing sound, based in the use of twelve-note rows (See Twelve-tone technique). Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with Twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony, especially in British usage twelve-note composition) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold Abstract artists, taking as their examples the Impressionists, as well as Paul Cézanne and Edvard Munch, began with the assumption that color and shape formed the essential characteristics of art, not the depiction of the natural world. Edvard Munch (mʉŋk December 12, 1863 – January 23, 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, Printmaker The shape ( OE sceap Eng created thing) of an object located in some space refers to the part of space occupied by the object as determined Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian, and Kazimir Malevich all believed in redefining art as the arrangement of pure color. Wassily Kandinsky (Russian Василий Кандинский first name pronounced as) ( – 13 December 1944 was a Russian painter, Printmaker Pieter Cornelis (Piet Mondriaan, after 1912 Mondrian, (pronounced Dutch pit 'mɔndrian later pit 'mɔndɹiɔn ( March 7, 1872 &ndash February Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (Казимир Северинович Малевич Kazimierz Malewicz Ukrainian Казимир Северинович Малевич sɛʋɛˈrɪnoʋɪtʃ The use of photography, which had rendered much of the representational function of visual art obsolete, strongly affected this aspect of modernism. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing However, these artists also believed that by rejecting the depiction of material objects they helped art move from a materialist to a spiritualist phase of development. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism.

Main article: International Style (architecture)

Other modernists, especially those involved in design, had more pragmatic views. For the IBM Plaza in Kansas City see 2345 Grand 330 North Wabash (formerly IBM Plaza also known as IBM Building) is a Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The International style was a major Architectural style of the 1920s and 1930s Modernist architects and designers believed that new technology rendered old styles of building obsolete. Le Corbusier thought that buildings should function as "machines for living in", analogous to cars, which he saw as machines for traveling in. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity Just as cars had replaced the horse, so modernist design should reject the old styles and structures inherited from Ancient Greece or from the Middle Ages. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Following this machine aesthetic, modernist designers typically reject decorative motifs in design, preferring to emphasize the materials used and pure geometrical forms. The skyscraper, such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Seagram Building in New York (1956 – 1958), became the archetypal modernist building. A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (ˈlʊdvɪç miːs faːn dɛʀ ˈʀoːɐ born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies ( March 27, 1886 &ndash August 17, 1969 The Seagram Building is a Skyscraper in New York City, located at 375 Park Avenue, between 52nd Street and 53rd Street in New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Modernist design of houses and furniture also typically emphasized simplicity and clarity of form, open-plan interiors, and the absence of clutter. Modernism reversed the 19th century relationship of public and private: in the 19th century, public buildings were horizontally expansive for a variety of technical reasons, and private buildings emphasized verticality—to fit more private space on more and more limited land. Conversely, in the 20th century, public buildings became vertically oriented, and private buildings became organized horizontally. Many aspects of modernist design still persist within the mainstream of contemporary architecture today, though its previous dogmatism has given way to a more playful use of decoration, historical quotation, and spatial drama.

In other arts such pragmatic considerations were less important. The Wassily Chair, also known as the Model B3 chair, was Designed by Marcel Breuer in 1925-26 while he was the head of the cabinet-making workshop at the In literature and visual art some modernists sought to defy expectations mainly in order to make their art more vivid, or to force the audience to take the trouble to question their own preconceptions. This aspect of modernism has often seemed a reaction to consumer culture, which developed in Europe and North America in the late 19th century. Consumerism is the equation of personal Happiness with the purchase of material possessions and consumption. Whereas most manufacturers try to make products that will be marketable by appealing to preferences and prejudices, high modernists rejected such consumerist attitudes in order to undermine conventional thinking. High modernism is a particular instance of Modernism, coined towards the end of modernism The art critic Clement Greenberg expounded this theory of modernism in his essay Avant-Garde and Kitsch. Clement Greenberg ( January 16, 1909 - May 7, 1994) was an influential American Avant-Garde and Kitsch is the title of a 1939 essay by Clement Greenberg, first published in the Partisan Review, in which he claimed that ^[12] Greenberg labelled the products of consumer culture "kitsch", because their design aimed simply to have maximum appeal, with any difficult features removed. Kitsch /kɪtʃ/ is a term of German or Yiddish origin that has been used to categorize art that is considered an inferior tasteless copy of an existing For Greenberg, modernism thus formed a reaction against the development of such examples of modern consumer culture as commercial popular music, Hollywood, and advertising. Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand Greenberg associated this with the revolutionary rejection of capitalism. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where

Some modernists did see themselves as part of a revolutionary culture—one that included political revolution. A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Others rejected conventional politics as well as artistic conventions, believing that a revolution of political consciousness had greater importance than a change in political structures. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions The politics of consciousness Consciousness typically refers to the idea of a being who is self-aware Many modernists saw themselves as apolitical. Others, such as T. S. Eliot, rejected mass popular culture from a conservative position. Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Indeed, one could argue that modernism in literature and art functioned to sustain an elite culture which excluded the majority of the population. Elitism is the belief or attitude that those individuals who are considered members of the Elite &mdash a select group of people with outstanding personal abilities intellect

Reception and controversy

The most controversial aspect of the modern movement was, and remains, its rejection of tradition. Modernism's stress on freedom of expression, experimentation, radicalism, and primitivism disregards conventional expectations. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. Primitivism refers to a an artistic movement in particular which originated as a reaction to the Enlightenment, or b the general tendency to idealize any social behavior In many art forms this often meant startling and alienating audiences with bizarre and unpredictable effects: the strange and disturbing combinations of motifs in Surrealism, or the use of extreme dissonance and atonality in modernist music. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Atonality in its broadest sense describes Music that lacks a tonal center, or key. In literature this often involved the rejection of intelligible plots or characterisation in novels, or the creation of poetry that defied clear interpretation.

The Soviet Communist government rejected modernism after the rise of Stalin on the grounds of alleged elitism, although it had previously endorsed Futurism and Constructivism; and the Nazi government in Germany deemed it narcissistic and nonsensical, as well as "Jewish" and "Negro" (see Anti-semitism). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party "Russian Futurists" redirects here For the band see The Russian Futurists. Constructivism was an Artistic and architectural movement in Russia from 1919 onward which rejected the idea of " Art for art's sake " Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Narcissism describes the trait of excessive Self-love, based on Self-image or Ego. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The Nazis exhibited modernist paintings alongside works by the mentally ill in an exhibition entitled Degenerate art (Louis A. Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as Degenerate art is the English translation of the German entartete Kunst, a term adopted by the Nazi Sass (Bauer 2004) compares madness, specifically schizophrenia, and modernism in a less fascist manner by noting their shared disjunctive narratives, surreal images, and incoherence). Accusations of "formalism" could lead to the end of a career, or worse. For this reason many modernists of the post-war generation felt that they were the most important bulwark against totalitarianism, the "canary in the coal mine", whose repression by a government or other group with supposed authority represented a warning that individual liberties were being threatened. The Canary ( Serinus canaria) also called the Island Canary, Atlantic Canary or Common Canary, is a small Passerine Bird

In fact, modernism flourished mainly in consumer/capitalist societies, despite the fact that its proponents often rejected consumerism itself. However, high modernism began to merge with consumer culture after World War II, especially during the 1960s. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 In Britain, a youth sub-culture even called itself "modernists", though usually shortened to Mods, following such representative music groups as The Who and The Kinks. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For the term in biology see Subculture (biology. For the song by New Order see Sub-culture (song. Mod (originally modernist, sometimes capitalised is a Subculture that originated in London in the late 1950s and peaked in the early to mid 1960s The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The primary lineup consisted of guitarist Pete Townshend The Kinks were an English pop and rock group formed in 1963 and categorised in the US as a British Invasion band The likes of Bob Dylan, Serge Gainsbourg and The Rolling Stones combined popular musical traditions with modernist verse, adopting literary devices derived from James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, James Thurber, T. S. Eliot, Guillaume Apollinaire, Allen Ginsberg, and others. Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major Serge Gainsbourg ɡɛ̃'zbuʁ (2 April 1928 &ndash 2 March 1991 was a French Poet, Singer-songwriter, Actor and James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet James Grover Thurber ( December 8, 1894 &ndash November 2, 1961) was an American Humorist and Cartoonist. Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. Guillaume Apollinaire (in French ɡijom apɔliˈnɛʁ ( August 26, 1880 &ndash November 9, 1918) was a French Poet Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. The Beatles developed along similar lines, creating various modernist musical effects on several albums, while musicians such as Frank Zappa, Syd Barrett and Captain Beefheart proved even more experimental. The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21 1940 – December 4 1993 was an American Composer, Electric guitarist Record producer and Film director Syd Barrett (born Roger Keith Barrett; 6 January 1946 - 7 July 2006 was an English singer songwriter guitarist and artist Don Van Vliet (born Donald Glen Vliet on January 15 1941, in Glendale California, U Modernist devices also started to appear in popular cinema, and later on in music videos. A music video is a Short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music most commonly a Song with lyrics Modernist design also began to enter the mainstream of popular culture, as simplified and stylized forms became popular, often associated with dreams of a space age high-tech future. The Space Age is a contemporary period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, Space exploration, space technology and the cultural developments

This merging of consumer and high versions of modernist culture led to a radical transformation of the meaning of "modernism". Firstly, it implied that a movement based on the rejection of tradition had become a tradition of its own. Secondly, it demonstrated that the distinction between elite modernist and mass consumerist culture had lost its precision. Some writers declared that modernism had become so institutionalized that it was now "post avant-garde", indicating that it had lost its power as a revolutionary movement. Many have interpreted this transformation as the beginning of the phase that became known as Postmodernism. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism For others, such as, for example, art critic Robert Hughes, postmodernism represents an extension of modernism. Robert Studley Forrest Hughes AO (born 28 July 1938 is an Australian born Art critic, writer and television documentary maker who has resided

"Anti-modern" or "counter-modern" movements seek to emphasize holism, connection and spirituality as being remedies or antidotes to modernism. Distinguish from the suffix -holism, which describes addictions Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Such movements see Modernism as reductionist, and therefore subject to the failure to see systemic and emergent effects. Many Modernists came to this viewpoint, for example Paul Hindemith in his late turn towards mysticism. Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 &ndash 28 December 1963 was a German Composer, Violist, violinist teacher music theorist and conductor. Writers such as Paul H. Ray and Sherry Ruth Anderson, in The Cultural Creatives (2000), Fredrick Turner in A Culture of Hope and Lester Brown in Plan B, have articulated a critique of the basic idea of modernism itself — that individual creative expression should conform to the realities of technology. Instead, they argue, individual creativity should make everyday life more emotionally acceptable.

In some fields the effects of modernism have remained stronger and more persistent than in others. Visual art has made the most complete break with its past. Most major capital cities have museums devoted to 'Modern Art' as distinct from post-Renaissance art (circa 1400 to circa 1900). The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Examples include the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Tate Modern in London, and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street between Fifth New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Tate Modern in London is Britain 's national museum of international Modern art and is with Tate Britain, Tate Liverpool, London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city These galleries make no distinction between modernist and postmodernist phases, seeing both as developments within 'Modern Art'.

See also

• Modern architecture
• Modernist poetry in English
• Medium specificity
• International style (architecture)
• Late Modernism
• Postmodern art
• Modern furniture

References & Notes

• Armstrong, Carol and de Zegher, Catherine (eds. Clement Greenberg ( January 16, 1909 - May 7, 1994) was an influential American ), Women Artists as the Millennium, Cambridge Massachusetts: October Books, MIT Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-262-01226-3.
• Aspray, William & Philip Kitcher, eds. , History and Philosophy of Modern Mathematics, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science vol XI, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988
• Baker, Houston A. , Jr. , Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987
• Berman, Marshall, All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity. Second ed. London: Penguin, 1988. ISBN 0140109625.
• Bradbury, Malcolm, & James McFarlane (eds. ), Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930 (Penguin "Penguin Literary Criticism" series, 1978, ISBN 0-14-013832-3). Penguins ( order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic, flightless Birds living almost
• Brush, Stephen G. , The History of Modern Science: A Guide to the Second Scientific Revolution, 1800-1950, Ames, IO: Iowa State U. P. , 1988
• Centre George Pompidou, Face a l'Histoire, 1933-1996. Flammarion, 1996. ISBN 2-85850-898-4.
• Crouch, Christopher, Modernism in art design and architecture, New York: St. Martins Press, 2000
• Everdell, William R., The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997
• Eysteinsson, Astradur, The Concept of Modernism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992
• Hughes, Robert, The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change (Gardners Books, 1991, ISBN 0-500-27582-3). William Romeyn Everdell is an American teacher and author Born in 1941 he graduated from St Gardners Books is the largest Book Wholesaler in the United Kingdom.
• Kenner, Hugh, The Pound Era (1971), Berkeley, CA: U. of California Press, 1973
• Kern, Stephen, The Culture of Time and Space, Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. P. , 1983
• Kolocotroni, Vassiliki et al, ed. ,Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998).
• Levenson, Michael (ed. ), The Cambridge Companion to Modernism (Cambridge University Press, "Cambridge Companions to Literature" series, 1999, ISBN 0-521-49866-X). Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534
• Lewis, Pericles. The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
• Nicholls, Peter, Modernisms: A Literary Guide (Hampshire and London: Macmillan, 1995).
• Pevsner, Nikolaus, Pioneers of Modern Design: From William Morris to Walter Gropius (Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-10571-1). Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner, CBE, ( January 30, 1902 &ndash August 18, 1983) was a German-born British scholar of Yale University Press is a book Publisher founded in 1908. It became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but remained
• —, The Sources of Modern Architecture and Design (Thames & Hudson, "World of Art" series, 1985, ISBN 0-500-20072-6). Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity are a Publisher, especially of Art and Illustrated Books World of Art is a long established series of art books from the publisher Thames & Hudson.
• Pollock, Griselda, Generations and Geographies in the Visual Arts. (Routledge, London, 1996. ISBN 0-415-14128-1)
• Pollock, Griselda, and Florence, Penny, Looking Back to the Future: Essays by Griselda Pollock from the 1990s. (New York: G&B New Arts Press, 2001. ISBN 90-5701-132-8)
• Sass, Louis A. (1992). Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought. New York: Basic Books. Cited in Bauer, Amy (2004). "Cognition, Constraints, and Conceptual Blends in Modernist Music", in The Pleasure of Modernist Music. ISBN 1-58046-143-3.
• Schwartz, Sanford, The Matrix of Modernism: Pound, Eliot, and Early Twentieth Century Thought, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985
• Van Loo, Sofie (ed. ), Gorge(l). Royal Museum of Fine Art, Antwerp, 2006. ISBN
• Weston, Richard, Modernism (Phaidon Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7148-4099-8). Phaidon Press is one of the leading publishers of books on the visual arts including Art, Architecture, Photography, and Design worldwide
• de Zegher, Catherine, Inside the Visible. (MIT Press, 1996).

External links

• Masters of Modernism
• J.G. Ballard on Modernism
• Modernism: back when it meant something by John Haber
• Modernism/Modernity, official publication of the Modernist Studies Association
• Pope St. Pius X's encyclical Pascendi, in which he defines Modernism as "the synthesis of all heresies".
• Modernism vs. Postmodernism

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