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Missouri River
Missouri at N.P. Dodge Park, Omaha, Nebraska
Missouri at N. P. Dodge Park, Omaha, Nebraska
Origin Confluence of Madison, Gallatin and Jefferson in Montana. Confluence, in Geography, describes the meeting of two or more Bodies of water. The Madison River is a headwater Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 183 miles (295 km long in Wyoming and Montana. The Gallatin River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 120 mi (193 km long in the U The Jefferson River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately long in the U Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern
Mouth Mississippi River near St. Louis, Missouri
Basin countries USA, Canada
Length 2,341 miles (3,767 km)[1]
Source elevation 4,045 ft
Mouth elevation 400 ft
Avg. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page discharge Great Falls:[2] 292 ft³/s
Pierre:[3] 16,000 ft³/s

Sioux City: 36,830 ft³/s
Omaha: 39,100 ft³/s
Kansas City: 56,950 ft³/s
Boonville: 69,220 ft³/s
Hermann: 87,950 ft³/s[4]
Basin area 529,350 square miles[1]
(1,371,010 km²)

The Missouri River (Éˀometaaˀe in Cheyenne) is the longest river in the United States and a tributary of the Mississippi River in the United States. In Hydrology, the discharge or outflow of a River is the volume of Water transported by it in a certain amount of time Great Falls is a city in and the County seat of Cascade County, Montana, United States. The city of Pierre (ˈpɪər "peer") is the Capital of the U Sioux City (ˌsuːˈsɪti is a city located in northwest Iowa in the United States. Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages Boonville is a city in Cooper County, Missouri, USA The population was 8202 at the 2000 census Hermann is a city designated in 1842 as the County seat of Gasconade County, Missouri, United States. The Cheyenne language ( Tsėhesenėstsestotse or in easier spelling Tsisinstsistots is a Native American language spoken in present-day Montana The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A tributary is a Stream or River which flows into a mainstem (or parent river The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Missouri begins at the confluence of the Madison, Jefferson, and Gallatin rivers in Montana, and flows through its valley south and east into the Mississippi north of St. Louis, Missouri. The Madison River is a headwater Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 183 miles (295 km long in Wyoming and Montana. The Jefferson River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately long in the U The Gallatin River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 120 mi (193 km long in the U Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern The Missouri River Valley outlines the journey of the Missouri River from its Headwaters where the Madison, Jefferson and Gallatin Rivers At 2,341 mi (3,767 km)[1] in length, it drains about one-sixth of the North American continent. The Missouri in its original natural meandering state was the longest river in North America. Nearly 72 miles of the river have been cut off in channeling[5] and so it is now comparable in length to the Mississippi River. The combination of the two longest rivers in North America forms the fourth longest river in the world. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there

At its confluence, the Missouri nearly doubles the volume of the Mississippi, accounting for 45 percent of the flow at St. Louis in normal times and as much as 70 percent of the flow during some droughts. [6] It is the second-largest tributary by volume of the Mississippi, trailing the Ohio. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. The river is nicknamed "Big Muddy" and also "Dark River" because of the high silt content. Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay The river meanders from bluff to bluff in the flat Midwestern states, leading to the nickname the "Wide Missouri".

Contents

Course

Overview

The Missouri River and its tributaries
The Missouri River and its tributaries

The headwaters of the Missouri are in the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana, near the small town of Three Forks, rising in the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin rivers. Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Three Forks is a city in Gallatin County, Montana, United States. The Jefferson River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately long in the U The Madison River is a headwater Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 183 miles (295 km long in Wyoming and Montana. The Gallatin River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 120 mi (193 km long in the U The longest headwaters stream, and thus the Missouri's hydrologic source, likely begins at Brower's Spring, which flows to the Jefferson by way of several other named streams. Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Brower's Spring is a spring in the Centennial Mountains of Montana that is believed to be the ultimate headwaters of the Missouri River. [7] From the confluence of its main tributaries near the city of Three Forks, the Missouri flows north through mountainous canyons, emerging from the mountains near Great Falls, where a large cataract historically marked the navigable limit of the river. Three Forks is a city in Gallatin County, Montana, United States. Great Falls is a city in and the County seat of Cascade County, Montana, United States. The Great Falls of the Missouri River are a series of Waterfalls on the Missouri River in north-central Montana. It flows east across the plains of Montana into North Dakota, then turns southeast, flowing into South Dakota, and along the north and eastern edge of Nebraska, forming part of its border with South Dakota and all of its border with Iowa, flowing past Sioux City and Omaha. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Sioux City (ˌsuːˈsɪti is a city located in northwest Iowa in the United States. It forms the entire boundary between Nebraska and Missouri, and part of the boundary between Missouri and Kansas. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " At Kansas City, it turns generally eastward, flowing across Missouri where it joins the Mississippi just north of St. Louis. Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages

The extensive system of tributaries drain nearly all the semi-arid northern Great Plains of the United States. The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada A very small portion of southern Alberta, Canada and south-western Saskatchewan is also drained by the river through its tributary, the Milk. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Milk River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 729 mi (1173 km long in the U Another, separate area, in southern Saskatchewan is drained by another Missouri tributary, the Poplar River. The Poplar River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 167 mi (269 km long in Saskatchewan in Canada and Montana in the

The river roughly follows the edge of the glaciation during the last ice age. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets Most of the river's longer tributaries stretch away from this edge, with their origins towards the west, draining portions of the eastern Rockies.

Headwaters

The Missouri in name officially begins at Missouri Headwaters State Park at 4,045 feet in Montana at the confluence of the Jefferson River and Madison River. Missouri Headwaters State Park is a Montana state park that marks the official start of the Missouri River. The Gallatin River joins the river about 0. 6 of a mile downstream as it flows northeast. The Jefferson River originates in southwest Montana near the Continental Divide. A continental divide is a line of elevated Terrain which forms a border between two watersheds such that Water falling on one side of the line eventually The Madison and Gallatin Rivers flow out of northwest Wyoming to meet the Jefferson River. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States.

Meriwether Lewis in his journal entry on July 28, 1805 wrote:

Both Capt. Meriwether Lewis ( August 18, 1774 &ndash October 11, 1809) was an American Explorer, Soldier, and public administrator C. and myself corresponded in opinon with rispect(sic) to the impropriety of calling either of these [three] streams the Missouri and accordingly agreed to name them after the President of the United States and the Secretaries of the Treasury and state.

The Lewis and Clark decision not to call the Jefferson the Missouri has spurred debate over what is the longest river in North America since the Missouri and Mississippi are nearly identical in length. With the Jefferson the Missouri would be the longest river.

Lewis (who had followed the Jefferson River to the Beaverhead River) said that on August 12, 1805, he visited Beaverhead tributary of Trail Creek just above Lemhi Pass on the Continental Divide in the Beaverhead Mountains on the Montana and Idaho border at around 8,600 feet which he described:

the most distant fountain of the waters of the mighty Missouri in surch(sic) of which we have spent so many toilsome days and wristless(sic) nights. Lemhi Pass (el 7373 ft is a high Mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains on the border between Montana and Idaho on the Continental A continental divide is a line of elevated Terrain which forms a border between two watersheds such that Water falling on one side of the line eventually The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America.

However in 1888 Jacob V. Brower, who had championed turning the headwaters of the Mississippi River into a Minnesota state park, visited a site in Montana which today is believed to be the furthest point on the Missouri -- now called Brower's Spring. Jacob Vandenberg Brower (1844-1905 was a prolific writer of the Upper Midwest region of the United States who championed the location and protection of the utmost headwaters Brower's Spring is a spring in the Centennial Mountains of Montana that is believed to be the ultimate headwaters of the Missouri River. Brower published his finding in 1896 in "The Missouri: It's Utmost Source. "

The site of Brower's Spring at around 8,800 feet in the Centennial Mountains. The site now commemorated by a rock pile at the source of Hellroaring Creek which flows into Red Rock River and then into Clark Canyon Reservoir where it joins the Beaverhead then the Big Hole River before ultimately hooking up with the Jefferson. [7]

Mouth

The Missouri enters the Upper Mississippi River near its mile 195. WikipediaCiting sources --> See also Mississippi River The Upper Mississippi The elevation is approximately 400 feet. The confluence is ringed by Camp Dubois which is now part of Lewis and Clark State Memorial Park in Illinois; Columbia Bottom Conservation Area on the south bank of the Missouri in St. Camp Dubois, near present day Hartford, Illinois, served as the winter camp for the Lewis and Clark Expedition from December 12, 1803 Louis and on the north bank of the Missouri by the Edward "Ted" and Pat Jones-Confluence Point State Park in West Alton, Missouri. Jones-Confluence Point State Park is a Missouri state park located on the north side of the Missouri River at its confluence with the Mississippi River, West Alton is a city in St Charles County, Missouri, United States.

History

High silt content makes the Missouri (left) noticeably lighter than the Mississippi here at their confluence north of St. Louis.
High silt content makes the Missouri (left) noticeably lighter than the Mississippi here at their confluence north of St. Louis.

Exploration

Jolliet and Marquette

Main articles: Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette

The first Europeans to see the river were the French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette who shortly after looking at the Piasa petroglyph painting on the bluffs of Mississippi River above Alton, Illinois heard the Missouri rushing into the Mississippi. Louis Jolliet, also known as Louis Joliet with only one L ( September 21, 1645 &ndash 1700 was a French Canadian explorer Father Jacques Marquette ( June 1, 1637 &ndash May 18, 1675) was a French Missionary who founded Michigan This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Louis Jolliet, also known as Louis Joliet with only one L ( September 21, 1645 &ndash 1700 was a French Canadian explorer Father Jacques Marquette ( June 1, 1637 &ndash May 18, 1675) was a French Missionary who founded Michigan The Piasa or Piasa Bird is a Legendary creature that was depicted in a Mural painted by Native Americans on a cliff above the Mississippi Petroglyphs are Images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising pecking carving and abrading The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Alton is a city in Madison County, Illinois, United States, about 15 miles north of St

Marquette wrote:

While conversing about these monsters sailing quietly in clear and calm water, we heard the noise of a rapid into which we were about to run. I never saw anything more terrific, a tangle of entire trees from the mouth of the Pekistanoui with such impetuosity that one could not attempt to cross it without great danger. The commotion was such that the water was made muddy by it and could not clear itself.
Pekitanoui is a river of considerable size, coming from the northwest, from a great distance; and it discharges into the Mississippi. There are many villages of savages along this river, and I hope by this means to discover the Vermillion or California Sea. [8][9]

Marquette and Joliet referred to the river as "Pekistanoui" and they made a reference to a tribe who lived upstream on the river as "Oumessourita" which was pronounced "OO-Missouri. "[10]), (meaning "those who have dugout canoes"[11]) This was the Illinois (tribe) name for the Missouri (tribe) whose village was nearly 200 miles upstream near Brunswick, Missouri. A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors The Illiniwek (also known as the Illini, Illinois Confederacy) were a group of six Native American Tribes in the upper Mississippi River The Missouri or Missouria were a Native American Tribe that inhabited parts of the midwestern United States before European explorers arrived Brunswick is a city in Chariton County, Missouri, United States.

Marquette wrote that natives had told him that it was just a six day canoe trip up the river (about 60 miles) where it would be possible to portage over to another river that would take people to California.

Jolliet and Marquette never explored the Missouri beyond its mouth.

Bourgmont

Main articles: Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont and Fort Orleans

The Missouri remained formally unexplored and uncharted until Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont wrote "Exact Description of Louisiana, of Its Harbors, Lands and Rivers, and Names of the Indian Tribes That Occupy It, and the Commerce and Advantages to Be Derived Therefrom for the Establishment of a Colony" in 1713 followed in 1714 by "The Route to Be Taken to Ascend the Missouri River. Étienne de Veniard Sieur de Bourgmont (April 1679-1734 was a French explorer who made the first maps and documentation of the Missouri and Platte rivers Fort Orleans (sometimes referred to Fort D'Orleans) was French fort in colonial North America that was the first fort by any European country on the Étienne de Veniard Sieur de Bourgmont (April 1679-1734 was a French explorer who made the first maps and documentation of the Missouri and Platte rivers " In the two documents Bourgmont was the first to use the name "Missouri" to refer to the river (and he was to name many of the tributaries along the river based on the Native American tribes that lived on them). The names and locations were to be used by cartographer Guillaume Delisle to create the first reasonably accurate map of the river. Guillaume Delisle ( February 28, 1675 - January 25, 1726) was a French cartographer who lived in Paris.

Bourgmont himself was living with the Missouri tribe at its Brunswick village with his Missouri wife and son. He had been on the lam from French authorities since 1706 when he deserted his post as commandant of Fort Detroit after he was criticized by Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac for his handling of an attack by the Ottawa (tribe) in which a priest, a French sergeant and 30 Ottawa were killed. A fugitive is a person who is fleeing from Custody, whether it be from private Slavery, a government Arrest, government or non-government questioning Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or Fort Détroit was a Fort established by the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in 1701 Antoine Laumet de La Mothe sieur de Cadillac (1658-1730 was the founder of Detroit, Michigan. Bourgmont had further infuriated the French by illegally trapping and for immoral behavior when he showed up at French outposts with his Native American wife.

However after Bourgmont's two documents, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, founder of Louisiana, said that rather than arresting Bourgmont they should decorate him with Cross of St. Louis and name him "commandant of the Missouri" to represent France on the entire river. Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville ]]( February 23, 1680 &ndash March 7, 1767) was a colonizer born in Montreal, Quebec The Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis was a military Order of Chivalry founded on April 5, 1693 by Bourgmont's reputation was further enhanced when the Pawnee, who had been befriended by Bourgmont, massacred the Spanish Villasur expedition in 1720 near modern day Columbus, Nebraska which temporarily ended Spanish designs on the Missouri River and cleared the way for a New France empire stretching from Montreal, Canada to New Mexico. The Pawnee (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the Platte, Loup and The Villasur expedition of 1720 was a Spanish military expedition intended to check the growing French presence on the Great Plains of central North Columbus is a city in Platte County, Nebraska, United States, 80 miles (148 km west by north of Omaha on the Loup River, a short The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America.

After squabbling with French authorities over financing of a new fort on the Missouri and also suffering a yearlong illness, Bourgmont established Fort Orleans, which was the first fort and first longer term European settlement of any kind on the Missouri, in late 1723 near his home at Brunswick. Fort Orleans (sometimes referred to Fort D'Orleans) was French fort in colonial North America that was the first fort by any European country on the In 1724 Bourgmont led an expedition to enlist Commanche support in the fight against the Spanish. The Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose range (the Comancheria) consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado In 1725 Bourgmont brought the chiefs of the Missouri River tribes to Paris to see the glory of France including the palaces of Versailles, and Fountainbleau and a hunting expedition on a royal preserve with Louis XV. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important Fountainbleau is a Census-designated place (CDP in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Bourgmont was raised to the rank of the nobility, remained in France and did not accompany the chiefs back to the New World. Fort Orleans was either abandoned or its small contingent massacred by Native Americans in 1726.

It is unclear how far up the Missouri Bourgmont traveled. He is the documented first European discoverer of the Platte River. In his writings he described the blonde-haired Mandans, so it is possible that he made it as far north as their villages in central North Dakota.

MacKay and Evans

Main article: MacKay and Evans Expedition

The Spanish took over the Missouri River in the Treaty of Paris (1763) that ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years War. The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths The Spanish claim to the Missouri was based on Hernando de Soto's "discovery" of the Mississippi River on May 8, 1541. The Spanish initially did not extensively explore the river and let French fur traders continue their activities although under license.

After the British began to exert influence on the Upper Missouri River via the Hudson's Bay Company, news of English incursions came following an expedition by Jacques D’Eglise in 1790. The Spanish chartered the "Company of Discoverers and Explorers of the Missouri" (popularly referred to as the "Missouri Company") and offered a reward for the first person to reach the Pacific via the Missouri. In 1794 and 1795 expeditions led by Jean Baptiste Truteau and Antoine Simon Lecuyer de la Jonchšre did not even make it as far north as the Mandan villages in central North Dakota. The Mandan are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the banks of the Missouri River and two of its tributaries—the Heart and North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. [12]

The most significant expedition though was the MacKay and Evans Expedition of 1795-1797. James MacKay and John Evans were hired by the Spanish to search a route to the Pacific Ocean and to tell the British to leave the upper Missouri. John Thomas Evans (April 1770 - may 1799 was a Welsh explorer who produced an early map of the Missouri River. [13]

McKay and Evans established a winter camp about 20 miles south of Sioux City, Iowa on the Nebraska side where they built Fort Columbus. Sioux City (ˌsuːˈsɪti is a city located in northwest Iowa in the United States. Evans went on to the Mandan village where he expelled British traders. While talking to Native Americans they pinpointed the location of the Yellowstone River (which they called "Yellow Rock"). The Yellowstone River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 671 miles (1080 km long in the western United States.

They created a detailed map of the upper Missouri that was used by Lewis and Clark.

Lewis and Clark

Main articles: Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark

On October 27, 1795, the United States and Spain signed Pinckney's Treaty giving American merchants the "right of deposit" in New Orleans, meaning they could use the port to store goods for export. For the film see Louisiana Purchase (film. The Louisiana Purchase (French Vente de la Louisiane "Louisiana Sale" Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, The treaty also recognized American rights to navigate the entire Mississippi River.

In 1798 Spain revoked the treaty.

On October 1, 1800, the Spanish secretly returned Louisiana to the French under Napoleon in the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (formally titled the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain Concerning the Aggrandizement The transfer was so secret that the Spanish continued to administer the territory. In 1801 they restored the United States rights to use the river and New Orleans.

Thomas Jefferson, fearing the cutoffs could occur again, sought to negotiate with France to buy New Orleans for the asking price of $10 million. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Napoleon countered with an offer of $15 million for all of the Louisiana Territory including the Missouri River. The deal was signed on May 2, 1803.

On June 20, 1803, Thomas Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis[14] to explore the Missouri and look for a water route to the Pacific. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Meriwether Lewis ( August 18, 1774 &ndash October 11, 1809) was an American Explorer, Soldier, and public administrator

Although the deal was signed, Spain still balked at an American takeover, citing that France had never formally taken over the Louisiana Territory. Spain was to formally tell Lewis not to take the journey and expressly forbade Lewis from seeing the McKay and Evans map which was the most detailed and accurate of its time. Lewis was to gain access to it surreptitiously. To avoid jurisdictional issues with Spain they wintered in 1803-1804 at Camp Dubois on the Illinois (United States) side of the Mississippi. Camp Dubois, near present day Hartford, Illinois, served as the winter camp for the Lewis and Clark Expedition from December 12, 1803

Lewis and William Clark left on May 14, 1804 and returned to St. William Clark ( August 1, 1770 &ndash September 1, 1838) was an American explorer soldier Indian agent, and territorial governor Louis on September 23, 1806.

American Frontier

Karl Bodmer "Fort Pierre and the Adjacent Prairie", c. 1833
Karl Bodmer "Fort Pierre and the Adjacent Prairie", c. 1833

The river defined the American frontier in the 19th century, particularly upstream from Kansas City, Missouri, where it takes a sharp eastern turn into the heart of the state of Missouri. Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages

All of the major trails for the opening of the American West have their starting points on the river, including the California, Mormon, Oregon, and Santa Fe trails. The California Trail was a major overland Emigrant route across the Western United States from Missouri to California in the middle 19th The Mormon Pioneers traveled across the Oregon Trail, one of the main overland migration routes on the North American Continent, in wagons in order to settle new parts of the The Santa Fe Trail was a Historic 19th century transportation route through southwestern North America connecting Missouri with Santa Fe The first westward leg of the Pony Express was a ferry ride across the Missouri at St. Joseph, Missouri. The Pony Express was a fast Mail service crossing the North American continent from St Saint Joseph (informally St Joe) is the largest city in Northwest Missouri, serving as the County seat for Buchanan County. The first westward leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad was a ferry ride across the Missouri between Council Bluffs, Iowa and Omaha, Nebraska. This article refers to a railroad built in the United States between Omaha and Sacramento completed in 1869 Council Bluffs is a city in and the County seat of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States and is on the east bank of the Missouri River

The Hannibal Bridge was the first bridge to cross the river when it opened in Kansas City in 1869, and was a major reason why Kansas City became the largest city on the river upstream from its mouth at St. The First Hannibal Bridge was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River and was to establish Kansas City Missouri as a major city and rail center Louis.

Extensive use of paddle steamers on the upper river helped facilitate European settlement of the Dakotas and Montana. A paddle steamer is a ship or boat driven by a Steam engine that uses one or more Paddle wheels to develop thrust for propulsion. Dakota Territory was the name of an organized territory of the United States that existed from 1861 to 1889 Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern

The Department of the Missouri, which was headquartered on the banks of the river at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, was the military command center for the Indian Wars in the region. Department of the Missouri was a division of the United States Army that functioned through the American Civil War and the Indian Wars afterwards Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast

The northernmost navigable point on the Missouri before extensive navigation improvements was Fort Benton, Montana, at approximately 2,620 feet. Fort Benton is a city in and the County seat of Chouteau County, Montana, United States. [15]

River modifications

Fort Randall Dam on the Missouri River in South Dakota
Fort Randall Dam on the Missouri River in South Dakota

Since the lower river meanders through a broad floodplain in Midwestern states, it has often changed course and in its wake left numerous oxbow lakes (Big Lake is the largest such lake in Missouri). An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake water body formed when a wide Meander from the mainstem of a River is cut off to create a lake Big Lake is a Oxbow lake in Holt County Missouri near Big Lake Missouri. In the early 1800s the United States Supreme Court (which decides state border disputes) ruled that when the river changed course the border also changed (as happened with the Fairfax District at Kansas City, Kansas which switched from Missouri to Kansas. Fairfax Airport was an Airport in Kansas City Kansas from 1921 until it closed in 1985 that is most famously associated with the construction of most of the Kansas City Kansas. Items for the metro area should also go to the Kansas City Metropolitan Area page Items for Kansas City Missouri ) However, in the late 1800s the Court began ruling on absolute boundaries, creating geographic oddities such as Carter Lake, Iowa, which is now a piece of Iowa on the west side of the Missouri between downtown Omaha and Eppley Airfield, and the French Bottoms in St. Joseph, Missouri, a piece of Missouri on the west of the river, requiring Missouri residents to go through Kansas in order to reach Rosecrans Airport. Carter Lake is a city in Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States. Eppley Airfield is a commercial Airport located three miles (5 km) northeast of the Central business district of Omaha, a city in Rosecrans Memorial Airport is a public Airport located three miles (5 km) northwest of the city of St Saint Joseph (informally St Joe) is the largest city in Northwest Missouri, serving as the County seat for Buchanan County.

In the 20th century, the upper Missouri was extensively dammed for flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Flood control is a feature of many communication protocols designed to prevent overwhelming of a destination receiver Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water After President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Flood Control Act of 1944, the Pick-Sloan Plan turned the Missouri River into the largest reservoir system in North America. The Pick-Sloan Flood Control Act of 1944 (PL 78–534 enacted in the 2nd session of the 78th Congress, is U The Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program, formerly called the Missouri River Basin Project was initially authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944, which approved the general There are six dams in four states: Fort Peck Dam in Montana; Garrison Dam in North Dakota; Oahe Dam, Big Bend Dam, and Fort Randall Dam in South Dakota; and Gavins Point Dam on the South Dakota-Nebraska border. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees USACE Fort Peck Damjpg|thumb|300px|Fort Peck Dam on the Missouri River Garrison Dam is a major earth Embankment dam on the Missouri River in central North Dakota. The Oahe Dam is a large man-made Dam along the Missouri River, just north of Pierre South Dakota in the United States. Big Bend Dam is a major rolled earth dam along the Missouri River in central South Dakota. Fort Randall Dam is an earth embankment Dam impounding the Missouri River in South Dakota. Gavins Point Dam is a hydroelectric Dam on the Missouri River in the U

These dams were constructed without locks, so commercial navigation on the Missouri cannot proceed above the Gavins Point Dam. A lock is a device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal Waterways. The Corps of Engineers maintains a 9-foot-deep (3-meters) navigation channel for 735 miles (1183 km) between Sioux City, Iowa and St. Louis in non-winter months. The United States Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE) is a federal agency and a major Army command made up of some 34600 Civilian and 650 Military personnel Sioux City (ˌsuːˈsɪti is a city located in northwest Iowa in the United States. The dams aid navigation on the lower river by reducing fluctuations in water levels.

Thirty-five percent of the Missouri River is impounded, 32 percent has been channelized, and 33 percent is unchannelized. [16]

The only significant stretch of free-flowing stream on the lower Missouri is the Missouri National Recreational River section between Gavins Point Dam and Ponca State Park, Nebraska. The Missouri National Recreational River is located on the border between Nebraska Gavins Point Dam is a hydroelectric Dam on the Missouri River in the U Ponca State Park, located two miles (3 km north of Ponca in northeastern Nebraska, is situated on among the high bluffs and forested steep hills along the banks Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and This federally-designated "Wild and Scenic River" is among the last unspoiled stretches of the Missouri, and exhibits the islands, bars, chutes and snags that once characterized the "Mighty Mo". National Wild and Scenic River is a designation for certain Protected areas in the United States.

The dikes, revetments, and levees constructed by the Corps of Engineers as part of the Missouri River Navigation and Flood Control Project have transformed the once sprawling and constantly changing river into a narrower, deeper, fixed channel designed to more easily maintain the 735 mile navigation channel. The river carries a large amount of silt and sand, but high water velocity in the navigation channel normally prevents settling out and sand bar accumulations. As a result, unlike the Mississippi River, the Missouri River rarely requires dredging to maintain the navigation channel. The huge amounts of sediment in the Big Muddy have long provided a free source of sand, mined by commercial dredgers to be used in concrete and asphalt for construction, mainly below Rulo, Nebraska. In recent years, the quantity of sand commercially dredged from the Missouri River has dramatically increased as Kansas City, Columbia, and St. Louis have grown. In 2000, 7. 4 million tons of sand and gravel were dredged out of the navigation channel. [17] As commercial sand dredging has increased, the Missouri River bed has gradually cut deeper into the flood plain. Between 1990 and 2005 the river around Kansas City, Missouri has degraded as much as 4. 5 feet.

Barge traffic has been steadily declining from 3. 3 million tons in 1977 to 1. 3 million tons in 2000. [18] The declining barge traffic industry has stirred controversies over the management of the river and whether upstream dams should release more water to maintain commercial navigation standards.

The states of Iowa and Missouri have sought to revive their waterfronts by permitting riverboat gambling. A riverboat casino is a type of Casino found in several areas of the United States which use a Riverboat as a casino The initial gambling regulations required the casinos to navigate the river. They were subsequently amended so that the casinos could be permanent land-based structures as long as they had a moat with Missouri River water surrounding them.

Popular depictions

George Caleb Bingham "Fur Traders on Missouri River", c. 1845.
George Caleb Bingham "Fur Traders on Missouri River", c. 1845.

The American painter George Catlin traveled up the Missouri in the 1830s, making portraits of individuals and tribes of Native Americans. George Catlin ( July 26, 1796 &ndash December 23, 1872) was an American painter, author and traveler who specialized in He also painted several Missouri River landscapes, notably "Floyd's Bluff" and "Brick Kilns", both from 1832. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian

The Swiss painter Karl Bodmer accompanied German explorer Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied from 1832 through 1834 on his Missouri River expedition. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Karl Bodmer (6 February 1809–30 October 1893 was a Swiss painter of the American West Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied ( September 23, 1782 - February 3, 1867) was a German Explorer, Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Bodmer was hired as an artist by Maximilian for the purpose of recording images of the Native American tribes that they encountered in the American West. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States

In 1843, the American painter and naturalist John James Audubon traveled west to the upper Missouri River and the Dakota Territory to do fieldwork for his final major opus, Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods John James Audubon ( April 26 1785 – January 27 1851) was an American ornithologist, naturalist, hunter Dakota Territory was the name of an organized territory of the United States that existed from 1861 to 1889 A typical example from this folio is "American Bison".

Missouri painter George Caleb Bingham immortalized the fur traders and flatboatmen who plied the Missouri River in the early 1800s; these same boatmen were known for their river chanties, including the haunting American folk song "Oh Shenandoah". Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee George Caleb Bingham ( March 20, 1811 &ndash July 7, 1879) was an American artist whose work depicted his view of American life in the frontier The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal Fur. A Flatboat is a rectangular boat with a flat bottom and square ends used to transport Freight and passengers on inland Waterways The flatboat could be any Sea shanties (singular " shanty " also spelled " chantey " derived from the French word "chanter" 'to sing' were Shipboard Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous " Oh Shenandoah " (also called simply " Shenandoah " is an American folk song, dating to the early 19th century Each verse of "Oh Shenandoah" ends with the line, ". " Oh Shenandoah " (also called simply " Shenandoah " is an American folk song, dating to the early 19th century . . 'cross the wide Missouri. "

The Missouri may be the setting of the Pete Seeger song Waist Deep in the Big Muddy. Peter "Pete" Seeger (born May 3 1919 is an American folk singer political Activist, and a key figure in the mid-20th century American "Waist Deep in the Big Muddy" is a song written by Pete Seeger in 1967 during the Vietnam War. (There is considerable ambiguity as to location, however. Seeger sings that the action took place in "Loo-siana" and there is also a Big Muddy River in Illinois. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The Big Muddy River is located in Illinois. It joins the Mississippi River south of Murphysboro Illinois. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. One could not "press on" very far into the Missouri and remain only "waist deep. ") The song is set in 1942, during training for World War II, but its image of a foolish captain who pushes his men further and further into a hopeless situation was clearly meant to parallel the Vietnam War. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including See " Captain " for other versions of this rank In the uniformed services of the United States, captain is a federal The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia In the song, a Captain leading a squad on training maneuvers insists on crossing the titular river, insisting that it is safe to cross. Maneuver, manoeuvre (or seldomly manoeuver) may be Military or naval movement Military maneuver aka Military exercise The Captain sinks into the mud, drowns, and his squad turns back, led by the Sergeant who had questioned the Captain's orders.

A. B. Guthrie, Jr.'s popular Western novel The Big Sky (1947) tells the story of a group of men who, in the early 19th century, made the long journey up the Missouri from St. Alfred Bertram Guthrie Jr ( January 13 1901 &ndash April 26 1991) was an American Novelist, Historian, and The Big Sky is a 1947 Western novel by A B Guthrie Jr. In the book the main characters can be identified as Boone Caudill Jim Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Louis to Montana. Howard Hawks made a film based on the book a few years later. Howard Winchester Hawks ( May 30, 1896 &ndash December 26, 1977) was an American Film director, producer and

Major tributaries

The following rivers are listed going downstream based on the states where they enter the Missouri.

Montana

Beaverhead River, a tributary of the Jefferson River and a headwater of the Missouri
Beaverhead River, a tributary of the Jefferson River and a headwater of the Missouri
Missouri River near Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park south of Bismarck, North Dakota
Missouri River near Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park south of Bismarck, North Dakota
The James River in Jamestown, North Dakota
The James River in Jamestown, North Dakota
Falls of the Big Sioux River at Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Falls of the Big Sioux River at Sioux Falls, South Dakota
The Missouri as seen from southeast Nebraska
The Missouri as seen from southeast Nebraska
Bluffs above the Grand River in Missouri
Bluffs above the Grand River in Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota

South Dakota/Nebraska

South Dakota/Iowa/Nebraska

Nebraska/Iowa

Iowa/Missouri

Kansas/Missouri

Missouri

Major cities along the river

For a full list, see List of cities and towns along the Missouri River

Although the Missouri drains one-sixth of North America, its basin is relatively lightly populated with only 10 million people. The Jefferson River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately long in the U The Jefferson River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately long in the U Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park is located seven miles (11 km south of Mandan North Dakota. Bismarck is the Capital of the US state of North Dakota, the County seat of Burleigh County, and the second most populous city in Jamestown is a city in Stutsman County, North Dakota in the United States. Sioux Falls (ˌsuː ˈfɔːlz is the largest city in the US state of South Dakota. The Jefferson River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately long in the U The Madison River is a headwater Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 183 miles (295 km long in Wyoming and Montana. The Gallatin River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 120 mi (193 km long in the U Sixteen Mile Creek (also known as Sixteenmile Creek) is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 45 mi (73 km long in western Montana in the The Dearborn River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 70 mi (113 km long in western Montana in the United States. Smith River is a tributary of the Missouri River, in central Montana, in the United States. The Sun River (also called the Medicine River) is a tributary of the Missouri River in the Great Plains, approximately 130 mi (209 km long in Montana Belt Creek is a tributary approximately 80 mi (129 km long of the Missouri River in western Montana in the United States. The Marias River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 210 mi (338 km long in the U Arrow Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 45 Miles (73 km) long in Montana in the United States. The Judith River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 124 mi (200 km long running through central Montana and the United States Cow Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 30 mi (48 km long in north central Montana in the United States. The Musselshell River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 292 miles (470 km long in central Montana in the United States Milk River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 729 mi (1173 km long in the U The Redwater River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 110 mi (177 km in eastern Montana in the United States. The Poplar River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 167 mi (269 km long in Saskatchewan in Canada and Montana in the Big Muddy Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 191 mi (307 km long in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan and the U The Yellowstone River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 671 miles (1080 km long in the western United States. Little Muddy Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 45 mi (70 km long in northwestern North Dakota in the United States. Tobacco Garden Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 30 mi (48 km long in northwestern North Dakota in the United States. The Little Missouri River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 560 mi (901 km long in the northern Great Plains of the United States. This article is about the river in North Dakota For other meanings see Knife River (disambiguation The Knife River is a tributary of the Missouri River The Heart River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 180 mi (290 km long in western North Dakota in the United States. The Cannonball River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 135 mi (217 km long in southwestern North Dakota in the United States. The Grand River is a tributary of the Missouri River in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States. The Moreau River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 200 mi (320 km long in South Dakota in the United States. The Cheyenne River is a tributary of the Missouri River in the U The Bad River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 110 mi (177 km long in central South Dakota in the United States. The White River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 507 mi (816 km long in the U The Niobrara River ( Ponca: Ní Ubthátha kʰe ˌnĩ uˈbˡðaˡða kh meaning "water spread-out horizontal-the" Cheyenne: Hisse Yovi The James River (also known as the Jim River or the Dakota River) is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 710 mi (1143 km long in the The Vermillion River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 45 mi (72 km long in eastern South Dakota in the United States. The Big Sioux River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 295 mi (470 km long in eastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa in the United States Perry Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River in the state of Iowa. The Floyd River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, 92 mi (148 km long in northwestern Iowa in the United States. The Little Sioux is a River in the United States. It rises in southwest Minnesota near the Iowa border and continues to flow southwest for The Soldier River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, about 80 mi (130 km long in western Iowa in the United States. The Boyer River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, 139 mi (224 km long in western Iowa in the United States. Mosquito Creek, about 60 mi (97 km long is a tributary of the Missouri River in southwest Iowa in the United States. The Platte River is an approximately 310 mi (499 km long river in the Western United States. The Nemaha River basin includes the areas of the US state of Nebraska below the Platte River basin that drain directly into the Missouri River The Nemaha River basin includes the areas of the US state of Nebraska below the Platte River basin that drain directly into the Missouri River The Nishnabotna River is a Tributary of the Missouri River in southwestern Iowa, northwestern Missouri and southeastern Nebraska in The Nodaway River is a 120 mile (190 km long river in southwest Iowa and northwest Missouri The Platte River is an approximately 310 mi (499 km long river in the Western United States. The Kansas River (also known as the Kaw) is a River in northeastern Kansas in the United States. The Blue River (also known as Big Blue River) is a stream that flows through Johnson County Kansas and Jackson County Missouri in the Kansas City The Grand River is a River that stretches from northernmost tributary origins between Creston and Winterset in Iowa approximately 226 miles to The Chariton River is a 280-mile long tributary to the Missouri River in southeast Iowa and northeast Missouri The Lamine River ("luh-MEEN" is a Tributary of the Missouri River, about 70 mi (115 km long in central Missouri in the United States The Osage River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 360 mi (579 km long in central Missouri in the United States. The Gasconade River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, about 265 mi (425 km long in south-central and central Missouri in the United States This is a list of cities and towns along the Missouri River in the United States. [19]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c The Missouri River Story - USGS
  2. ^ Sage Database for Great Falls
  3. ^ U. Great Falls is a city in and the County seat of Cascade County, Montana, United States. Bismarck is the Capital of the US state of North Dakota, the County seat of Burleigh County, and the second most populous city in The city of Pierre (ˈpɪər "peer") is the Capital of the U Sioux City (ˌsuːˈsɪti is a city located in northwest Iowa in the United States. Council Bluffs is a city in and the County seat of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States and is on the east bank of the Missouri River Saint Joseph (informally St Joe) is the largest city in Northwest Missouri, serving as the County seat for Buchanan County. Kansas City Kansas. Items for the metro area should also go to the Kansas City Metropolitan Area page Items for Kansas City Missouri Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages St Charles ( French: "Saint-Charles" Spanish: "San Carlos" is a city in and the county seat of St This is a list of Bridges and other crossings of the Missouri River from the Mississippi River upstream to its source(s Area By Across the Wide Missouri (ISBN 0-395-92497-9 is a 1947 historical work by Bernard DeVoto. The Pick-Sloan Flood Control Act of 1944 (PL 78–534 enacted in the 2nd session of the 78th Congress, is U The Roe River runs between Giant Springs and the Missouri River in Great Falls Montana. The D River is a river in Lincoln City, Oregon, United States. The Great Flood of 1993 occurred in the American Midwest, along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tributaries from April to October The Montana Wilderness Association was founded in 1958 by Montana volunteers and is governed by a state council of citizen volunteers from across the state elected by the membership S. Army Corps of Engineers, Oahe Dam discharge rate
  4. ^ Rising Flood Stages on the Lower Missouri River by Robert E. Criss - Washington University - St. Louis
  5. ^ The Missouri River Story - USGS
  6. ^ River users object to Missouri River flow levels - Illinois Business Journal - February 16, 2004
  7. ^ a b The True Utmost Reaches of the Missouri - Montana Outdoors - July-August 2005
  8. ^ A History of Missouri from the Earliest Explorations and Settlements Until the Admission of the... By Louis Houck - 1908
  9. ^ Early Narratives of the Northwest By Louise Phelps Kellogg - 1917
  10. ^ McCafferty, Michael. 2004. Correction: Etymology of Missouri. American Speech, 79. 1:32
  11. ^ American Heritage Dictionary: Missouri
  12. ^ Gathering Intelligence - Greatriverroad.com
  13. ^ PROLOGUE TO LEWIS AND CLARK: The Mackay and Evans Expedition - Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Spring 2004
  14. ^ Jefferson's Instructions for Meriwether Lewis. Retrieved on 2006-06-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper
  15. ^ Topozone Map
  16. ^ The Missouri River Story - USGS
  17. ^ Past and Future Grain Traffic on the Missouri River by C. Philip Baumel and Jerry Van Der Kamp - Agri-Industries.Com
  18. ^ Past and Future Grain Traffic on the Missouri River by C. Philip Baumel and Jerry Van Der Kamp - Agri-Industries.Com
  19. ^ The Missouri River Story - USGS

External links

The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Three Forks is a city in Gallatin County, Montana, United States.
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