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A model is a person who poses or displays for purposes of art, fashion, or other products and advertising. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand

Nataliya Gotsiy modeling for Cynthia Rowley, Spring 2007 New York Fashion Week
Nataliya Gotsiy modeling for Cynthia Rowley, Spring 2007 New York Fashion Week

Modeling is distinguished from other types of public performance, such as an acting, dancing or mime artistry, although the boundary is not well defined. Nataliya Gotsiy (also spelled Gotsii is a Ukrainian fashion model. Cynthia Rowley is an American Fashion designer. Backgroundhttp//en New York Fashion Week, currently officially called Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week, is a semiannual Fashion week held in New York City. A performance, in Performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers behave in a particular way for another group of people Acting is the work of an Actor or Actress, which is a person in Theatre, Television, Film, or any other Storytelling Dance (from French danser, perhaps from Frankish) is an Art form that generally refers to movement of the body usually rhythmic Appearing in a movie or a play is generally not considered to be modeling, regardless of the nature of the role. A play, or stageplay, is a form of Literature written by a Playwright, almost always consisting of Dialogue between Fictional characters However, models generally have to express emotion in their photographs, and many models have also described themselves as actors. An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works

Types of models include glamour, fashion, fitness, bikini, fine-art, and body-part models. Not all models are beautiful: character models portray ordinary people and humorous types, mostly in print work and in commercials.

Contents

Fashion

Fashion models are used mainly to promote apparel. Fashion Modeling generally can be divided into two categories (photographic and catwalk), and into the following sub-categories:

Supermodels

Adriana Lima
Adriana Lima
Main article: Supermodel

Supermodels are highly paid, top fashion models. The word showroom has two distinct meanings including Marketing location A showroom is a large space used to display products for sale such as automobiles, Lingerie is a term for fashionable and alluring women's Undergarments It derives from the French word linge, "washables" — as in faire le linge A swimsuit, bathing suit or swimming costume is an item of Clothing designed to be worn for Swimming. Physical fitness is used in two close meanings general fitness (a state of Health and well-being and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition based on the ability A fit model (sometimes fitting model) is a person who is used by a Fashion designer or Clothing manufacturer to check the fit drape and visual Plus-size model is a term internationally applied to a woman who is engaged primarily in modeling garments that are designed and marketed specifically for larger body sizes and types (see Adriana Francesca Lima (born June 12 1981 is a Brazilian model known for her work with Victoria's Secret and Maybelline cosmetics A supermodel is a highly-paid élite fashion model who usually has a worldwide reputation and often a background in Haute couture and commercial modeling A supermodel is a highly-paid élite fashion model who usually has a worldwide reputation and often a background in Haute couture and commercial modeling These (usually female) celebrities appear on top fashion magazine covers, in catalogues and in fashion shows. A fashion show is an event put on by a Fashion designer to showcase his or her upcoming line of Clothing.

The first model to pave the way for what would become the supermodel was Lisa Fonssagrives. Lisa Fonssagrives ( May 17, 1911 – February 4, 1992) born Lisa Bernstone in Sweden, was a fashion model [1] The relationship between her image on over 200 Vogue covers and her name recognition led to the future importance of Vogue in shaping future supermodels. Vogue is a Fashion and lifestyle Magazine published in eighteen countries by Condé Nast Publications. Fonssagrives at the height of her career could be both sophisticated and yet a kook, with which every American woman could identify. Her image appeared on the cover of every fashion magazine during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s from Town & Country, Life and Vogue to the original Vanity Fair. Town & Country, formerly the Home Journal and The National Press, is a monthly American Lifestyle Magazine Vanity Fair is an American magazine of Culture, Fashion, and Politics published by Condé Nast Publications. Model Janice Dickinson, however, asserts that she was the person for which the term was coined. Janice Doreen Dickinson (born February 15 1955) is an American Supermodel, fashion photographer, Actress, Author as she popped the term herself while talking to her agent at the climax of her career: "I'm not superman, I'm a supermodel".

Other notable supermodels and top models have included Twiggy, Gia Carangi, Lisa Snowdon, Karen Mulder, Tyra Banks, Christie Brinkley, Rachel Hunter, Christy Turlington, Jerry Hall, Lisa Butcher, Paula Hamilton, Marie Helvin, Helena Christensen, Naomi Campbell, Cindy Crawford, Linda Evangelista, Elle Macpherson, Stephanie Seymour, Elizabeth Hurley, Claudia Schiffer, and Kate Moss. Twiggy (born Lesley Hornby; 19 September 1949) is an English Supermodel, Actress, and Singer, now also Gia Marie Carangi ( January 29, 1960 – November 18, 1986) was an American fashion model during the late 1970s and early 1980s Lisa Snowdon (born January 23, 1972) is an English model, who most recently has turned her career to include being an Actress and Karen Mulder, (born June 1, 1970 in Vlaardingen, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands) is a former Dutch model. Tyra Lynne Banks (born December 4 1973 is an American Television personality, Emmy Award -winning talk show host, actress Supermodel, former Christie Brinkley (born February 2, 1954) is a former American fashion model, and ex-wife of musician Billy Joel. Rachel Hunter (born September 9, 1969) is a model, actress and reality TV show host Christy Nicole Turlington (born January 2, 1969) is an American fashion model best known for representing Calvin Klein fragrances Jerry Faye Hall (born July 2, 1956) is an American model and actress, also known for her long-term relationship with Mick Jagger Lisa Butcher (born 1971 in London) is an English Fashion model and TV presenter. Paula Hamilton (born 23 January 1961) is an English Supermodel, most famous for her appearance in the classic 1987 Mk II Volkswagen Golf Marie Helvin (born August 13, 1952 in Tokyo, Japan) was one of the first supermodels Helena Christensen (born December 25, 1968 in Copenhagen) is a Danish - Peruvian Model, signed to Independent Models Naomi Campbell (born 22 May 1970 is an English model, Singer, Author, Actress, and Fashion designer. Cynthia Ann "Cindy" Crawford (born February 20 1966 is an American model and actress. Linda Evangelista (born May 10, 1965) is a Canadian model. Early life Evangelista was born to Italian parents Elle Macpherson ( born 29 March 1964 is an Australian model, actress, and businesswoman Stephanie M Seymour (born July 23, 1968) is an American Supermodel who has done modeling work for many well-known Fashion magazines Elizabeth Jane Hurley (born 10 June 1965 is an English model and former actress who became known as a girlfriend of Hugh Grant in the 1990s Claudia Schiffer (born August 25, 1970) is a German model and actress who reached the height of her popularity during the 1990s due to her close resemblance Kate Moss (born January 16 1974) is an English model who has appeared on over 300 magazine covers. Currently, according several fashion world's personalities as Claudia Schiffer, Gisele Bündchen is the only true supermodel of her generation,[2] although there are some others famous names as Alessandra Ambrosio, Doutzen Kroes, Carolyn Murphy, Laetitia Casta, Natalia Vodianova, Adriana Lima, Karolína Kurková, Daria Werbowy, Gemma Ward, Miranda Kerr, Ana Beatriz Barros, Fernanda Tavares, Isabeli Fontana and Heidi Klum. Gisele Caroline Bündchen (born July 20 1980 is a Brazilian model. Alessandra Corine Ambrósio (born April 11, 1981 is a Brazilian model. Doutzen Kroes (Pronounced Doubt-son Crows (born January 23, 1985 in Oostermeer, Netherlands) is a Dutch Supermodel. Carolyn Murphy (born on August 11, 1973) is an American model. Laetitia Marie Laure Casta (born May 11, 1978 in Pont-Audemer, Normandy) is a French model and Actress. Natalia Vodianova (Наталья Водянова born February 28, 1982) is a Russian Supermodel. Adriana Francesca Lima (born June 12 1981 is a Brazilian model known for her work with Victoria's Secret and Maybelline cosmetics Karolína Isela Kurková (born February 28, 1984) is a Czech model, best known as one of the Victoria's Secret Angels Daria Werbowy (born November 19, 1983) is a Canadian - Ukrainian model. Gemma Louise Ward (born 3 November 1987 is an Australian model and Actress. Miranda May Kerr (born April 20 1983 is an Australian model, best known as one of the Victoria's Secret Ana Beatriz redirects here for the Brazilian racing driver see Bia Figueiredo. Fernanda Tavares (born on September 22, 1980) is a Brazilian model. Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born July 4, 1983) is a Brazilian Supermodel. Heidi Klum (ˈklʊm born June 1 1973 is a German model, actress TV presenter, Fashion designer, Television producer and occasional singer [3][4] Notable male models include Tyson Beckford, Marcus Schenkenberg, and Evandro Soldati. Tyson Craig Beckford (born December 19 1970 is an American Supermodel and Actor, best known as a Ralph Lauren model Marcus Lodewijk Schenkenberg van Mierop, better known as Marcus Schenkenberg (born 4 August, 1968) is a model, actor singer writer and Evandro Soldati (born April 17 1985 in Brazil is a Brazilian Male supermodel.

History of fashion models

The first true fashion model is generally believed to be Parisian shopgirl, Marie Vernet Worth. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city She became the first professional mannequin in 1853, to help her fashion designer husband, Charles Frederick Worth. Fashion design is the Applied art dedicated to Clothing and lifestyle Accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific time Charles Frederick Worth ( October 13, 1825 &ndash March 10, 1895) widely considered the Father of Haute Couture, was an English [5]

Body type

Main article: Size zero

The Association of Model Agents (AMA) says that female models should be around 34-24-34 inches (86-61-86 cm) and at least 5 ft 8 in (1. Size 0 is a women's clothing size in the US catalog sizes system believed to be equivalent to a UK size 4 or a Europe size 30 73 m) tall. Currently, the height required to do fashion shows has increased. During the last fashion shows in Europe, the average height was 1. 79 m (5 ft 10 in), the average weight was 50 kg (110 lb), with bust between 85 to 90 cm (33. 5 to 35. 4 inches), waist under 62 cm (24. 4 inches), and hips under 90 cm (35. 4 inches), to fit the 34/36 size of haute Couture prototypes. [6] Average dimensions for a male model are a height of 180-188 cm (5'11"-6'2") a weight of 64-75 kg (140-165 lb) and a chest measurement of 38"-42".

The unusually thin shape of fashion models has been criticized for allegedly warping girls' body image and encouraging eating disorders. Body image is a term which may refer to the Perceptions of a human's own Physical appearance, or the internal sense of having a body which is interpreted by the brain An eating disorder is a compulsion to eat or avoid eating that negatively affects both one's physical and mental health [7] Organizers of a fashion show in Madrid in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be underweight by medical personnel who were on hand. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. The term underweight refers to a Human who is considered to be under a healthy Weight. [8] In February 2007, six months after her sister, Luisel Ramos, also a model, died, Uruguayan model Eliana Ramos became the third international model to die of malnutrition in six months (The second victim was Ana Carolina Reston). Luisel Ramos (born c 1984 &ndash August 2, 2006) was a Uruguayan model. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Eliana "Elle" Ramos (c 1988 &ndash February 13, 2007) was a Uruguayan fashion model. Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. Ana Carolina Reston Macan (June 4 1985 &ndash November 15 2006 was a Brazilian fashion model of part Lebanese heritage [9] Luisel Ramos died of heart failure caused by anorexia nervosa. Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric Diagnosis that describes an Eating disorder characterized by low Body weight and Body image distortion

Glamour models

Model Michelle Merkin poses in a semi-nude glamour photography shoot
Model Michelle Merkin poses in a semi-nude glamour photography shoot

Glamour photography emphasizes the model rather than products, fashion or environment. Michele Merkin (born June 25, 1975) is an American model and television host. Glamour photography is the photographing of a model with the emphasis on the subject Typically the sexuality of the model is emphasized in glamour photography, while in fashion photography the emphasis is on the clothes. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing

Early glamour modeling is often associated with "French postcards", small postcard sized images that sold by street vendors in France. A postcard or post card is a rectangular piece of thick Paper or thin cardboard intended for writing and mailing without an Envelope and This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The early 1900s the pinup became popular. A pin-up girl or pin-up model is a model whose mass-produced pictures see wide appeal as Pop culture. Pinups depicted scantily dressed women often in a playful pose seemingly surprised or startled by the viewer. The model would usually have an expression of delight which seemed to invite the viewer to come and play. Betty Grable was one of the most famous pinup models of all time, her pinup in a bathing suit was extremely popular amongst World War II soldiers. Betty Grable ( December 18, 1916 &ndash July 2, 1973) was an American Dancer Singer, and actress World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In December of 1953 Marilyn Monroe was featured in the first issue of Playboy magazine. Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1 1926 &ndash August 5 1962 baptized Norma Playboy is an American Men's magazine, founded in Chicago Illinois, by Hugh Hefner and his associates which has grown into Playboy Playboy became the first magazine which featured nude glamour photography and was targeted to the mainstream consumer. Glamour models became popular in the early 90s with the Hope Talmons and Dita Von Teese that created a gateway into the modern neo models like Heidi Van Horn and Bernie Dexter. Dita Von Teese (born Heather Renée Sweet on September 28 1972 is a popular American Burlesque artist model and actress

Fitness models

Fitness modeling centers on displaying an athletic and healthy physique. Fitness models resemble bodybuilders, but with less emphasis on muscle size. Bodybuilding is the process of maximizing Muscle hypertrophy. Their body weight is usually similar to (or slightly heavier than) fashion models, but they have a lower body fat percentage due to increased muscle mass relative to fat mass. An animal's total body fat percentage is the total weight of the animal's fat divided by the animal's weight and reflects both essential fat and storage fat They are usually muscular. The most recognized by name fitness models are Sebastian Siegel, Michael O'Hearn, Christian Boeving and Clark Bartram. Sebastian Siegel (born March 6, 1974) is a British-American Film and Television Actor. Michael (Mike O'Hearn (born on January 26, 1969) is an American Bodybuilder, powerlifter and fitness model

Bikini models

Bikini models are similar to fitness models with emphasis on a fit physique and the beauty of the female curves. A bikini or two-piece is a type of women's Swimsuit, characterized by two separate parts &mdash one covering the Breasts (optionally in the case of Bikini models are usually curvaceous and fit.

For women models, usually the models can be shorter- more around 5' 5"-5' 8" (1. 65 m - 1. 73 m) and need to be about 100 pounds (45 kg) or lighter.

Fine art models

Main article: Model (art)

Photographers, painters, sculptors, and other artists hire models to pose for their art. Art modeling involves the posing of a model, an often paid sometimes even professional human subject as an aid in creating a portrait or other work of Art

Alternative models

Main article: Fetish model

An alternative model is any model that does not fit into the normal category. A fetish model is a model who wears fetish clothing and/or devices Alternative modelling is a branch of the modelling industry that features models who do not conform to mainstream ideals of beauty Punk, Goth, Fetish, Tattooed, or having a uniqueness outside other model types. These mix with high fashion and art models.

Body part models

Some modeling agencies have divisions which represent male and female models with particularly attractive body parts. A modeling agency is a company that represent fashion models, to work for the fashion industry For example, hand models may be used to promote nail care products, leg models are useful for showcasing tights, and wrist models are used to showcase watches or bracelets. A hand model is a person who models (poses or displays their hand or hands for the purposes of Art, Fashion or other products or Advertising Petite models or females who are under 5' 7" (1. 7 m) have found success through body part modeling. An example of a petite body part model is Isobella Jade.

Working conditions

Despite the stereotype of modeling as a glamorous profession, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics the median wage for models was only $11. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS) a unit of the United States Department of Labor, is the principal fact-finding agency for the U 22 per hour in 2006. [10] MarketWatch listed modeling as one of the worst ten jobs in America. MarketWatch operates a financial information website that provides business news analysis and stock market data to some 6 million people [10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Rosemary Ranck, "The First Supermodel", The New York Times February 9, 1997 (online) retrieved September 24, 2006
  2. ^ Supermodels don't exist anymore, says Claudia Schiffer Source: news. Child modeling refers to children posing for artistic works photographs and/or other media as a regular activity A cover girl is a woman whose Photograph features on the front cover of a Magazine. Figure drawing is an exercise in Drawing the human body in its various shapes and positions "Hip hop" models are female models who appear in mainstream rap music videos magazines calendars and other forms of media The following is a list of notable Black fashion models B Tyra Banks - first African-American to grace the covers of GQ, Sports Illustrated's A Modeling site is an Internet Website which caters to Models (the profession A promotional model is a person hired to drive Consumer demand for a product service brand or concept by directly interacting with consumers Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. com. au. Article from: Reuters. Retrieved September 13, 2007. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  3. ^ MODELS.com's Top 25 Sexiest Models - 5-1
  4. ^ MODELS.com's Icons - 5-1
  5. ^ history from modelworker
  6. ^ Presque Top Model Oct 06
  7. ^ USA Today: Do thin models warp girls' body image?
  8. ^ CNN: Skinny models banned from catwalk
  9. ^ Ban on stick-think models illegal, Jennifer Melocco, The Daily Telegraph, February 16, 2007.
  10. ^ a b Mantell, Ruth. "The 10 worst jobs in America: Low pay, no benefits put these workers in a tough spot", MarketWatch, Dow Jones, November 1, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes  

External links

The Fashion Model Directory ( FMD) is an Online Database of information about female fashion models, modeling agencies and fashion
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