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For the fighting styles that combine different arts, see hybrid martial arts. For the combat sport see Mixed martial arts. Hybrid martial arts (also known as hybrid fighting systems) refer to Martial arts
Mixed martial arts

Ground fighting during competition. The dominant fighter maintains side control while delivering strikes. Side control (often also called side mount or sometimes cross mount) is a dominant ground grappling position where the top combatant is lying perpendicularly
Also known as MMA, Vale Tudo, Ultimate fighting,[1] No-Holds-Barred (NHB)
Focus Various
Hardness Full contact
Olympic Sport No

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a full contact combat sport that allows a wide variety of fighting techniques, from a mixture of martial arts traditions, to be used in competitions. Vale Tudo ( Portuguese for Anything goes. The individual words translate into English as vale - "is allowed" and tudo - "everything" Full contact may refer to Full-contact sport Full Contact, a 1993 Hong Kong action Many Sports involve a degree of player-to-player and/or player-to-object contact A combat sport (also known as a combative sport) is a competitive Contact sport where two combatants fight against each other using certain rules of engagement typically Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. The rules allow the use of striking and grappling techniques, both while standing and on the ground. A strike is an attack with an inanimate object such as a Weapon, or with a part of the human body intended to cause an effect upon an opponent or to simply cause harm to Grappling refers to the gripping handling and controlling of an opponent without the use of striking, typically through the application of various Grappling holds

Modern mixed martial arts competition emerged in popular culture in 1993 with the founding of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC is a US -based Mixed martial arts (MMA organization currently recognized as the largest MMA promotion in the world Initially based on finding the most effective martial arts for real unarmed combat situations, competitors of various arts were pitted against one another with minimal rules or concern for safety. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. [2] In the following decade, MMA promoters adopted many additional rules aimed at increasing safety for competitors and to promote mainstream acceptance of the sport. Most rule sets for Mixed martial arts competitions have evolved since the early days of Vale tudo. [3] Following these changes, the sport has seen increased popularity with pay per view reach rivaling boxing and professional wrestling. Pay-per-view (often abbreviated PPV) is the system in which Television viewers can purchase events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, Professional wrestling, or pro wrestling, is a non-competitive professional Sport, where all matches are scripted by the promotion's booking staff [4]

Contents

History

Pre-modern

Pankration was an ancient form of unarmed hand to hand combat resembling modern MMA.
Pankration was an ancient form of unarmed hand to hand combat resembling modern MMA. Pankration (Παγκράτιο(ν Pagkratio(n,) is a Martial arts sport introduced to the Greek Olympic Games in 648 BC and Hand-to-hand combat (sometimes abbreviated as HTH or H2H is a generic term for Close quarters fighting, particularly when the outcome is potentially fatal as in Melee

One of the earliest forms of widespread unarmed combat sports with minimal rules was Greek pankration, which was introduced into the Olympic Games in 648 B. A combat sport (also known as a combative sport) is a competitive Contact sport where two combatants fight against each other using certain rules of engagement typically The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Pankration (Παγκράτιο(ν Pagkratio(n,) is a Martial arts sport introduced to the Greek Olympic Games in 648 BC and The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games C. [5] Even as late as the Early Middle Ages, statues were put up in Rome and other cities to honour remarkable pankratiasts. The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500

No-holds-barred events reportedly took place in the late 1800s when wrestlers representing a huge range of fighting styles including various catch wrestling styles, Greco-Roman wrestling and many others met in tournaments and music-hall challenge matches throughout Europe. Catch wrestling is a style of Wrestling. Catch wrestling is arguably the ancestor of modern Grappling, Professional wrestling, Mixed martial arts Greco-Roman wrestling is a style of Amateur wrestling that is practiced throughout the world The first major encounter between a boxer and a wrestler in modern times took place in 1887 when John L. Sullivan, then heavyweight world boxing champion, entered the ring with his trainer, Greco-Roman wrestling champion William Muldoon, and was slammed to the mat in two minutes. Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, John Lawrence Sullivan (October 15 1858 &ndash February 2 1918 was recognized as the first heavyweight champion of gloved boxing from February 7 1882 to 1892 and William Muldoon (May 25 1845 or 1852 – June 3 1933 He was also a well-known Physical culture proponent Boxing trainer stage actor and one of the first The next publicized encounter occurred in the late 1890s when future heavyweight boxing champion Bob Fitzsimmons took on European Greco-Roman wrestling champion Ernest Roeber. Robert James "Bob" Fitzsimmons ( May 26, 1863 - October 22, 1917) a British -born New Zealand boxer made Ernest Roeber (1861-April 30 1944 was a professional wrestler who held the European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship title in 1894-1900 and again in 1900-1901 Reportedly, Roeber suffered a fractured cheekbone in this bout, but was able to get Fitzsimmons down on the mat, where he applied an armlock and made the boxer submit. In Grappling, an Armlock is a single or double Joint lock that hyperextends hyperflexes or hyperrotates the Elbow Joint And/Or Shoulder A submission (depending on the context also referred to as a " tap out " or " tapping out " is a Combat sports term for yielding to In 1936, heavyweight boxing contender Kingfish Levinsky and veteran professional wrestler Ray Steele competed in a mixed match, which Steele won in 35 seconds. King Levinsky ( 10 September 1910 &ndash 30 September 1991) also known as Kingfish Levinsky was an American heavyweight boxer who fought during Peter Sauer was an American Professional wrestler born and raised in Norka, a German colony in Russia, in 1900 before immigrating [6]

Another early example of mixed martial arts combat was the martial art of Bartitsu, founded in London in 1899, which was the first martial art known to have combined Asian and European fighting styles,[7] and which saw MMA-style contests throughout England, pitting European and Japanese champions against representatives of various European wrestling styles. Bartitsu is an eclectic Martial art and Self-defense method originally developed in England during the years 1898-1902 Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [7]

Mixed style contests such as boxing vs. Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, jujutsu were popular entertainment throughout Europe, Japan and the Pacific Rim during the early 1900s. literally meaning the " art of softness " or "way of yielding" is a collective name for Japanese martial art styles consisting of grappling [8] In Japan these contests were known as merikan, from the Japanese slang for "American [fighting]". Merikan contests were fought under a variety of rules including points decision, best of three throws or knockdowns, and victory via knockout or submission.

Professional wrestling died out after World War I and was reborn in two streams: "shoot", in which the fighters actually competed, and "show," which evolved into modern sports entertainment professional wrestling. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In Professional wrestling, a shoot refers to any unplanned event &ndash that is an event that is "real" and not staged Sports entertainment is a type of Spectacle which presents an ostensibly competitive event using a high level of theatrical flourish and extravagant presentation Professional wrestling, or pro wrestling, is a non-competitive professional Sport, where all matches are scripted by the promotion's booking staff [6]

Modern

180 lb. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighter Royce Gracie (white gi) submits 275 lb. champion wrestler Dan Severn (black tights) with a triangle choke in UFC 4, 1994.
180 lb. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighter Royce Gracie (white gi) submits 275 lb. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( BJJ) is a Martial art and Combat sport that focuses on Grappling and especially Ground fighting with the goal Royce Gracie (born December 12, 1966) is a professional Mixed martial arts (MMA fighter and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner or dōgi ( is a uniform for training used in Japanese martial arts Budo. champion wrestler Dan Severn (black tights) with a triangle choke in UFC 4, 1994. Daniel "The Beast" Severn (born June 8 1954) is an American mixed martial artist and professional wrestler, notable This article is about triangle chokes using the legs for usage of the arms in a similar manner see Arm triangle choke. UFC 4 Revenge of the Warriors was a mixed martial arts (MMA event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC on December 16, 1994 [9]

The history of modern MMA competition can be traced to mixed style contests throughout Europe, Japan and the Pacific Rim during the early 1900s; the Gracie family's vale tudo martial arts tournaments in Brazil starting in the 1920s; and early mixed martial arts matches hosted by Antonio Inoki in Japan in the 1970s. The Gracie family refers to the lineage of Brazilian Businessman and Politician Gastão Gracie. Vale Tudo ( Portuguese for Anything goes. The individual words translate into English as vale - "is allowed" and tudo - "everything" |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld real name, born February 20, 1943) is a Professional wrestling promoter and retired Japanese Professional wrestler and mixed martial For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The sport gained international exposure and widespread publicity in the United States in 1993, when Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighter Royce Gracie handily won the first Ultimate Fighting Championship tournament, submitting three challengers in just five minutes,[10] sparking a revolution in the martial arts. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( BJJ) is a Martial art and Combat sport that focuses on Grappling and especially Ground fighting with the goal Royce Gracie (born December 12, 1966) is a professional Mixed martial arts (MMA fighter and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC is a US -based Mixed martial arts (MMA organization currently recognized as the largest MMA promotion in the world [11] Meanwhile in Japan the continued interest in the sport resulted in the creation of the PRIDE Fighting Championships in 1997. PRIDE Fighting Championships ( PRIDE or PRIDE FC for short was a Mixed martial arts organization based in Japan. [12]

The movement that led to the creation of the UFC and PRIDE was rooted in two interconnected subcultures. Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC is a US -based Mixed martial arts (MMA organization currently recognized as the largest MMA promotion in the world PRIDE Fighting Championships ( PRIDE or PRIDE FC for short was a Mixed martial arts organization based in Japan. For the term in biology see Subculture (biology. For the song by New Order see Sub-culture (song. First were the vale tudo events in Brazil, followed by the Japanese shoot wrestling shows. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Shoot wrestling is a Combat sport and a general term that describes a range of Hybrid fighting systems originating Vale tudo began in the 1920s with the "Gracie challenge" issued by Carlos Gracie and Hélio Gracie and upheld later on by descendants of the Gracie family. Vale Tudo ( Portuguese for Anything goes. The individual words translate into English as vale - "is allowed" and tudo - "everything" The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada The Gracie challenge refers to a challenge issued by some members of the Gracie family to have anyone come and fight them Carlos Gracie (1901-1994 is the co-founder of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu the Brazilian Martial art of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ along with his younger Hélio Gracie (born October 1 1913) is regarded as the creator of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, along with his older brother Carlos Gracie Sr [5] In Japan in the 1970s, a series of mixed martial arts matches were hosted by Antonio Inoki, inspiring the shoot-style movement in Japanese professional wrestling, which eventually led to the formation of the first mixed martial arts organizations, such as Shooto, which was formed in 1985. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. real name, born February 20, 1943) is a Professional wrestling promoter and retired Japanese Professional wrestler and mixed martial Professional wrestling in Japan is commonly referred to as in Japanese, short for "professional Shooto is a Combat sport that is governed by the Shooto Association and the International Shooto Commission.

Chuck Liddell (right) and Tito Ortiz broke PPV records with their rematch at UFC 66.
Chuck Liddell (right) and Tito Ortiz broke PPV records with their rematch at UFC 66. Charles David 'Chuck' Liddell (born December 17 1969 also known as " The Iceman " is an American Mixed martial artist who fights for the Ultimate Jacob Christopher "Tito" Ortiz (born January 23, 1975) is a Mexican American Mixed martial artist and former Ultimate Fighting Championship Pay-per-view (often abbreviated PPV) is the system in which Television viewers can purchase events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event UFC 66 Liddell vs Ortiz was a Mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on December 30, 2006.

The concept of combining the elements of multiple martial arts was pioneered and popularized by Bruce Lee in the late 1960's to early 1970's. Bruce Lee ( November 27 1940 – July 20 1973 was an American-born Martial artist, Philosopher, instructor, Martial arts actor and the Lee believed that "the best fighter is not a Boxer, Karate or Judo man. The best fighter is someone who can adapt to any style. " His innovative concepts were recognized in 2004 by UFC President Dana White when he called Lee the "father of mixed martial arts. "[13] Recognition of its effectiveness as a test came as the United States Army began to sanction mixed martial arts with the first annual All Army Combatives Championships held by the US Army Combatives School in November 2005. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The US Army Combatives School was founded in 2000 by then Sergeant First Class Matt Larsen and is located at building 69 Fort Benning, Georgia

The sport reached a new peak of popularity in North America in the December 2006 rematch between then UFC light heavyweight champion Chuck Liddell and former champion Tito Ortiz, rivaling the PPV sales of some of the biggest boxing events of all time,[4] and helping the UFC's 2006 PPV gross surpass that of any promotion in PPV history. UFC 66 Liddell vs Ortiz was a Mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on December 30, 2006. Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC is a US -based Mixed martial arts (MMA organization currently recognized as the largest MMA promotion in the world Charles David 'Chuck' Liddell (born December 17 1969 also known as " The Iceman " is an American Mixed martial artist who fights for the Ultimate Jacob Christopher "Tito" Ortiz (born January 23, 1975) is a Mexican American Mixed martial artist and former Ultimate Fighting Championship Pay-per-view (often abbreviated PPV) is the system in which Television viewers can purchase events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event In 2007, Zuffa LLC, the owners of the UFC MMA promotion, bought Japanese rival MMA brand PRIDE, merging the contracted fighters under one promotion[14] and drawing comparisons to the consolidation that occurred in other sports, such as the AFL-NFL Merger in American football. Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC is a US -based Mixed martial arts (MMA organization currently recognized as the largest MMA promotion in the world PRIDE Fighting Championships ( PRIDE or PRIDE FC for short was a Mixed martial arts organization based in Japan. The AFL-NFL merger of 1970 was the merger of the two major professional American football leagues American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with [15]

Evolution of fighters

Ground fighting is an intrinsic part of the sport.
Ground fighting is an intrinsic part of the sport. Ground fighting (in Martial arts sometimes referred to as " ground work " or " ground game " is hand-to-hand combat which takes

As a result of an increased number of competitors, organized training camps, information sharing, and modern kinesiology, the understanding of the combat-effectiveness of various strategies has been greatly improved. Kinesiology, also known as Human Kinetics, is the science of human movement UFC commentator Joe Rogan has claimed that martial arts have evolved more in the ten years following 1993 than in the preceding 700 years. Joe Rogan (born August 11 1967) is an American Comedian and Actor best known for his role as Joe Garrelli in [16]

"During his reign atop the sport in the late 1990s he was the prototype — he could strike with the best strikers; he could grapple with the best grapplers; his endurance was second to none. "
— describing UFC champion Frank Shamrock's early dominance [17]

The early years of the sport saw a wide variety of traditional styles - everything from sumo to kickboxing - but the continual evolution of the sport saw many styles prove ineffective, while others proved successful on their own. Frank Shamrock (born Frank Alisio Juarez III on December 8 1972 in Santa Monica California) is an American Mixed martial arts fighter is a competitive Contact sport where two Wrestlers ( rikishi) attempt to force one another out of a circular ring ( Dohyo) or to touch the ground

In the early 1990s, three styles stood out for their effectiveness in competition: Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, amateur wrestling and shoot wrestling. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( BJJ) is a Martial art and Combat sport that focuses on Grappling and especially Ground fighting with the goal Amateur wrestling is the most widespread form of sport Wrestling. Shoot wrestling is a Combat sport and a general term that describes a range of Hybrid fighting systems originating This may be attributable in part to the grappling emphasis of the aforementioned styles, which were, perhaps due to the scarcity of mixed martial arts competitions prior to the early 90s, unknown to most practitioners of striking-based arts. Grappling refers to the gripping handling and controlling of an opponent without the use of striking, typically through the application of various Grappling holds A strike is an attack with an inanimate object such as a Weapon, or with a part of the human body intended to cause an effect upon an opponent or to simply cause harm to Fighters who combined amateur wrestling with striking techniques found success in the standing portion of a fight, whilst Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu stylists had a distinct advantage on the ground: those unfamiliar with submission grappling proved to be unprepared to deal with its submission techniques. Stand-up fighting (sometimes referred to simply as " stand-up " is Hand-to-hand combat which takes place while the combatants are in a standing position Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( BJJ) is a Martial art and Combat sport that focuses on Grappling and especially Ground fighting with the goal Shoot wrestling practitioners offered a balance of amateur wrestling ability and catch wrestling-based submissions, resulting in a well-rounded skillset. Catch wrestling is a style of Wrestling. Catch wrestling is arguably the ancestor of modern Grappling, Professional wrestling, Mixed martial arts The shoot wrestlers were especially successful in Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. As competitions became more and more common, those with a base in striking became more competitive as they acquainted themselves with takedowns and submission holds, leading to notable upsets against the then dominant grapplers. A strike is an attack with an inanimate object such as a Weapon, or with a part of the human body intended to cause an effect upon an opponent or to simply cause harm to A takedown is a Martial arts and Combat sports term for a technique that involves off-balancing an opponent and bringing him or her to the ground typically with the Grappling refers to the gripping handling and controlling of an opponent without the use of striking, typically through the application of various Grappling holds Subsequently, those from the varying grappling styles added striking techniques to their arsenal. This overall development of increased cross-training resulted in the fighters becoming increasingly multi-dimensional and well-rounded in their skills. Cross-training (Also known as conditioning) refers to training in different ways to improve overall performance

Olympic recognition efforts

It was thought that Olympic recognition would be forthcoming for the 2004 Summer Olympics, held in Athens, under the banner of pankration. The Olympic sports comprise all the Sports contested in the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Pankration (Παγκράτιο(ν Pagkratio(n,) is a Martial arts sport introduced to the Greek Olympic Games in 648 BC and However, the International Olympic Committee was unconvinced that Greece could handle the total number of sports proposed. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία To placate the IOC, the organizers removed all new medal sports and pankration was excluded. [18]

Rules

Main article: Mixed martial arts rules
A fighter tapes his hands prior to putting gloves on.
A fighter tapes his hands prior to putting gloves on. Most rule sets for Mixed martial arts competitions have evolved since the early days of Vale tudo.

The rules for modern mixed martial arts competitions have changed significantly since the early days of vale tudo and Japanese shoot wrestling and UFC 1 and even more from the historic style of pankration. The Ultimate Fighting Championship (later renamed UFC 1 The Beginning) was the first mixed martial arts (MMA event held by the Ultimate As the knowledge about fighting techniques spread among fighters and spectators, it became clear that the original minimalist rule systems needed to be amended. [19] The main motivations for these rule changes were protection of the health of the fighters, the desire to shed the image of "barbaric, no rules, fighting-to-the-death" matches and be recognised as a sport.

Rules included the introduction of weight classes, as knowledge about submissions spread, with more fighters became well-versed in submission techniques and avoiding submissions, differences in weight became a substantial factor. Mixed martial arts weight classes are Weight classes that pertain to the sport of Mixed martial arts. Small, open-fingered, gloves were introduced to protect fists in punches, reduce the occurrence of cuts (and stoppages due to cuts) and encourage fighters to use their hands for striking, to enable more captivating matches and time limits were established to avoid long fights with little action as competitors conserved their strength, matches without time limits also complicated the airing of live events. Similar motivations produced the "stand up" rule, where the referee can stand fighters up if it is perceived both are resting on the ground or are not advancing toward a dominant position. [19]

Gloves were first mandatory in Japan's Shooto promotion and were later adopted by the UFC as it developed into a regulated sport. Shooto is a Combat sport that is governed by the Shooto Association and the International Shooto Commission. In the U. S. , state athletic and boxing commissions have played a crucial role in the introduction of additional rules because they oversee MMA in similar way to boxing. Smaller shows may use more restrictive rules because they have less experienced fighters who are looking to acquire experience and exposure that could ultimately lead them to getting recruited into one of the larger, better paying promotions. In Japan and Europe, there is no regulating authority over competitions, so these organizations have greater freedom in rule development and event structure.

Victory in a match is normally gained either by the judges' decision after an allotted amount of time has elapsed, a stoppage by the referee (for example if a competitor can not defend himself intelligently) or the fight doctor (due to an injury), a submission, by a competitor's cornerman throwing in the towel, or by knockout. A submission (depending on the context also referred to as a " tap out " or " tapping out " is a Combat sports term for yielding to Note For the basketball position see Cornerman (basketball A cornerman, or simply corner, is a Combat sports term for a coach

Strategies

Mixed martial arts competition requires training in striking, wrestling, and submission fighting.
Mixed martial arts competition requires training in striking, wrestling, and submission fighting. Stand-up fighting (sometimes referred to simply as " stand-up " is Hand-to-hand combat which takes place while the combatants are in a standing position Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two people in which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of the opponent Submission wrestling (also called Grappling or submission fighting and technically referred to as submission grappling is a Wrestling style and a general term

The techniques utilized in mixed martial arts competition generally fall into two categories: striking techniques (such as kicks, knees and punches) and grappling techniques (such as clinch holds, pinning holds, submission holds, sweeps, takedowns and throws). A strike is an attack with an inanimate object such as a Weapon, or with a part of the human body intended to cause an effect upon an opponent or to simply cause harm to In Martial arts, Combat sports or Violence, a kick is a strike using the Foot, leg, or Knee (also known as a knee A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the Knee, either with the Kneecap or the surrounding area In the context of Unarmed combat or Melee, a punch is "a thrusting blow esp Grappling refers to the gripping handling and controlling of an opponent without the use of striking, typically through the application of various Grappling holds A sweep is the name used of two types of Martial arts techniques a throw when standing or reversal or position when on the ground A takedown is a Martial arts and Combat sports term for a technique that involves off-balancing an opponent and bringing him or her to the ground typically with the A throw (in Japanese martial arts referred to as nage-waza, 投げ技 "throwing technique" is a Martial arts term for a Grappling As mixed martial arts has no international sanctioning body, rules may vary between promotions. While the legality of some techniques (such as elbow strikes, headbutts and spinal locks) may vary, there is a near universal ban on techniques such as biting, strikes to the groin, eye-gouging, fish-hooking and small joint manipulation. An elbow strike (commonly referred to as simply an " elbow " is a strike with the point of the elbow the part of the forearm nearest to the elbow or A headbutt is a strike with the head typically involving the use of robust parts of the Cranium as areas of impact A spinal lock is a multiple Joint lock applied to the Spinal column, which is performed by forcing the spine beyond its normal ranges of motion A bite is a Wound received from the Mouth (and in particular the Teeth) of an Animal or human In Human anatomy, the groin areas are the two creases at the junction of the Torso with the Legs on either side of the Pubic Eye-gouging is the act of pressing or tearing the eye using the fingers other bodyparts or instruments Fish-hooking is the act of inserting fingers into the mouth nostrils or other orifices of a person with the intention of pulling and tearing the surrounding tissue For the medical procedure see Joint manipulation Small joint manipulation refers to twisting pulling or bending Fingers [20][21][22]

Today, mixed martial artists must cross-train in a variety of styles to counter their opponent's strengths and remain effective in all the phases of combat. Cross-training (Also known as conditioning) refers to training in different ways to improve overall performance For instance, a stand-up fighter will have little opportunity to use their skills against a submission artist who has also trained take downs. Stand-up fighting (sometimes referred to simply as " stand-up " is Hand-to-hand combat which takes place while the combatants are in a standing position Submission wrestling (also called Grappling or submission fighting and technically referred to as submission grappling is a Wrestling style and a general term A takedown is a Martial arts and Combat sports term for a technique that involves off-balancing an opponent and bringing him or her to the ground typically with the Many traditional disciplines remain popular as a way for a fighter to improve aspects of their game.

Popular Disciplines

Some styles have been adapted from their traditional form, such as boxing stances which lack effective counters to leg kicks and takedowns, or judo techniques which must be adapted for No Gi competition. Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, meaning "gentle way" is a modern Japanese martial art ( Gendai budō) and Combat sport, that originated in Japan in the late Judogi (柔道着 or 柔道衣 is the formal Japanese name for the traditional uniform used for Judo practice and competition It is common for a fighter to train with multiple coaches of different styles or an organized fight team to improve various aspects of their game at once. Cardiovascular conditioning, speed drills, strength training and flexibility are also important aspects of an MMA fighter's training. Aerobic exercise refers to Exercise that involves or improves oxygen consumption by the body Strength training is the use of resistance to muscular contraction to build the strength, anaerobic endurance and size of Skeletal muscles There Flexibility is the absolute range of movement in a joint or series of joints and muscles that is attainable in a momentary effort with the help of a partner or a piece of equipment

While mixed martial arts was initially practiced almost exclusively by competitive fighters, this is no longer the case. As the sport has become more mainstream and more widely taught, it has become accessible to wider range of practitioners of all ages. Proponents of this sort of training argue that it is safe for anyone, of any age, with varying levels of competitiveness. [23][24]

Hybrid Styles

The following terms describe hybrid styles a fighter may use, over the course of a fight, to achieve victory. While some fighters, such as BJ Penn or Fedor Emelianenko, can score victories by striking, ground-and-pound or submission, most fighters will rely on a smaller number of techniques while adopting a style that plays to their strengths. Fedor Vladimirovich Emelianenko ('fʲodər jemilʲja'nʲenkə Russian: Фëдор Владимирович Емельяненко sometimes romanized as Fyodor Yemelyanenko Mixed martial arts (MMA is a full contact Combat sport that allows a wide variety of fighting techniques from a mixture of Martial arts traditions and

Stand-up fighting is the core of sprawl-and-brawl.
Stand-up fighting is the core of sprawl-and-brawl. Stand-up fighting (sometimes referred to simply as " stand-up " is Hand-to-hand combat which takes place while the combatants are in a standing position

Sprawl-and-brawl

Sprawl-and-brawl is a stand-up fighting tactic that consists of effective stand-up striking, while avoiding ground fighting, typically by using sprawls to defend against takedowns. Stand-up fighting (sometimes referred to simply as " stand-up " is Hand-to-hand combat which takes place while the combatants are in a standing position Ground fighting (in Martial arts sometimes referred to as " ground work " or " ground game " is hand-to-hand combat which takes A sprawl is a Martial arts and especially Wrestling term for a defensive technique that is done in response to certain takedown attempts typically A takedown is a Martial arts and Combat sports term for a technique that involves off-balancing an opponent and bringing him or her to the ground typically with the

A sprawl-and-brawler is usually a boxer, kickboxer, Thai boxer or full contact karate fighter who has trained in wrestling to avoid takedowns to keep the fight standing. Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, Muay Thai ( IPA: /muɑɪtʰɑɪ/ muāitʰāi มวยไทย lit Full contact karate is a term used to differentiate between schools that spar full contact and those that use light contact point sparring Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two people in which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of the opponent Often, these fighters will study submission wrestling to avoid being submitted, should they find themselves on the ground. Submission wrestling (also called Grappling or submission fighting and technically referred to as submission grappling is a Wrestling style and a general term This style can be deceptively different from traditional kickboxing styles, since sprawl-and-brawlers must adapt their techniques to incorporate takedown and ground fighting defense. A takedown is a Martial arts and Combat sports term for a technique that involves off-balancing an opponent and bringing him or her to the ground typically with the Ground fighting (in Martial arts sometimes referred to as " ground work " or " ground game " is hand-to-hand combat which takes Chuck Liddell and Mirko "Cro Cop" Filipović are examples of sprawl-and-brawl fighters. Charles David 'Chuck' Liddell (born December 17 1969 also known as " The Iceman " is an American Mixed martial artist who fights for the Ultimate Mirko Filipović (born on September 10 1974 often billed as Mirko Cro Cop, is a Croatian law enforcement officer turned kickboxer and

Clinch fighting

Clinch fighting and dirty boxing are tactics consisting of using a clinch hold to prevent the opponent from moving away into more distant striking range, while also attempting takedowns and striking the opponent using knees, stomps, elbows, and punches. A strike is an attack with an inanimate object such as a Weapon, or with a part of the human body intended to cause an effect upon an opponent or to simply cause harm to A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the Knee, either with the Kneecap or the surrounding area A stomp (also referred to as a stamp) is a downwards strike with the Heel of the Foot from the stand-up position, and is usually directed An elbow strike (commonly referred to as simply an " elbow " is a strike with the point of the elbow the part of the forearm nearest to the elbow or The clinch is often utilized by wrestlers that have added in components of the striking game (typically boxing), and Muay Thai fighters. Muay Thai ( IPA: /muɑɪtʰɑɪ/ muāitʰāi มวยไทย lit

Wrestlers may use clinch fighting as a way to neutralize the superior striking skills of a stand-up fighter or to prevent takedowns by a superior ground fighter. The clinch of a Muay Thai fighter is often used to improve the accuracy of knees and elbows by physically controlling the position of the opponent. Muay Thai ( IPA: /muɑɪtʰɑɪ/ muāitʰāi มวยไทย lit A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the Knee, either with the Kneecap or the surrounding area An elbow strike (commonly referred to as simply an " elbow " is a strike with the point of the elbow the part of the forearm nearest to the elbow or Wanderlei Silva and Anderson Silva are examples of effective clinch fighters. Wanderlei Cesar da Silva ( pronounced vahn-der-LAY) (born July 3, 1976 in Curitiba, Brazil) is a Brazilian Mixed Anderson "The Spider" Silva (born April 14 1975 is a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt and mixed martial artist.

Ground-and-pound

Ground-and-pound in action
Ground-and-pound in action

Ground-and-pound is a ground fighting tactic consisting of taking an opponent to the ground using a takedown or throw, obtaining a top, or dominant, position, and then striking the opponent, primarily with the fists. Ground-and-pound is also used as a precursor to attempting submission holds.

This style is used by wrestlers or other fighters well-versed in submission defense and skilled at takedowns. A takedown is a Martial arts and Combat sports term for a technique that involves off-balancing an opponent and bringing him or her to the ground typically with the They take the fight to the ground, maintain a grappling position, and strike until their opponent submits or is knocked out. A strike is an attack with an inanimate object such as a Weapon, or with a part of the human body intended to cause an effect upon an opponent or to simply cause harm to A submission (depending on the context also referred to as a " tap out " or " tapping out " is a Combat sports term for yielding to Although not a traditional style of striking (it was first demonstrated as an effective technique by UFC and PRIDE grand prix champion, Mark Coleman), the effectiveness and reliability of ground-and-pound has made it a popular tactic. Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC is a US -based Mixed martial arts (MMA organization currently recognized as the largest MMA promotion in the world PRIDE Fighting Championships ( PRIDE or PRIDE FC for short was a Mixed martial arts organization based in Japan. Mark "The Hammer" Coleman (born December 20, 1964) is an American Mixed martial artist, Professional wrestler, former Today, strikes on the ground are an essential part of a fighter's training. Randy Couture and Tito Ortiz are examples of effective ground-and-pound fighters. Randy Duane Couture (born June 22 1963 also known as "The Natural" and "Captain America" is an American actor and Mixed martial artist, Jacob Christopher "Tito" Ortiz (born January 23, 1975) is a Mexican American Mixed martial artist and former Ultimate Fighting Championship

Submission grappling

Apart from being a general martial arts term, submission grappling is also a reference to the ground fighting tactic consisting of taking an opponent to the ground using a takedown or throw and then applying a submission hold, forcing the opponent to submit. Grappling refers to the gripping handling and controlling of an opponent without the use of striking, typically through the application of various Grappling holds A throw (in Japanese martial arts referred to as nage-waza, 投げ技 "throwing technique" is a Martial arts term for a Grappling A submission (depending on the context also referred to as a " tap out " or " tapping out " is a Combat sports term for yielding to While grapplers will often work to attain dominant position, some may be more comfortable fighting from other positions. If a grappler finds themselves unable to force a takedown, they may resort to pulling guard, whereby they physically pull their opponent into a dominant position on the ground. The guard (in Judo sometimes referred to colloquially as do-osae, "trunk hold" in Catch Wrestling, the "front body scissor" is

Submissions are an essential part of many disciplines, most notably catch wrestling, judo, Sambo, pankration, Army Combatives and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Catch wrestling is a style of Wrestling. Catch wrestling is arguably the ancestor of modern Grappling, Professional wrestling, Mixed martial arts meaning "gentle way" is a modern Japanese martial art ( Gendai budō) and Combat sport, that originated in Japan in the late Sambo (самбо—also called Sombo or Cambo and sometimes written in all-caps is a modern Martial art, combat sport and Self-defense Pankration (Παγκράτιο(ν Pagkratio(n,) is a Martial arts sport introduced to the Greek Olympic Games in 648 BC and Combatives is a United States Army synonym for Hand-to-hand combat technique Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ( BJJ) is a Martial art and Combat sport that focuses on Grappling and especially Ground fighting with the goal Josh Barnett, BJ Penn, the brothers Antônio Rodrigo and Antônio Rogério Nogueira, and Ricardo Arona are examples of submission grapplers. Joshua L 'Josh' Barnett (born November 10, 1977, in Seattle, Washington) is an American heavyweight Mixed martial arts Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira (born June 2 1976 in Vitória da Conquista, Brazil) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist known for his technical mastery Antônio Rogério Nogueira (born June 2, 1976 in Vitoria da Conquista, Brazil) is a professional Mixed martial arts fighter from Ricardo Arona (born July 17, 1978 in Brazil) is a Brazilian Mixed martial arts fighter and PRIDE FC middleweight grad

The Abu Dhabi Combat Club and FILA Grappling World Wrestling Games are examples of submission grappling tournaments. The ADCC ( Abu Dhabi Combat Club Submission Wrestling World Championship was created by Sheik Tahnoon Bin Zayed Al Nayan, son of Sheikh The International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles, also known in French as Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées (FILA, is an international

Lay-and-pray

Lay-and-pray is a pejorative term for a strategy whereby a fighter can control their opponent on the ground, but is unable to mount an effective offense. Words and phrases are pejorative if they imply disapproval or contempt [25] They simply seek to negate the offense of their opponent, "praying" for a decision victory. In some MMA promotions, penalties may be imposed for lay-and-pray techniques if the referee determines that a fighter is stalling.

Safety

While competition in the sport is occasionally depicted as brutal by the media,[26] there had never been a death or crippling injury in a sanctioned event in North America[27] until the death of Sam Vasquez on November 30, 2007. Sam Vasquez (1972 &ndash November 30, 2007) was an American Mixed Martial Arts Fighter Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [28] Vasquez collapsed shortly after being knocked out by Vince Libardi in the third round of an October 20, 2007 fight at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Toyota Center is an indoor arena located at 1510 Polk Street in Downtown Houston, Texas. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. [29] Vasquez had two separate surgeries to remove blood clots from his brain, and shortly after the second operation suffered a major stroke and never regained consciousness. [28] While questions have been asked about the Vasquez's health before his final bout no firm indications of pre-existing problems have yet surfaced. Since he was age 35, he would have had to undergo extensive pre-fight medical screening in order to obtain a license to compete in Texas. [28]

The only other verified fatality in MMA competition is the 1998 death of Douglas Dedge in an unsanctioned fight in Ukraine. Douglas Dedge ( June 18, 1966 – March 18, 1998) was an American Mixed martial arts (MMA fighter who became the first known There are unconfirmed reports that Dedge had a pre-existing medical condition. [30]

A study by Johns Hopkins University concluded, "the overall injury rate [excluding injury to the brain] in MMA competitions is now similar to other combat sports [involving striking], including boxing. A strike is an attack with an inanimate object such as a Weapon, or with a part of the human body intended to cause an effect upon an opponent or to simply cause harm to Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, Knockout rates are lower in MMA competitions than in boxing. This suggests a reduced risk of traumatic brain injury in MMA competitions when compared to other events involving striking. Traumatic brain injury (TBI also called intracranial injury, occurs when Physical trauma injures the Brain. "[31]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Hill, John. This is a list of notable professional male mixed martial arts fighters in alphabetical order This is a list of female mixed martial arts fighters in alphabetical order Freestyle Fighting is a synthesis of various styles of Martial arts such that the practitioner is free from only one style and able to use whatever is necessary to defeat "Lincoln takes up ultimate fighting", Projo. com, May 8, 2008. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-05-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen  
  2. ^ Plotz, David. "Fight Clubbed", Slate, November 16, 1997. Slate is an English-language online current affairs and culture Magazine created in 1996 by former New Republic editor Michael Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Retrieved on 2006-12-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht.  
  3. ^ McFarland, Matt. "Ultimate Fighting wants to come to NY", WNYT. com, May 06, 2008. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-05-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.  
  4. ^ a b Trembow, Ivan (March 1, 2007). Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. UFC PPV Revenue Tops $200 Million in 2006. MMA Weekly. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
  5. ^ a b Walter, Donald (December 8, 2003). Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Mixed Martial arts: Ultimate Sport, or Ultimately Illegal?. Grapple Arts. Retrieved on 2006-02-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor
  6. ^ a b Willoughby, David P. (1970). Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Super Athletes. A. S. Barnes & Co. , Inc, 376-380. ISBN 0-498-06651-7.  
  7. ^ a b Noble, Graham (March 2001). Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. An Introduction to E. W. Barton-Wright (1860-1951) and the Eclectic Art of Bartitsu. Journal of Manly Arts. Retrieved on 2007-06-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the
  8. ^ Journal of Combative Sport: Jujitsu versus Boxing. Journal of Combative Sport. Retrieved on 2008-05-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
  9. ^ "Fight Clubbed: Ultimate fighting ought to be a great American sport. Instead, cable companies, Sen. John McCain, and a squeamish public are killing it. " Slate, Nov. Slate is a fine-grained foliated homogeneous, Metamorphic rock derived from an original Shale -type Sedimentary rock composed of Clay 17, 1999.
  10. ^ Fight Finder - UFC 1 The Beginning. Sherdog. com.
  11. ^ Peligro, Kid (2003). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Gracie Way: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Martial Arts Family. Invisible Cities Press, 79-84. ISBN 1-931229-28-7.  
  12. ^ What is PRIDE?. PRIDE. PRIDE Fighting Championships ( PRIDE or PRIDE FC for short was a Mixed martial arts organization based in Japan. Retrieved on 2006-12-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  13. ^ Wickert, Marc. 2004. Dana White and the future of UFC. kucklepit. com. See Wikiquotes for the text.
  14. ^ Doyle, Dave (April 4, 2000). Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. UFC scores TKO on its business rival. FOX Sports, MSN. See also Fox Sports (Australia and Fox Sports Net. Fox Sports is a division of the Fox Broadcasting Company (part of MSN (The M icro' s' oft N etwork is a collection of Internet services provided by Microsoft. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
  15. ^ Source: UFC buys Pride for less than $70M. Associated Press, ESPN (March 27, 2007). The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio ESPN, originally an acronym for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, is an American Cable television network dedicated to Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-06-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history "This is really going to change the face of MMA. Literally creating a sport that could be as big around the world as soccer. I liken it somewhat to when the NFC and AFC came together to create the NFL" —Lorenzo Fertitta, one of the UFC's majority owners
  16. ^ UFC 40: Vendetta (PPV). UFC 40 Vendetta was a Mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on November 22, 2002, at the MGM Grand Pay-per-view (often abbreviated PPV) is the system in which Television viewers can purchase events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event Zuffa (November 22, 2002). Zuffa LLC is an American sports promotion company specializing in the promotion of Mixed martial arts. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Event occurs at 1:00 into Chuck Liddell vs. Charles David 'Chuck' Liddell (born December 17 1969 also known as " The Iceman " is an American Mixed martial artist who fights for the Ultimate Renato Sobral. Renato (ʀ̥eˈnatu "Babalu" Da Cunha Sobral (born September 7 1975 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a Mixed martial arts fighter "The evolution of martial arts since 1993, since the UFC came around, martial arts have evolved more than they have in the last 700 years. We know exactly now what works in a real live situation with two warriors fighting. For a long time that was just speculation. " —Joe Rogan
  17. ^ Sloan, Mike (June 22, 2007). Joe Rogan (born August 11 1967) is an American Comedian and Actor best known for his role as Joe Garrelli in Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "No Win" Situation is Must Win for Shamrock. Sherdog, ESPN. Sherdog is the largest American website devoted to the sport of Mixed martial arts. ESPN, originally an acronym for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, is an American Cable television network dedicated to Retrieved on 2007-06-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
  18. ^ Townsley, John. Athens 2004 Olympic and Paralympic Games Launch Pad. Invest in Greece. Retrieved on 2006-12-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
  19. ^ a b Krauss, Erich (1 Dec 2004). Warriors of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. U. S. : Citadel Press Inc. ,. ISBN 0806526572.  
  20. ^ Mixed Martial arts Unified Rules of Conduct. New Jersey State Athletic Control Board (September 5, 2002). New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-06-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
  21. ^ Nevada Administrative Code, Chapter 467, Unarmed Combat. Nevada State Athletic Commission (August 11, 2006). The Nevada Athletic Commission, also known as the Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC regulates all contests and exhibitions of Unarmed combat within the state Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-06-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
  22. ^ Davis, Gray (2001). Joseph Graham Davis Jr (born December 26 1942 better known as Gray Davis, is an American politician who served as California 's 37th Governor Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Laws & Regulations Governing Boxing & Martial arts in California. California State Athletic Commission. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Retrieved on 2006-06-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
  23. ^ Green, Andrew (December 20, 2005). Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kids in MMA. Innovative Martial arts. Retrieved on 2006-12-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  24. ^ Gutierrez, Luis. JKD and Children. One Dragon Martial arts. Retrieved on 2006-12-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  25. ^ Leben, an Everett fighter, is top contender in booming sport. Seattle Post-Intelligencer (July 27, 2006). The Seattle Post-Intelligencer (popularly known as "the P-I" is one of two daily Newspapers in Seattle Washington, United States. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-01-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate
  26. ^ Telander, Rick (October 11, 2006). Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Sweet science morphing into Brutality TV (Reprint). Chicago Sun-Times. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved on 2006-12-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
  27. ^ Doyle, Dave (October 11, 2006). Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. MMA's alleged brutality, and more. Retrieved on 2006-12-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
  28. ^ a b c Update: Sam Vasquez Dead at 35. Sherdog. com (2007-12-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Retrieved on 2007-12-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire
  29. ^ Sievert, Steve (2007-11-26). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Mixed Martial Arts Notebook: Vasquez in toughest fight. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire
  30. ^ Iole, Kevin. "Pain, lots of blood symbols of MMA", Las Vegas Review-Journal, August 20, 2006, 4J. The Las Vegas Review-Journal is published in Las Vegas Nevada, United States Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army  
  31. ^ Incidence of Injury in Professional Mixed Martial Arts Competitions - Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, study published in the Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, July 2006.

References

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