Moab (Hebrew: מוֹאָב, Standard Moʾav Tiberian Môʾāḇ ; Greek Μωάβ ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab ; Egyptian Mu'ab) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in modern-day Jordan running along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. Tiberian Hebrew is an extinct (yet very well documented Oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Egyptian is an Afro-Asiatic language most closely related to the Berber, Semitic, Somali and Beja languages Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between In ancient times, it was home to the kingdom of the Moabites, a people often in conflict with their Israelite neighbors to the west. The Moabites were an historical people, whose existence is attested to by numerous archeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel. The Mesha Stele (popularized in the 19th century as the "Moabite Stone") is a black Basalt stone bearing an inscription by the 9th century BC Omri ( short for) was king of Israel and father of Ahab. William F The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel' ^[1] Their capital was Dibon, located next to the modern Jordanian town of Dhiban. Dhiban is a modern town in Jordan, approximately 70 kilometers south of Amman and east of the Dead Sea.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 History 3.1 Origins 4 Moabite and Israelite Relations 4.1 Biblical Narrative (through the conquest by Israel) 4.2 Reassertion of Independence 4.3 Decline and Fall 5 Economy 6 Religion 7 In Jewish law 8 Moabit in Berlin 9 See also 10 References 11 Resources

Etymology

The etymology of the word is uncertain. The earliest gloss is found in the Septuagint^[2] which explains the name, in obvious allusion to the account of Moab's parentage, as ἐκ τοῦ πατρός μου. The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the Other etymologies which have been proposed regard it as a corruption of "seed of a father," or as a participial form from "to desire," thus connoting "the desirable (land). " Rashi explains the word Moav to mean "from the father", since "av" in Hebrew means father. For the astrological concept see Rāshi (Jyotiṣa. Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, (רבי שלמה יצחקי better known by the acronym Rashi Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian He writes that as a result of the immodesty of Moav's name, God didn't command the Jews to refrain from inflicting pain upon the Moabites in the manner in which He did with regards to the Ammonites. Fritz Hommel^[3] regards "Moab" as an abbreviation of "Immo-ab" = "his mother is his father. Fritz Hommel ( 31 July 1854, Ansbach - 17 April 1936, Munich) was a German Orientalist. "

Geography

Moab occupied a plateau about 3,000 feet (910 m) above the level of the Mediterranean, or 4,300 feet (1,300 m) above the Dead Sea, and rising gradually from north to south. In Geology and Earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between

It was bounded on the west by the Dead Sea and the southern section of the Jordan River; on the east by Ammon and the Arabian desert, from which it was separated by low, rolling hills; and on the south by Edom. This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia Ammon or Ammonites ( also referred to in the Bible as the "children of Ammon" were a people (also known from Assyrian and other records living east The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The northern boundary varied, but in general it may be said to have been represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea.

In Ezekiel xxv. The Book of Ezekiel is a book of the Hebrew Bible (of the Books of the Bible) named after the prophet Ezekiel. 9 the boundaries are given as being marked by Beth-jeshimoth (north), Baal-meon (east), and Kiriathaim (south). A Biblical name Baal-meon, meaning Lord of Dwelling was the name of a town of Reuben, that some have identified as modern-day M'ain in Israel

That these limits were not fixed, however, is plain from the lists of cities given in Isaiah xv. Isaiah (; Greek:, Ēsaiās; Arabic: اشعیاء, Ash-ee-yaa; "Salvation of/is YHWH " is -xvi. and Jeremiah xlviii. Jeremiah ( jirmɛ'jahu; Septuagint Greek: Ἰερεμίας was one of the 'greater prophets ' of the Hebrew Bible. , where Heshbon, Elealeh, and Jazer are mentioned to the north of Beth-jeshimoth; Madaba, Beth-gamul, and Mephaath to the east of Baalmeon; and Dibon, Aroer, Bezer, Jahaz, and Kirhareseth to the south of Kiriathaim. Heshbon (also (HEsebon, Esbous Esebus Arabic حسبان was an ancient town located east of the Jordan River in the modern Hashemite Kingdom of Madaba, مادبا, is the capital city of Madaba Governorate of Jordan, which has a population of about 60 A Biblical name Baal-meon, meaning Lord of Dwelling was the name of a town of Reuben, that some have identified as modern-day M'ain in Israel Dhiban is a modern town in Jordan, approximately 70 kilometers south of Amman and east of the Dead Sea. Aroer ( ערוער) is a town on the north bank of the River Arnon to the east of the Dead Sea, in present-day Jordan. Karak (also Kerak) (Al-Kerak الكرك is a city in Jordan that contains a famous Crusader castle The principal rivers of Moab mentioned in the Bible are the Arnon, the Dimon or Dibon, and the Nimrim. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin

The limestone hills which form the almost treeless plateau are generally steep but fertile. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 In the spring they are covered with grass; and the table-land itself produces grain. Poaceae or Gramineae is a family in the Class Liliopsida of the flowering plants.

In the north are a number of long, deep ravines, and Mount Nebo, famous as the scene of the death of Moses. A ravine is a very small Valley, which is often the product of Streamcutting Erosion. Mount Nebo ( הַר נְבוֹ, Har Nəvō, جبل نيبو Jabal Nībū) is an elevated ridge that is approximately 817 meters (2680 feet ^[4] The rainfall is fairly plentiful; and the climate, despite the hot summer, is cooler than the area west of the Jordan river, snow falling frequently in winter and in spring.

The plateau is dotted with hundreds of rude dolmens, menhirs, and stone-circles, and contains many ruined villages, mostly of the Roman and Byzantine periods. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The land is now occupied chiefly by Bedouin, though it contains such towns as al-Karak. The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously Karak (also Kerak) (Al-Kerak الكرك is a city in Jordan that contains a famous Crusader castle

The territory occupied by Moab at the period of its greatest extent, before the invasion of the Amorites, divided itself naturally into three distinct and independent portions: The enclosed corner or canton south of the Arnon, (referred to as "field of Moab")^[5] the more open rolling country north of the Arnon, opposite Jericho, and up to the hills of Gilead(called the "land of Moab")^[6] and the district below sea level in the tropical depths of the Jordan valley. Jericho ( Arabic, ʼArīḥā; Hebrew, Standard Yəriḥo Tiberian Yərîḫô Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface ^[7]

History

Origins

The Moabites were likely pastoral nomads settling in the trans-Jordanian highlands. They may have been among the raiders referred to as Habiru in the Amarna letters. Habiru (Ha biru or Apiru or prw (Egyptianwas the name given by various Sumerian Egyptian, Akkadian Hittite, Mitanni The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Whether they were among the nations referred to in the Ancient Egyptian language as Shutu or Shasu is a matter of some debate among scholars. Egyptian is an Afro-Asiatic language most closely related to the Berber, Semitic, Somali and Beja languages Shutu or Sutu is the name given in ancient Akkadian language sources to certain Nomadic groups of the Trans-Jordanian highlands extending deep Shasu is an Egyptian term for Nomads who appeared in the Levant from the fifteenth century BCE all the way to the Third Intermediate Period. The existence of Moab prior to the rise of the Israelite polity can be seen from the colossal statues erected at Luxor by Pharaoh Ramesses II (reigned c. See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. Luxor (in Arabic: الأقصر al-Uqṣur) is a city in Upper (southern Egypt and the capital of Luxor Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods 1279 - 1213 BC). On the base of the second statue in front of the northern pylon of Rameses' temple, Mu'ab is listed among a series of nations conquered by the pharaoh. The capital of Moab was Kir-Hareshet (modern day Kerak). Karak (also Kerak) (Al-Kerak الكرك is a city in Jordan that contains a famous Crusader castle

Moabite and Israelite Relations

According to Genesis, the Moabites were relatives of the Israelites, both peoples tracing their descent back to a common ancestor, Terah. Terah or Térach ( was the father of Abraham mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.

The Moabites had kinship ties to Jacob’s first-born son, Reuben. The clan of Reuben settled in the Transjordan region of Moab. The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine Unfortunately, this also meant that Reuben’s descendents were killed when David waged war on the Moabites. Therefore it was said of Reuben’s descendents: “May Reuben survive and not die out, survive though his men be few!” (Deut. 33:6)

The Moabites were friendly with the Egyptians, having kinship ties with them through Joseph. This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group Joseph or Yosef (יוֹסֵ Standard Yosef Tiberian Yôsēp̄, يوسف Yusuf; "He The principal shrine in Moab was Beth-baal-me’on, which means “house/shrine of the god of On. ” The principal shrine of On was in the sacred city of Heliopolis in Egypt and Joseph married one of the daughters of the high priest of On. Mesha, the King of Moab, built a reservoir at Beth-baal-me’On (II Kings 3). On the Moabite or Mesha Stone (discovered in 1868 at Dibon) it is recorded that King Mesha “reigned in peace over the hundred towns which he had added to the land. And he built Medeba and Beth-diblathen and Beth-baal-me”On, and he set there the … of the land. ” The stone is defaced at this point so we do not know what the King set up, but it was likely an image of his god, Ashtar-Chemosh. Ashtar-Chemosh is Goddess worshipped by the ancient Moabites.

The Moabites welcomed Egyptian protection provided by a chain of border fortresses that enables Egypt to control the Sinai. One of these forts was at Ir-Moab, on the Arnon River. During Joseph’s era Egypt traded with Damascus, moving goods through Moab. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria.

According to one theory, disputes arose between the descendents of Jacob who had been in Egypt and their cousins who had remained in Canaan. One of these disputes focused on the shrine at Beth-baal-me’On. The priest Phineas received assurances that the Moabites were faithful to Yahweh and that the shrine was “not for burnt offerings or other sacrifices but as a witness between us and you and between our descendents after us, attesting that we too have the right to worship Yahweh, in his presence, with our burnt offerings. ” (Josh. 22:26,27) This dispute apparently led to the expunging of the place name “Beth-baal-me’On” from the text in Joshua 22. The place name was also altered in Numbers 32:38, which deletes the word “beth. ” (It should be noted, however, that it is difficult to argue from something which, apparently, has been expunged from the text which is supposed to prove its existence! The passage in Joshua attributes the building of the disputed altar to the two and a half tribes who remained on the East Bank, and it was these Jews, not the Moabites who had been severely depleted in a war of extermination, who gave assurances of orthodoxy. The location is given as the - unidentified - place "Geliloth", not Beth-baal-me'On". )

The Moabites were to be excluded from the assembly of worshippers, because: “They did not come to meet you with food and drink when you were on your way out of Egypt, and even hired Balaam, son of Beor, to oppose you by cursing you. ” (Deut. 23:5) This also reflects the dispute between those who were in Egypt and those who remained in the land. Those who remained in the land had contacted the Aramean diviner, Balaam (a descendent of Abraham’s brother, Nahor) to discern for them the Israelites intentions in coming to Moab. The Israelites made the Moabites nervous because of what they had “done to the Amorites” and “because there were so many of them” (Num. 22:1). Balaam refused to curse the Israelites, telling the King of Moab that he would do only as Yahweh directed.

The claim that the Moabites refused hospitality to the Israelite clans is doubtful, according to Scriptural evidence. The clans that left Egypt journeyed by stages, making contact with kinsmen at each stage. The first people to help them were their cousins the Midianites (descendents of Abraham by Keturah) in the region of the Midianite sacred mountain of Horeb (Deut. 29:1). The second people were the Edomites (descendents of Abraham by Sarah) in the region of the Edomite sacred mountain, Paran (Deut. 33:2). Crossing through Edomite territory, the Israelites moved northeast into Moab. They visited the Town of Moab, where Lot’s descendents lived, and Beth-baal-me’On, where they had kin also. Finally, they worshipped on Mount Nebo (Deut. 32:49), where Moses died. At each of these sacred sites, the reunion of the clans was celebrated by a covenant that included a night-long feast. These covenants likely resembled the covenant made between Jacob and Laban at Mizpah (Gen. 31:44-54).

Biblical Narrative (through the conquest by Israel)

The conflict between the Israelites and the Moabites is expressed in the biblical narrative describing the Moabites' incestuous origins. According to the story, Moab was the son of Lot, through his eldest daughter, with whom he had a child after the destruction of Sodom. According to the Bible and the Quran, Lot ( Arabic: لوط, Lūṭ |; "Hidden covered" was the Nephew The Bible then explains the etymology of Moab as meaning "of his father". Nevertheless, there was considerable interchange between the two peoples, and the Bible in the Book of Ruth traces King David's lineage to a Moabite woman. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin This article is about the ancient Hebrew religious text For the 20th-century English-language novel see The Book of Ruth (novel The Book of Ruth David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible

According to Genesis 19:30-38, Moab was the son of Abraham's nephew Lot by his elder daughter, while Ben Ammi was Moab's half-brother by a similar union of Lot with his younger child. Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: According to the Bible and the Quran, Lot ( Arabic: لوط, Lūṭ |; "Hidden covered" was the Nephew Ben Ammi (born Ben Carter in the United States, 1939 also known as Ben Ammi Ben-Israel (בן עמי בן-ישראל meaning "Son of my People Son The close ethnological affinity of Moab and Ammon which is thus attested^[8] is confirmed by their subsequent history, while their kinship with the Israelites is equally certain, and is borne out by the linguistic evidence of the Moabite Stone. See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields The Mesha Stele (popularized in the 19th century as the "Moabite Stone") is a black Basalt stone bearing an inscription by the 9th century BC They are also mentioned in close connection with the Amalekites,^[9] the inhabitants of Mount Seir^[10], the Edomites^[11], the Canaanites^[12], the Sethites^[13] and the Philistines. According to the Book of Genesis and 1 Chronicles, Amalek ( Arabic, عماليق, was the son of Eliphaz and the grandson of Mount Seir ( Hebrew: הַר-שֵׂעִיר Har Se'ir formed the south-east border of Edom and Judah, it may also echo the older historical border of Egypt Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, ^[14] The story of Moab's incestuous conception may be intended to relegate the Moabites to a lesser status than that of the Israelites.

The Moabites first inhabited the rich highlands at the eastern side of the chasm of the Dead Sea, extending as far north as the mountain of Gilead, from which country they expelled the Emim, the original inhabitants,^[15] but they themselves were afterward driven southward by warlike tribes of Amorites, who had crossed the river Jordan. From the Scriptures " Gilead " means hill of testimony or mound of witness, ( Genesis 3121 a mountainous region east of the Jordan The Emim was the Moabite name for one of the tribes of Rephaim. Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia These Amorites, described in the Bible as being ruled by King Sihon, confined the Moabites to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary. The Bible describes that as the Israelites in their Exodus came to the country east of the Jordan, near Heshbon, King Siḥon of the Amorites ^[16]

The Israelites, in entering the "promised land", did not pass through the Moabites, (Judges 11:18) but conquered Sihon's kingdom and his capital at Heshbon. After the conquest of Canaan the relations of Moab with Israel were of a mixed character, sometimes warlike and sometimes peaceable. Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. With the tribe of Benjamin they had at least one severe struggle, in union with their kindred the Ammonites and the Amalekites. ^[17] The Benjaminite shofet Ehud ben Gera assassinated the Moabite king Eglon and led an Israelite army against the Moabites at a ford of the Jordan river, killing many of them. Suffete redirects here In Hebrew and several other Semitic languages, shofet (plural shoftim) literally means "Judge" For other uses see Ehud (given name. Ehud ben‑Gera ( Hebrew: אֵהוּד בֶּן‑גֵּרָא, Standard

The story of Ruth, on the other hand, testifies to the existence of a friendly intercourse between Moab and Bethlehem, one of the towns of the tribe of Judah. Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a The Tribe of Judah ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height it was the leading tribe of the Kingdom of Judah, and occupied most of the territory of the kingdom By his descent from Ruth, David may be said to have had Moabite blood in his veins. David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible He committed his parents to the protection of the king of Moab (who may have been his kinsman), when hard pressed by King Saul. Saul (שאול המלך (or Sha'ul) ( Arabic: طالوت,Tālūt ( (reigned 1047 - 1007 BCE is identified in the Books of Samuel, 1 Chronicles (1 Samuel 22:3,4) But here all friendly relations stop forever. The next time the name is mentioned is in the account of David's war, who made the Moabites tributary. ^[18] Moab may have been under the rule of an Israelite governor during this period; among the exiles who returned to Judea from Babylonia were a clan descended from Pahath-Moab, whose name means "ruler of Moab". Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Pahath-moab ( Hebrew "governor of Moab" was the ancestor of a Judahite clan that returned from the Babylonian Exile and assisted in rebuilding

Reassertion of Independence

At the disruption of the kingdom under the reign of Rehoboam, Moab seems to have absorbed into the northern realm. Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel' The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Ammon or Ammonites ( also referred to in the Bible as the "children of Ammon" were a people (also known from Assyrian and other records living east Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Rehoboam ( Hebrew:רחבעם Rehav'am was a king of the ancient Kingdom of Judah, succeeding his father Solomon. It continued in vassaldom to the Kingdom of Israel until the death of Ahab, when the Moabites refused to pay tribute and asserted their independence, making war upon the kingdom of Judah. The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel' Ahab (or Ach'av or) was king of Israel and the son and successor of Omri ( 1 Kings 1629-34 ^[19]

After the death of Ahab the Moabites under Mesha rebelled against Jehoram, who allied himself with Jehoshaphat, King of Kingdom of Judah, and with the King of Edom. Ahab (or Ach'av or) was king of Israel and the son and successor of Omri ( 1 Kings 1629-34 Mesha was a 9th Century BCE King of Moab, a strip of hilly land in present-day Jordan, which lay north of Edom, across the Dead Sea from See Josaphat for other meanings of the name Jehoshaphat or Jehosaphat or Josaphat or Yehoshafat ( was the successor of Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. According to the Bible, the prophet Elisha directed the Israelites dug a series of ditches between themselves and the enemy, and during the night these channels were miraculously filled with water which was as red as blood. Elisha ( Greek el Ελισσαίος Elisaios) is a Biblical prophet Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Deceived by the crimson color into the belief that their opponents had attacked one another, the Moabites became overconfident and were entrapped and utterly defeated at Ziz, near En Gedi,^[20] which states that the Moabites and their allies, the Ammonites and the inhabitants of Mount Seir, mistook one another for the enemy, and so destroyed one another). Ein Gedi (עין גדי lit Kid Spring (as in young goat KJV Bible Engedi) is an Oasis located west of the Dead Sea, close According to Mesha's inscription on the Mesha Stele, however, he was completely victorious and regained all the territory of which Israel had deprived him. The Mesha Stele (popularized in the 19th century as the "Moabite Stone") is a black Basalt stone bearing an inscription by the 9th century BC The battle of Ziz is the last important date in the history of the Moabites as recorded in the Bible. In the year of Elisha's death they invaded Israel. ^[21] and later aided Nebuchadnezzar in his expedition against Jehoiakim. Jehoiakim (יהוֹיָקִים "he whom Jehovah has set up" also sometimes spelled Jehoikim) was king of Judah and the second son of king ^[22]

Although allusions to Moab are frequent in the prophetical books^[23] and although two chapters of Isaiah (xv. Nevi'im (נְבִיאִים "Prophets" is the second of the three major sections in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, between the -xvi. ) and one of Jeremiah (xlviii. ) are devoted to the "burden of Moab," they give little information about the land. Its prosperity and pride, which the Israelites believed incurred the wrath of God, are frequently mentioned^[24]; and their contempt for Israel is once expressly noted. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. ^[25]

In the Nimrud clay inscription of Tiglath-pileser III the Moabite king Salmanu (perhaps the Shalman who sacked Beth-arbel in Hosea x. Nimrud is an ancient Assyrian city located south of Nineveh on the river Tigris. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Tiglath-Pileser III (from the Hebraic form of Akkadian: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Esharra" was a prominent king Salmanu was king of Moab during the reign of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III (ruled 745 – 727 BCE) Hosea ( Greek = Ōsēe) was the son of Beeri and a prophet in Israel in the 8th century BCE He is one of the Twelve Prophets 14) is mentioned as tributary to Assyria. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Sargon II mentions on a clay prism a revolt against him by Moab together with Philistia, Judah, and Edom; but on the Taylor prism, which recounts the expedition against Hezekiah, Kammusu-Nadbi (Chemosh-nadab), King of Moab, brings tribute to Sargon as his suzerain. Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kinu "legitimate king" reigned 722 – 705 BC was an Assyrian king The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, This article is about the clay prism found in Nineveh for the optical Taylor prism see Glan-Taylor prism. Hezekiah (or Ezekias) ( Hebrew: Ḥizqiyyāhu Khizkiyahu or Yəḥizqiyyāhu Y'khizkiyahu " the {{LORD}} has strengthened" compare Chemosh-nadab (in Assyrian, Kammusu-Nadbi) was the king of Moab during the reign of Sennacherib. Another Moabite king, Mutzuri ("the Egyptian" ?), is mentioned as one of the subject princes at the courts of Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, while Kaasḥalta, possibly his successor, is named on cylinder B of Assurbanipal. Muẓuri was a ruler of Moab during the reigns of the Assyrian kings Esarhaddon (681-669 BCE and Assurbanipal (669-c Esarhaddon (Greek and Biblical form Akkadian Aššur-ahhe-iddina " Ashur has given a brother to me" was a king of Assyria who reigned Ashurbanipal ( Akkadian: Aššur-bāni-apli, " Ashur has made a son" or "Ashur created an heir" (b Kaasḥalta is mentioned in Assyrian sources as a king of Moab during the reign of Assurbanipal.

Decline and Fall

Sometime during the Persian period Moab disappears from the extant historical record. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Its territory was subsequently overrun by waves of tribes from northern Arabia, including the Kedarites and (later) the Nabataeans. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan In Nehemiah iv. Nehemiah or Nechemya ( 7 the Arabs instead of the Moabites are the allies of the Ammonites. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ^[26] Their country, however, continued to be known by its biblical name for some time; when the Crusaders occupied the area, the castle they built to defend the eastern part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was called Krak des Moabites. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian Karak (also Kerak) (Al-Kerak الكرك is a city in Jordan that contains a famous Crusader castle

Economy

The country of Moab was the source of numerous natural resources, including limestone, salt and balsam from the Dead Sea region. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between The Moabites occupied a vital place along the King's Highway, the ancient trade route connecting Egypt with Mesopotamia, Syria, and Anatolia. The King’s Highway was a Trade route of vital importance to the ancient Middle East. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Like the Edomites and Ammonites, trade along this route gave them considerable revenue.

Religion

References to the religion of Moab are scanty. Most of the Moabites were polytheists like the other early Semites; and they induced the Israelites to join in their sacrifices. Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" ^[27] Their chief god was Chemosh,^[28] so that the Israelites sometimes referred to them rhetorically as the "people of Chemosh". Chemosh (ˈkimɑʃ (from Hebrew כמש, pronounced /χeˈmoʃ/ was the God of the Moabites (Num ^[29] At times, especially in dire peril, human sacrifices were offered to him, as by Mesha, who gave up his son and heir to him. Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing ^[30] Nevertheless, King Solomon built, for this "abomination of Moab," on the hill before Jerusalem, a "high place"^[31] which was not destroyed until the reign of Josiah. King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" Josiah or Yoshiyahu ( was king of Judah, and son of Amon and Jedidah, the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath. ^[32] The Moabite Stone also mentions (line 17) a female counterpart of Chemosh, Ashtar-Chemosh, and a god Nebo (line 14), probably the well-known Babylonian divinity Nabu. Ashtar-Chemosh is Goddess worshipped by the ancient Moabites. Nabu is the Babylonian god of Wisdom and Writing, worshipped by Babylonians as the son of Marduk and his consort Sarpanitum, The cult of Baal-peor^[33] or Peor^[34] seems to have been marked by sexual rites, though this may be exaggeration. The heresy of Peor is an event related in the Torah at Numbers 251-15

In Jewish law

Since the Moabites had opposed the invasion of Canaan, they, like the Ammonites, were excluded from the congregation unto the tenth generation. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. ^[35] This law was violated during the Exile, however; and Ezra and Nehemiah sought to compel a return to the ancient custom of exclusion. ^[36] The Diaspora usage had had royal sanction; the harem of Solomon included Moabite women. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic HAREM is the first evaluation contest of Named entity recognition (NER for Portuguese and its call for participation was announced in September 2004 ^[37]

On the other hand, the marriages of the Bethlehem Ephrathites (of the tribe of Judah) Chilion and Mahlon to the Moabite women Orpah and Ruth^[38], and the marriage of the latter, after her husband's death, to Boaz^[39] who by her was the great-grandfather of David, are mentioned with no shade of reproach. Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a Ephrath or Ephratah ( Hebrew: אפרת\ה is the name of a Biblical place or tribe The Tribe of Judah ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height it was the leading tribe of the Kingdom of Judah, and occupied most of the territory of the kingdom Orpah is a woman mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. She was from Moab and was the daughter-in-law of Naomi and wife of Mahlon. This article is about the ancient Hebrew religious text For the 20th-century English-language novel see The Book of Ruth (novel The Book of Ruth Boaz ( Heb בועז) is a major figure in The Book of Ruth in the Bible. David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible The Talmudic explanation, however, is that the language of the law only applies to Moabite and Ammonite men (Hebrew, like all Semitic languages, is gendered). Another interpretation is that the Book of Ruth is simply reporting the events in an impartial fashion, leaving any praise or condemnation to be done by the reader.

Moabit in Berlin

One of the explanations offered for the name of the Moabit area of Berlin is that the name is derived from the name of the Biblical Moab and was given to the area by its first urban inhabitants, Old Testament minded Huguenot refugees from France. Moabit is an Inner city locality of Berlin. Since Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it belongs to the newly regrouped governmental borough Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth

See also

• List of rulers of Moab
• Canaanite language
• Children of Eber
• Habiru
• Moabite language
• Nabataea
• Oultrejordain

References

Resources

• Routledge, Bruce. 'Moab in the Iron Age:Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology,' 2004. The most comprehensive treatment of Moab to date.
• Bienkowski, Piotr (ed. ) Early Edom and Moab: The Beginning of the Iron Age in Southern Jordan (1992).
• Dearman, Andrew (ed. ) Studies in the Mesha inscription and Moab (1989).
• Jacobs, Joseph and Louis H. Gray. "Moab." Jewish Encyclopedia. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906, which cites to the following bibliography:

• Tristram, The Land of Moab, London, 1874;
• George Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, ib. 1897;
• Clermont-Ganneau, Recueil d'Archéologie Orientale, ii. 185-234, Paris, 1889;
• Baethgen, Beiträge zur Semitischen Religionsgeschichte, Berlin, 1888;
• Smith, Rel. of Sem. Edinburgh, 1894. J. L. H. G.
• Hertz, J. H. , The Pentateuch and Haftoras: Deuteronomy, Oxford, 1936, Oxford University Press.

• Moabite rulers on Bruce Gordon's Regnal Chronologies (also at [1])
• Gutenberg E-text of Patriarchal Palestine by Archibald Henry Sayce (1895)
• Moab entry in Smith's Bible Dictionary
• Moab on Nabataea.net
• Moab on Ancientroute.com
• Book of Judges article (Jewish Encyclopedia)
• The King's Calendar: The Secret of Qumran (Fundamentalist reconstruction of chronology for Israel's Period of the Judges 1412 BCE to 1039 BCE)

This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain. Smith's Bible Dictionary is a 19th century Bible dictionary containing upwards of four thousand entries The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic