An early pirate 8 track mixtape from 1974

The compact audio cassette brought homemade mixes of pop songs within the reach of the casual music fan. The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a Magnetic tape sound Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure Fans in Little Italyjpg|thumb|right|Fans in Little Italy Manhattan celebrating the victory of the Italian association football team after the 2006 FIFA World Cup]][[Image Wm-oly-de-cr

A mixtape is a compilation of songs recorded in a specific order, traditionally onto a compact audio cassette. A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a Magnetic tape sound

A mixtape, which usually reflects the musical tastes of its compiler, can range from a casually selected list of favorite songs, to a conceptual mix of songs linked by a theme or mood, to a highly personal statement tailored to the tape's intended recipient. The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle A theme, from Old French tesme, is a broad idea in a story or literary work or a message or lesson conveyed by a written text Essayist Geoffrey O'Brien has called the personal mixtape "the most widely practiced American art form,"^[1] and many mixtape enthusiasts believe that by carefully selecting and ordering the tracks in a mix, an artistic statement can be created that is greater than the sum of its individual songs, much as an album of pop music in the post-Beatles era can be considered as something more than a collection of singles. Geoffrey G O'Brien is an American poet. His books include The Guns and Flags Project ( University of California Press, 2002 Green and Gray The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual An album or record album is a collection of related audio or Music tracks distributed to the public Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960

With the advent of affordable, consumer-level digital audio, creating and distributing mixes in the form of compact disc or MP3 playlists has become the contemporary method of choice, but the term mixtape is still commonly used, even for mixes in different media (CD, MP3, MiniDisc, audio cassette 8 track, etc. Digital audio uses Digital signals for Sound reproduction. This includes analog-to-digital conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, storage A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression In its most general form a playlist is simply a list of Songs The term has several specialized meanings in the realms of Radio Broadcasting and A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression A MiniDisc ( MD) is a Magneto-optical disc-based Data storage device initially intended for storage of up to 80 minutes of digitized audio The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a Magnetic tape sound ). Video mixtapes have emerged as well. A video mixtape (VMT is a bootleg collection of clips from movies television or home videos that's being circulated mostly through an underground movement of video enthousiasts

History

The most common early mixtapes were bootleg 8 track tapes that were sold at flea markets and truck stops in the late 60's through the early 80's, with names like "Super 73", "Country Chart Toppers" or "Top Pops 1977". A bootleg recording is an audio and/or Video recording of a performance that was not officially released by the artist or under other legal authority

Homemade mixtapes became common in the 1980s. Although the compact audio cassette by Philips appeared at the 1963 Berlin radio show, the sound quality of cassettes was not good enough to be seriously considered for music recording until further advances in tape formulations, including the advent of chrome and metal tape. The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a Magnetic tape sound Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Before the introduction of the audio cassette, the creation of a pop music compilation required specialized or cumbersome equipment, such as a reel-to-reel or 8 track recorder, that was often inaccessible to the casual music fan. Reel-to-reel, open reel tape recording is the form of magnetic tape audio recording in which the recording medium is held on a Reel, rather than being Fans in Little Italyjpg|thumb|right|Fans in Little Italy Manhattan celebrating the victory of the Italian association football team after the 2006 FIFA World Cup]][[Image Wm-oly-de-cr As cassette tapes and recorders grew in popularity and portability, these technological hurdles were lowered to the point where the only resources required to create a mix were a handful of cassettes and a cassette recorder connected to a source of prerecorded music, such as a radio or LP player. A gramophone The 8-track tape cartridge was more popular for music recording during much of the 1960s, as the cassette was originally only mono and intended for vocal recordings only, such as in office dictation machines. But improvements in fidelity finally allowed the cassette to become a major player. The ready availability of the cassette and higher quality home recording decks to serve the home casual user allowed the cassette to become the dominant tape format, to the point that the 8 track tape nearly disappeared shortly after the turn of the 1980s. The growth of the mixtape was also encouraged by improved quality and increased popularity of audio cassette players in car entertainment systems, and by the introduction of the Sony Walkman in 1979. Car audio/video (car AV is a term used to describe the sound or video system fitted in an Automobile. Walkman is a popular Sony Brand used to market its portable audio and Video players

A distinction should be drawn between a private mixtape, which is usually intended for a specific listener or private social event, and a public mixtape, or "party tape", usually consisting of a recording of a club performance by a DJ and intended to be sold to multiple individuals. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience In the 1970s, such DJs as Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, Afrika Bambaataa and the Soulsonic Force, Kool Herc and the Herculoids, DJ Breakout, the Funky Four, and DJ Hollywood would often distribute recordings of their club performances via audio cassette, as well as customized recordings (often prepared at exorbitant prices) for individual tape purchasers. Joseph Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown Barbados) better known as Grandmaster Flash, is an American Hip hop musician Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five was a highly influential hip hop group comprised of Grandmaster Flash, Melle Mel, Kid Creole, Cowboy Scorpio Afrika Bambaataa (born Kevin Donovan on April 17, 1957) is an American DJ from the South Bronx, who was instrumental in the Clive Campbell (born April 16 1955 AKA Kool Herc, DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Herc, is a Jamaican-born DJ who is credited as originating Hip hop DJ Hollywood (born December 10, 1954) is an American Old school hip hop DJ and Rapper. These recordings tended to be of higher technical ability than home-made mixtapes and incorporated techniques such as beatmatching and scratching. Beatmatching is a Disc jockey technique of Pitch shifting or Timestretching a track to match its Tempo to that of the currently playing track "Scratching" is also a Present participle of " Scratch " and may also refer to a form of street art Scratching One 12 October 1974 article in Billboard Magazine reported, "Tapes were originally dubbed by jockeys to serve as standbys for times when they did not have disco turntables to hand. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. See Billboard (Turkish magazine Billboard is a weekly American Magazine devoted to the Music industry In Sound recording, dubbing is the transfer or copying of previously recorded audio material from one medium to another of the same or a different type The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s The tapes represent each jockey's concept of programming, placing, and sequencing of record sides. The music is heard without interruption. One- to three-hour programs bring anywhere from $30 to $75 per tape, mostly reel-to-reel, but increasingly on cartridge and cassette. " Club proprietors, as well as DJs, would often prepare such tapes for sale.

The CD-R disc is currently the most common medium for homemade mixes

Throughout the 1980s, mixtapes were a highly visible element of youth culture. A CD-R ( C ompact D isc- R ecordable is a variation of the Compact Disc invented by Philips and Sony. A youth subculture is a Youth -based Subculture with distinct styles behaviours and interests However, the increased availability of CD burners and MP3 players and the gradual disappearance of cassette players in cars and households have led to a decline in the popularity of the compact audio cassette as a medium for homemade mixes. In Computing, an optical disc drive ( ODD) is a Disk drive that uses Laser light or electromagnetic waves near the Light spectrum The high point of traditional mixtape culture was arguably the publication of Nick Hornby's novel High Fidelity in 1995. Nick Hornby (born 17 April 1957 in Redhill Surrey, England is an English Novelist and Essayist. High Fidelity is a 1995 British Novel by Nick Hornby. It was adapted into a 2000 film directed by Stephen Frears Since then, mixtapes have largely been replaced by mix CDs and shared MP3 playlists, which are more durable, can hold more songs, and require minutes (rather than hours) to prepare. While some mixtape enthusiasts bemoan the obsolescence of the cassette tape, others concede that the greater convenience offered by the mix CD has expanded the possibilities and accessibility of the medium, as indicated by the recent resurgence of mix-swapping clubs that trade mix CDs by regular mail. Some mix enthusiasts also appreciate the potential of the mix CD for extended, continuous mixes and creative album art.

Today, websites concerned with electronic music provide mixes in a digital format. ^[2][3] These usually consist of recorded DJ sets of live, beat-matched mixes of songs, which are used by DJs seeking to demonstrate their mixing skills to an online audience. Some radio shows worldwide specialize in mix series, including The Breezeblock on BBC Radio 1, The Solid Steel Show (formerly on KISS-FM), and The BTTB Show. The Breezeblock was a weekly radio program on BBC Radio 1 that premiered on 17 February 1997 and focused on Electronic music. Solid Steel is the name of a series of DJ mix albums issued on Ninja Tune Independent record label in the UK. KISS-FM (995 is an Active rock station serving the San Antonio Texas area

Additionally, DJs like DJ Spooky, Grandmaster Flash, DJ Z-Trip or DJ Shadow, The Avalanches, and RJD2 have gained fame for creating new songs by combining fragments of existing songs (which need not necessarily belong to the same genre). DJ Spooky That Subliminal Kid (born Paul D Miller,1970 is a Washington DC-born electronic and experimental Hip hop musician whose work is often called " Joseph Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown Barbados) better known as Grandmaster Flash, is an American Hip hop musician DJ Z-Trip (born Zach Sciacca) is a Phoenix Arizona native he was known early in his career for performing with the Bombshelter DJs ( DJ Emile DJ Shadow (born Josh Davis, June 29, 1972) is an American music producer, DJ and Songwriter. The Avalanches is an Electronic music group from Melbourne, Australia, best known for its live DJ sets and debut album Since I Left You RJD2 (born Ramble John "RJ" Krohn on May 27 1976) is an American music producer, Singer and Musician The resulting remix or mash-up can be seen as an evolution of the mixtape, in that it appropriates existing songs to give them new meanings through their juxtaposition, but does so in a quicker, more integrated style. A remix is an alternative version of a song different from the original version A mashup or bootleg (also mash up and mash-up) is a song or composition created from the combination of the music from one song with the A cappella This practice is heavily derived from the use of song loops as musical backdrops for an MC's rhymes in hip hop music, which is also related to turntablism. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Turntablism is the art of manipulating sounds and creating music using phonograph turntables and a DJ mixer.

Mixtapes vs. compilations

Many commercially available compilations of pop music initially seem to share certain important characteristics with mixtapes. Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure Like many private mixes, a significant number of the earliest pop LPs were essentially collections of popular singles, and such compilation albums have often taken cues from underground mixes of the same era. A compilation album is an Album ( Music or Spoken-word) featuring tracks from one or multiple Recording artists, often culled from a variety of One example is Disco Par-r-r-ty, the first nonstop dancing LP record, which was released by Spring Records in October 1974. Consisting of a continuous mix of songs by such artists as James Brown, Mandrill, and Barry White, it was clearly inspired by the bootleg DJ mixes that were becoming popular at the same time. James Joseph Brown Jr (May 3 1933 – December 25 2006 commonly referred to as "The Godfather of Soul" the "King of Funk" and "The Mandrill is a Funk band formed in Brooklyn, New York City in 1968 Barry Eugene White (born Barrence Eugene Carter, &ndash) was an American Record producer, Songwriter and Singer. However, the relative anonymity of the compilers of such albums is arguably inconsistent with the rationale behind most mixtapes, which typically reflect the musical tastes of a single compiler. While the editors of such compilations do exercise a certain amount of discretion over song order and selection, the term mixtape is generally restricted to a compilation where the identity of the compiler is clearly associated with the album itself. For example, Starbucks, the coffee chain, sells a compilation CD series called Artist's Choice, which consists of mixes based on selections by such artists as Johnny Cash, Tony Bennett, and Sheryl Crow. Starbucks Corporation ( is an international Coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle Washington. Johnny Cash (born J R Cash; February 26 1932 - September 12 2003 was a Grammy Award -winning American country Singer-songwriter. Tony Bennett (born Anthony Dominick Benedetto; August 3 1926) is an American Singer of popular music, standards Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American Singer-songwriter and Musician. Similarly, Apple Computer's iTunes Store features Celebrity Playlists, downloadable mixtapes in AAC-compatible form, selected by such artists as Moby, Barry Manilow, and Andrew W.K. The Late Night Tales series has seen artists such as Four Tet and Turin Brakes make their own compilations that are distributed in mainstream record shops such as HMV. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics The iTunes Store is a software-based online Digital media store operated by Apple Inc Richard Melville Hall, also known as Moby (born September 11, 1965 in Harlem, New York) is an American DJ Barry Manilow (born June 17, 1943) is an American Singer-songwriter, Musician, arranger, producer and conductor Andrew WK (born Andrew Fetterly Wilkes-Krier) ( May 9, 1979) is a Rock musician from the United States.

The presence of an identifiable compiler whose tastes are reflected in song selection and arrangement allow retail mix CDs to be distinguished from other types of compilations. The distinction can be rather subtle. For example, while most "greatest hits" compilations of individual recording artists consist of a collection of singles in chronological order, others include album tracks, new songs, or obscure selections in addition to established hits, and sometimes reorder the songs for optimal listening. As such, these compilations can be seen as "artist-specific" mixes selected and arranged by the artists themselves.

One could also argue that the modern movie soundtrack, which often consists of selected pop music tracks (rather than the traditional orchestral score) is a mixtape with songs selected by the film's director or music supervisor.

Legal issues in the U. S.

One important distinction between homemade mixes and retail compilations of pop music is that the latter generally obtain permissions for the use of copyrighted songs, while the former do not. As a result, mixtapes such as those produced and sold by club DJs in the 1970s are illegal (although rarely, if ever, prosecuted) under the definition of fair use expressed in the Copyright Act of 1976. The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the Common law Adversarial system, or the civil law Fair use is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders such as use for History and purpose Before the 1976 Act the last major revision to statutory copyright law in the United States occurred in 1909 Most mixtape enthusiasts assume that private mixtapes are inoffensive from a fair use standpoint, but this is far from clear. An article in the New York Times cites Frank Creighton, a director of anti-copyright infringement efforts for the Recording Industry Association of America, as saying that "money did not have to be involved for copying to be illegal. "^[4] While mixes on cassette tapes may not have inspired the wrath of the record industry in the past, Mr. Creighton said, "digital mixes have better sound quality. " And given the proliferation of CD burning for friends and relatives, "it would be naive of us to say that we should allow that type of activity", he said. Others have argued that the Audio Home Recording Act protects the noncommercial use of home recording devices.

Aesthetics

While the process of recording a mix onto an audio cassette from LPs or compact discs is technically straightforward, many music fans who create more than one mixtape are eventually compelled to confront some of the practical and aesthetic challenges involved in the mixtape format. From a practical standpoint, such issues as avoiding an excessive amount of blank tape at the end of one side (which requires careful planning of the length of each side of the mix) and reducing the audible click between songs (which requires mastery of the pause button on the cassette recorder) have been identified as part of the shared experience of mixtape aficionados. From an aesthetic point of view, many enthusiasts believe that because a tape player, unlike a CD player, lacks the ability to skip from song to song, the mixtape needs to be considered in its entirety. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called This requires the mixtape creator to consider the transitions between songs, the effects caused by juxtaposing a soft song with a loud song, and the overall "narrative arc" of the entire tape. A narrative or story is a construct created in a suitable format (written spoken poetry prose images song Theater, or Dance) that describes a sequence of One notable listing of such aesthetic "rules" can be found in a paragraph from Nick Hornby's High Fidelity:

Many enthusiasts also devote substantial attention to the packaging of a mixtape intended as a gift, sometimes going so far as to create cover art and customized liner notes. The cover of the original McSweeney's edition of 31 Songs, a 2003 essay collection by Nick Hornby, was intended to suggest the packaging of a homemade mix CD. McSweeney's is an American publishing house founded by editor Dave Eggers, author of the books You Shall Know Our Velocity, 31 Songs (published in the United States of America as Songbook) is a 2002 collection of 26 essays by English writer Nick Hornby Nick Hornby (born 17 April 1957 in Redhill Surrey, England is an English Novelist and Essayist. It also came with an actual CD featuring ten of the songs discussed in the text. Indeed, the look of mixtapes, featuring hand-written notes on the recording medium manufacturer's supplied labels, has become one of the aesthetic conventions of modern design, a distinct style that designers may attempt to copy or cite.

From an artistic point of view, many creators of mixtapes seem to regard them as a form of emotional self-expression, although whether a mixtape retains the same web of emotional associations when passed from its creator to the recipient is, at best, debatable. Some argue that in selecting, juxtaposing, or even editing originally unrelated tracks of pop music into a new work of art, the "author" of a mixtape moves from passive listener to archivist, editor, and finally active participant in the process of musical creation. An archivist is a professional who assesses collects organizes preserves maintains control over and provides access to information determined to have long-term value Editing Language, Images or Sound through correction condensation organization and other modifications in various media (Some legitimacy for this viewpoint was provided by Cassette Stories, a 2003 exhibition at the Museum of Communication in Hamburg, Germany, which featured stories and submissions from eighty mixtape enthusiasts. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany ) However, this perception of the mixtape as a work of art has been criticized as resulting in a sort of elitism, with creators becoming more concerned with finding arcane and surprising combinations of tracks than with creating a tape that is listenable, enjoyable, or appropriate to its intended recipient. (In High Fidelity, for example, the narrator's girlfriend complains that his mixtapes are too didactic. ) On a very basic level, the creation of a mixtape can be seen as an expression of the individual compiler's taste in music, often put forward for the implicit approval of the tape's recipient, and in many cases as a tentative step towards building the compiler's personal canon of pop music.

Types of mixtapes

Although a "comprehensive" list of the different genres or categories of mixtapes could be extended indefinitely, and probably to no useful end, creating a taxonomy of mixtapes is a project that many mixtape enthusiasts have intuitively attempted. The different types of mixtapes identified on such community sites as FoundTrack and Art of the Mix (which lists over two hundred genres, sometimes tongue-in-cheek) suggest the variety of potential categories. Beyond such basic genres as the simple taping of an entire album, the collection of favorite songs, and the "snapshot" mix of recent favorites, some of the more commonly cited categories (most of which are self-explanatory) include the driving mix, the workout mix, the party mix, the krazy mix (eclectic selections of obscure, rare or otherwise unconventional tracks), the didactic mix (intended to educate the recipient as to the essential works of a particular artist or genre), the concept / theme mix (a mix of Christmas songs, songs about cars, or covers of songs by a particular artist or similar), and the mood mix (simply a mix of songs intended to sustain a specific mood, stated or unstated - notable sub genres include the romantic mix and the break-up mix). As times changed, mixtapes eventually made their way onto television screens by video mix DJs (i. e. , DJ SWB). The SilverScreen DJ DJ SWB, one of New York's premier Mixtape DJs also known as the The Silver Screen DJ.

Mixtapes in hip hop

The mixtape format is becoming increasingly popular as a way of generating hype for hip hop artists. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with An unsigned artist might release several mixtapes to generate buzz, leading to interest from record labels, while a signed artist may release a mixtape to promote a future studio album, in a sales model relying on word of mouth to increase the artist's street cred. Word of mouth, is a reference to the passing of Information by verbal means especially recommendations but also general information in an informal person-to-person Credibility refers to the objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message Often each track on a promotional hip hop mixtape will feature the same artist, thus making it more difficult to differentiate from a standard album. However, these mixtapes will usually have much lower production values than a studio album (such as housing "Demo" or roughly-mixed versions of the tracks), and contain numerous collaborations, remixes, freestyles and voice-overs, often arranged in a specific flowing fashion, much like retail albums are. Freestyle rap is an Improvisational form of Rapping, performed with few or no previously composed Lyrics, which is said to reflect a direct mapping of the

Most hip hop mixtapes are professionally packaged, with a pressed CD and artwork, and are often housed in a slim-format jewel case, rather than the more expensive full jewel cases most retail albums come in. Optical disc packaging is the Packaging that accompanies CDs DVDs and other formats of optical media. Hip hop mixtapes are usually sold on the street, given out at the artists' live shows, or through independent record dealers or mail order. Mail order is a term which describes the Buying of goods or services by Mail delivery Many mixtapes are also sold or given away for free in Mp3 format over the internet. MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression

In the Mixtape, Inc. documentary, filmmakers attempt to show the importance of an otherwise illegal practice (specifically hip hop mixtapes) and how it relates to the growing popularity of this music genre.

Although hip hop mixtapes have been instrumental in supplementing the marketing and promotions endeavors of record labels, and are utilized by major acts with the implicit support of their labels, the Recording Industry Association of America, a political lobby group funded by the major record corporations, classifies these mixtapes as bootleg or pirated music CDs.

Mixtapes in global culture

All of the references to mixtapes cited above come from media sources in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, or continental Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The use of mixtapes in other countries is less documented. However, it seems reasonable to believe that mixes exist wherever access to popular music is combined with a convenient means of recording homemade compilations (although mixtapes may not have been a significant element of the youth culture in such countries). A youth subculture is a Youth -based Subculture with distinct styles behaviours and interests For example, Sarah Erdman's 2003 book Nine Hills to Nambonkaha includes a description of the tape collection of a middle-class African in Côte d'Ivoire:

One should also note that in Africa, India, and parts of the Middle East, audio cassettes currently remain the most popular medium for prerecorded music. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. This suggests that the compact audio cassette may still be the preferred medium for mixes in at least some parts of the world.

See also

• Mix Tape: The Art of Cassette Culture
• Postmodernism
• MP3 CD

References

Further reading

• Ellis, Bret Easton (1986). Less Than Zero. ISBN 0-679-78149-8
• Erdman, Sarah (2003). Nine Hills to Nambonkaha: Two Years in the Heart of An African Village. ISBN 0-8050-7381-7
• Gallagher, David (30 January 2003). Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. For the mix tape, a digital upgrade and notoriety. The New York Times.
• Hornby, Nick (1995). High Fidelity. ISBN 1-57322-551-7
• Hornby, Nick (2003). Songbook. ISBN 1-57322-356-5
• Keller, Joel (22 January 2004). Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " PCs killed the mix-tape star. Salon. com.
• Mobley, Max (5 December 2007). Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Requiem for the Mixtape". Crawdaddy!. Crawdaddy! was the first US magazine of Rock and roll music criticism
• Moore, Thurston (2004). Mix Tape. ISBN 0-7893-1199-2
• McMahon, Andrew (2005): "The Mixed Tape", Everything In Transit - Jack's Mannequin
• O'Brien, Geoffrey (2004). Sonata for Jukebox. ISBN 1-58243-192-2
• Paul, James (26 September 2003). Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Last night a mix tape saved my life. The Guardian.
• Sante, Luc (13 May 2004). Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Disco Dreams. The New York Review of Books. The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current (This review of Songbook and Sonata for Jukebox describes the mix tape as "one part Victorian flower album, one part commonplace book, one part collage, and one part recital. ")
• Stuever, Hank (29 October 2002). Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Unspooled: In the digital age, the quaint cassette is sent reeling into history's dustbin. Washington Post. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D
• Vowell, Sarah (2001). Take the Cannoli: Stories from the New World. ISBN 0-7432-0540-5
• Warner, Alan (1995). Morvern Callar. ISBN 0-385-48741-X
• Reichardt, Michael (2005). Modern Ways of Advertisement. Mercedes Benz Mixed Tape.