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Misogyny (pronounced /mɪˈsɒʤɪni/) is hatred (or contempt)[1] of women. [2][3] Misogyny is parallel to misandry — the hatred of men. Misandry ( IPA) is hatred (or contempt of Men or Boys. Misandry is parallel to Misogyny —the hatred of women Misogyny is also comparable with misanthropy,[4] which is the hatred of humanity generally. Misanthropy is a general dislike distrust or hatred of the Human species or a disposition to dislike and/or distrust other people The antonym of misogyny is philogyny, love towards women. In Lexical semantics, opposites are words that lie in an inherently incompatible binary relationship as in the opposite pairs male: female, long: short Philogyny is fondness towards Women, love or admiration for them Marcus Tullius Cicero reports that Greek philosophers considered misogyny to be caused by gynophobia, a fear of women. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Gynophobia (also spelled as gynephobia) is an abnormal fear of Women. [5] Some feminists consider that misogyny both generates, and is propagated by, patriarchal social structures. Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over

Contents

Usage

Misogyny is sometimes confused with the similar looking word — misogamy — which means a hatred of marriage, hence the following error. [6]

An example of correct use, from the same period is:

A clearer example of the sense, also from the same era but using the related word misogynist, is provided by Thackeray. Herman Charles Merivale MA ( 27 January, 1839 – 17 August, 1906) was an English dramatist and poet son of Herman Merivale

Occasionally writers play on the similarity of sound between misogyny and miscegeny (mixed-race marriage). William Makepeace Thackeray (ˈθækərɪ 18 July 1811 – 24 December 1863 was an English Novelist of the 19th century Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting

— Karl Kirkland, 'On the Value of William Faulkner to Graduate Medical Education', Family Medicine 33 (2001): 664. William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner) ( September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American Author

In the play The Importance of Being Earnest, Oscar Wilde humourously has Miss Prism refering to Dr Chasuble as a womanthrope, but intending misogynist or misogamist:

Misogyny in Greek literature

Euripides
Euripides

Misogyny comes into English from the ancient Greek word, misogunia (μισογῦνια), which survives in two passages. Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus [7] The earlier, longer and more complete passage comes from a stoic philosopher called Antipater of Tarsus in a moral tract known as On Marriage (c. Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC Antipater (Ἀντίπατρος of Tarsus was a Stoic philosopher who lived c 150 BC). [8][9] Antipater argues that marriage is the foundation of the state, and considers it to be based on divine (polytheistic) decree. Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals [9] Antipater uses misogunia to describe Euripides' usual writing—tēn en to graphein misogunian (the misogyny in the writing). Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus [9] However, he mentions this by way of contrast. He goes on to quote Euripides at some length, writing in praise of wives. [9] Antipater doesn't tell us what it is about Euripides' writing that he believes is misogynistic,[9] he simply expresses his belief that even a man thought to hate women (namely Euripedes) praises wives, so concluding his argument for the importance of marriage. He says, "This thing is truly heroic. "[9]

Euripedes' reputation as a misogynist is known from another source. Athenaeus, in Deipnosophistae or Banquet of the Learned, has one of the diners quoting Hieronymus of Cardia who confirms the view was widespread, while offering Sophocles' comment on the matter. Athenaeus ( Ancient Greek - Athếnaios Naukratios Latin Athenaeus Naucratita of Naucratis in Egypt Greek rhetorician and grammarian flourished The Deipnosophistae ( deipnon, "dinner" and sophistai, "professors" original Greek title, Deipnosophistai, English Hieronymus of Cardia (Thrace, Greek general and Historian, contemporary of Alexander the Great (354-250 BC After the death of the king Sophocles (ˈsɒfəkliːz Ancient Greek, sopʰoklɛ̂ːs circa

“ Euripides the poet, also, was much addicted to women: at all events Hieronymus in his Historical Commentaries speaks as follows,—"When some one told Sophocles that Euripides was a woman-hater, 'He may be,' said he, 'in his tragedies, but in his bed he is very fond of women. ' " — Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, 2nd/3rd century. The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. [10] ”

The other surviving use of the original Greek word is by Chrysippus, in a fragment from On affections, quoted by Galen in Hippocrates on Affections. Chrysippus of Soli (c280&ndashc207 BC (Χρύσιππος ὁ Σολεύς was Cleanthes ' pupil and the eventual successor as the head of Stoic philosophy Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca [11] Here, misogyny is the first in a short list of three "disaffections" — women, wine and humanity (misogunian, misoinian, misanthrōpian). Chrysippus' point is more abstract than Antipaters', and Galen quotes the passage as an example of an opinion contrary to his own. What is clear, however, is that he groups hatred of women with hatred of humanity generally, and even hatred of wine. "It was the prevailing medical opinion of his day that wine strengthens body and soul alike. "[12] So, as with his fellow stoic, Antipater, misogyny is viewed negatively, a disease, a dislike of something that is good. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly It is this issue of conflicted or alternating emotions that was philosophically contentious to the ancient writers. Ricardo Salles suggests the general stoic view was that, "A man may not only alternate between philogyny and misogyny, philanthropy and misanthropy, but be prompted to each by the other. "[13]

Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero

Misogynist is also found in the Greek — misogunēs (μισογυνῆς) — in Deipnosophistae (above) and in Plutarch's Parallel Lives, where it is used as the title of Heracles in the history of Phocion. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c In Greek mythology, Heracles or Herakles ("glory of Hera " or Phocion (in Greek Φωκίων, also called Phokion, c402 - c318 BC nicknamed The Good) was an Athenian Statesman and It was also the title of a play by Menander, which we know of from book seven (concerning Alexandria) of Strabo's 17 volume Geography,[14][7] and quotations of Menander by Clement of Alexandria and Stobaeus that relate to marriage. Menander ( Greek:, Menandros; ca 342&ndash291 BC Greek Dramatist, the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy, was the son Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The Geographica ( Ancient Greek: Γεωγραφικά Geōgraphiká) or Geography, is a 17-volume encyclopedia of geographical knowledge written Saint Clement of Alexandria (born Titus Flavius Clemens) (c150 - 211/216 was the first notable member of the Church of Alexandria, and one of its most Joannes Stobaeus ( Greek: Στοβαῖος so called from his native place Stobi in North Macedonia (Roman province, was the compiler of a valuable series [15] Menander also wrote a play called Misoumenos or The Man She Hated. Another Greek play with a similar name, Misogunos or Woman-hater, is reported by Cicero (in Latin) and attributed to Atilius. Atilius was the Nomen of the gens Atilia of ancient Rome. Marcus Atilius Regulus Calenus, consul 335 BC, the first [16] The context is worth quoting in full, because it deals directly with matters already discussed in this article.

“ It is the same with other diseases; as the desire of glory, a passion for women, to which the Greeks give the name of philogyneia: and thus all other diseases and sicknesses are generated. But those feelings which are the contrary of these are supposed to have fear for their foundation, as a hatred of women, such as is displayed in the Woman-hater of Atilius; or the hatred of the whole human species, as Timon is reported to have done, whom they call the Misanthrope. Of the same kind is inhospitality. And all these diseases proceed from a certain dread of such things as they hate and avoid. — Cicero, Tusculanae Quaestiones, 1st century BC. The Tusculanae Quaestiones, also known as the Tusculan Disputations, is a series of books written by Cicero, around 45 BC, attempting to popularise [5] ”

The more common form of this general word for woman hating is misogunaios (μισογῦναιος). [7]

The word is also found in Vettius Valens' Anthology and Damascius' Principles. Vettius Valens (February 8 120 - c 175 CE was a second-century Hellenistic astrologer, a somewhat younger contemporary of Claudius Ptolemy. Damascius (grc Δαμάσκιος born in Damascus ca AD 458 died after AD 538 known as "the last of the Neoplatonists," was the last scholarch of the [20][21] In summary, Greek literature considered misogyny to be a disease, an anti-social condition, in that it ran contrary to their perceptions of the value of women as wives, and of the family as the foundation of society. These points are widely noted in the secondary literature. [9]

Misogyny in feminist theory

Traditional feminist theorist propose many different forms of misogyny. In its most overt expression, a misogynist will openly hate all women simply because they are female. Other forms of misogyny may be less overt. Some misogynists may simply be prejudiced against all women, or may hate women who do not fall into one or more acceptable categories. Entire cultures may be said to be misogynist if they treat women in ways that can be seen as harmful. Examples include forcing women to tend to all domestic responsibilities, not giving pregnant women jobs, or beating a woman. Subscribers to one model, the mother/whore dichotomy, hold that women can only be "mothers" or "whores. In Freudian Psychoanalysis, a Madonna-whore complex is a psychological complex that is said to develop in the human Male. " Another variant is the virgin/whore dichotomy, in which women who do not adhere to a saintly standard of moral purity are considered "whores".

Frequently, the term misogynist is used in a looser sense as a term of derision to describe anyone who holds an unpopular or distasteful view about women as a group. A man who considers himself "a great lover of women," therefore, might somewhat paradoxically be termed a misogynist by those who consider his treatment of women sexist. Archetypes of this type of man might be Giacomo Casanova and Don Juan, who were both reputed for their many libertine affairs with women. Don Juan (Spanish or Don Giovanni (Italian is a legendary fictional Libertine whose story has been told many times by many authors Misogyny is a negative attitude towards women as a group, and so need not fully determine a misogynist's attitude towards each individual woman. The fact that someone holds misogynist views may not prevent them from having positive relationships with some women. Conversely, simply having negative relationships with some women does not necessarily mean someone holds misogynistic views. The term, like most negative descriptions of attitudes, is used as an epithet and applied to a wide variety of behaviors and attitudes. As with other terms, the more antipathetic one's position is in regards to misogyny, the larger the number of misogynists and the greater variety of attitudes and behaviors who fall into one's perception of "misogynist". This is, of course, the subject of much controversy and debate with opinions ranging widely as to the extent and breadth of misogyny in society.

Mythology

Eve the First Pandora (Louvre)Eva Prima Pandora, Jean Cousin Snr
Eve the First Pandora (Louvre)
Eva Prima Pandora, Jean Cousin Snr

J Holland sees evidence of misogyny in the mythology of the ancient world. In Greek mythology, Pandora (from Greek:, "giver of all all-endowed" was the first woman The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Jean Cousin (born Soucy near Sens, 1500 died Sens before 1593 was a French painter sculptor etcher engraver and geometrician The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" In Greek mythology, the human race had already existed before the creation of women — a peaceful, autonomous existence as a companion to the gods. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance When Prometheus decides to steal the secret of fire from the gods, Zeus becomes infuriated and decides to punish humankind with an "evil thing for their delight" — Pandora, the first woman, who carried a jar (usually described — incorrectly — as a box) she was told to never open. In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Προμηθεύς "forethought" is a Titan known for his wily intelligence who stole Fire from Zeus Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology In Greek mythology, Pandora (from Greek:, "giver of all all-endowed" was the first woman Epimetheus (the brother of Prometheus) is overwhelmed by her beauty, disregards Prometheus' warnings about her, and marries her. Pandora cannot resist peeking into the jar, and by opening it unveils all evil into the world — labour, sickness, old age, and death. Old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the Average life span of Human beings and thus the end of the human life cycle. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific [22]

J Holland also sees evidence of misogyny in the Christian view on the Fall of Man based on the Book Genesis, which according to Christian interpretation brought tragedy and death into the world by a woman. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Fall of Man, or simply the Fall, in Christian doctrine refers to the transition of the first humans from a state of innocent obedience to God, (See also Original Sin. Original sin is according to a doctrine in Catholic theology, humanity's state of Sin resulting from the Fall of Man. )

Religion

Eve rides astride the Serpent on a capital in Laach Abbey church, 13th century
Eve rides astride the Serpent on a capital in Laach Abbey church, 13th century
See also: Feminist theology

A number of criticisms exist that allude the religion of Islam is inherently misogynistic. Maria Laach Abbey (in German: Abtei Maria Laach, in Latin: Abbatia Maria Lacensis or Abbatia Maria ad Lacum) is a Benedictine Feminist Theology is a movement generally in Christianity, Judaism and New Thought, to reconsider the traditions practices Scriptures The Quran clearly specifies "men are superior to women". The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran [23] The islamic prophet is reported as saying that women are "deficient in intelligence, traitorous, jealous and lacking in belief". He stated that "most women go to hell". [24]

"The foundations of early Christian misogyny — its guilt about sex, its insistence on female subjection, its dread of female seduction — are all in St. Paul's epistles. Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and They provided a convenient supply of divinely inspired misogynistic texts for any Christian writer who chose to use them; his statements on female subjection were still being quoted in the twentieth century opponents of equality for women. "[25]

In the book "Women and the Glorious Qur'an: An Analytical Study of Women-related Verses" the author claims that the relation between men and women specified in the "men are the guardians of women" verse, does not simply apply within a family, or within marriage. The book specifies that men are superior to all women, both in general and in specific cases, not just their wives or daughters. The book mentions that this is a "progressive" opinion within islam, and that there are many islamic scholars with much worse opinions on women, such as the very authoritative at-Tabari, who claims that men are superior to women, not just in the case of a woman being financially dependent on a man, but always, and due to Allah's statement on the physical and intellectual superiority of men above women. [26]

See also: Feminist theology

Philosophy

Arthur Schopenhauer is famous for his essay "On Women" (Über die Weiber), in which he expressed his opposition to what he called "Teutonico-Christian stupidity" on female affairs. Feminist Theology is a movement generally in Christianity, Judaism and New Thought, to reconsider the traditions practices Scriptures He claimed that "woman is by nature meant to obey. " The essay does give two compliments however: that "women are decidedly more sober in their judgment than men are" and are more sympathetic to the suffering of others. A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural However, the latter was discounted as weakness rather than humanitarian virtue.

Nietzsche is known for arguing that every higher form of civilization implied stricter controls on women (Beyond Good and Evil, 7:238); he frequently insulted women, but is best known for phrases such as "Women are less than shallow," and "Are you going to women? Do not forget the whip!"[27] Nietzsche's reputation as a misogynist is disputed by some, pointing out that he also made unflattering statements about men. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Beyond Good and Evil (German Jenseits von Gut und Böse) subtitled "Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future" ( Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft Nietzsche can easily be interpreted as anti-feminist, believing that women were primarily mothers and opposing the modern notion of women's liberation on the grounds that he considered it a form of slave morality. Antifeminism is opposition to Feminism in some or all of its forms The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement or Women's Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as Reproductive rights (sometimes Master-slave morality is a central theme of Friedrich Nietzsche 's works in particular the first essay of On the Genealogy of Morality. Whether or not this amounts to misogyny, whether his polemic statements against women are meant to be taken literally, and the exact nature of his opinions of women, are more controversial. [28]

The philosopher Otto Weininger, in his 1903 book Sex and Character, characterized the "woman" part of each individual as being essentially "nothing," and having no real existence, having no effective consciousness or rationality. Otto Weininger ( April 3, 1880 – October 4, 1903) was an Austrian Philosopher. [29] Weininger says, "No men who really think deeply about women retain a high opinion of them; men either despise women or they have never thought seriously about them. " The author August Strindberg praised Weininger for probably having solved the hardest of all problems, the "woman problem. ( January 22, 1849  &ndash May 14, 1912) was a Swedish Writer, Playwright, and painter. "

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Thomas Blount, Glossographia, 1656. Chauvinism (ˈʃoʊvɨnɪzəm is extreme and unreasoning Partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred An honor killing or honour killing is generally the Murder of a family or clan member most often females when they (and maybe the wider community believe Object relations theory is a psychodynamic theory within Psychoanalytic psychology. Violence against women is a technical term used to collectively refer to violent acts that are primarily or exclusively committed against women. Thomas Blount (1618&ndash1679 was an English Antiquarian and Lexicographer. Thomas Blount (1618&ndash1679 was an English Antiquarian and Lexicographer.
  2. ^ OED1
  3. ^ An entry for misogyny also exists in Edward Phillips, A New World in Words, or a General Dictionary, 1658. Edward Phillips (August 1630 &ndash ca 1696 was an English Author.
  4. ^ See Chrysippus below. Chrysippus of Soli (c280&ndashc207 BC (Χρύσιππος ὁ Σολεύς was Cleanthes ' pupil and the eventual successor as the head of Stoic philosophy
  5. ^ a b Marcus Tullius Cicero, Tusculanae Quaestiones, Book 3, Chapter 11. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman The Tusculanae Quaestiones, also known as the Tusculan Disputations, is a series of books written by Cicero, around 45 BC, attempting to popularise [LSJ typo has Book 4]
  6. ^ Listed under both misogyny and misogamy by OED1, but cited in full only in the latter. A Greek-English Lexicon is a standard lexicographical work of the Ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in
  7. ^ a b c Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon (LSJ), revised and augmented by Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKenzie, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940). Henry George Liddell ( February 6, 1811 – January 18, 1898) was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University, Dean (1855-91 of Christ Robert Scott may refer to Robert Wellbeloved Scott (1803&ndash1856 British Liberal Member of Parliament for Walsall A Greek-English Lexicon is a standard lexicographical work of the Ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in ISBN 0198642261
  8. ^ The editio princeps is on page 255 of volume three of Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta (SVF, Old Stoic Fragments), see External links. In Classical scholarship, editio princeps is a Term of art. It means roughly the first printed edition of a work that previously had existed only in Misogyny (mɪˈsɒdʒɪni is hatred (or contemptof women Misogyny is parallel to Misandry — the hatred of men
  9. ^ a b c d e f g A recent critical text with translation is in Appendix A to Will Deming, Paul on Marriage and Celibacy: The Hellenistic Background of 1 Corinthians 7, pp. 221–226. Misogunia appears in the accusative case on page 224 of Deming, as the fifth word in line 33 of his Greek text. The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive It is split over lines 25–26 in von Arnim.
  10. ^ Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, Book 13 §5.
  11. ^ SVF 3:103. Athenaeus ( Ancient Greek - Athếnaios Naukratios Latin Athenaeus Naucratita of Naucratis in Egypt Greek rhetorician and grammarian flourished The Deipnosophistae ( deipnon, "dinner" and sophistai, "professors" original Greek title, Deipnosophistai, English Mysogyny is the first word on the page.
  12. ^ Teun L. Tieleman, Chrysippus' on Affections: Reconstruction and Interpretations, (Leiden: Brill, 2003), p. Brill is a Village and Civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district in Buckinghamshire, England, close to the border with 162. ISBN 9004129987
  13. ^ Ricardo Salles, Metaphysics, Soul, and Ethics in Ancient Thought: Themes from the Work of Richard Sorabji, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), 485.
  14. ^ Strabo,Geography, Book 7 [Alexandria] Chapter 3. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The Geographica ( Ancient Greek: Γεωγραφικά Geōgraphiká) or Geography, is a 17-volume encyclopedia of geographical knowledge written
  15. ^ Menander, The Plays and Fragments, translated by Maurice Balme, contributor Peter Brown, Oxford University Press, 2002. Menander ( Greek:, Menandros; ca 342&ndash291 BC Greek Dramatist, the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy, was the son Peter Brown may refer to Historical Figures Peter Browne (Mayflower Pilgrim, also spelled Brown (1594 &ndash 1633 Pilgrim and English colonist ISBN 0192839837
  16. ^ He is supported (or followed) by Theognostus the Grammarian's 9th century Canones, edited by John Antony Cramer, Anecdota Graeca e codd. Theognostus the Grammarian (or Theognostus Grammaticus in Latin was a 9th century writer known for his book Canons ( Canones in Latin The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. John Antony Cramer ( 1793 - August 24, 1848) English classical scholar and geographer was born at Mitlödi in Switzerland. manuscriptis bibliothecarum Oxoniensium, vol. 2, (Oxford University Press, 1835), p. 88.
  17. ^ γυναικομανεῖς ἐν ταυτᾧ καὶ μισογῦναιος. Editio critica: Philo, De Specialibus Legibus, (Greek) edited by Leopold Cohn, Johann Theodor Wendland and S. Philo (20 BC - 50 AD) known also as Philo of Alexandria (gr Φίλων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς Philo Judaeus, Philo Judaeus of Alexandria Leopold Cohn ( January 14 1856, Zempelburg -1915 was a German author and philologist (Johann Theodor Paul Wendland ( August 17, 1864 - September 10, 1915) was a German classical Philologist ( Reiter, Philonis Alexandrini opera quæ supersunt, 6 vols, (Berlin, 1896–1915): (vol. 5) book 3, chapter 14 § 79. [Misprint in LSJ has 2:312]. A Greek-English Lexicon is a standard lexicographical work of the Ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in Translated by Charles Duke Yonge (London, 1854–1855). Charles Duke Yonge ( November 30 1812 – November 30 1891) was an English Historian, Classicist, and Cricketeer
  18. ^ Ptolomy, 'Of the Quality of the Soul', in Four Books, edited by Joachim Camerarius (Nuremberg, 1535), Latin translation by Philipp Melanchthon, reprinted (Basel, 1553): p. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Joachim Camerarius ( April 12, 1500 &ndash April 17, 1574) the Elder, German classical scholar was born at Philipp Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerd) ( February 16, 1497 &ndash April 19, 1560) was a German professor and theologian 159. Book 3 § 13. English translation.
  19. ^ τὸν διδάσκαλον τουτονὶ τὸν μισογύναιον. Alciphron, 'Thais to Euthyedmus', in Letters, (Greek) edited by MA Schepers, (Leipzig, 1905): as book 4, letter 7, page 115, line 15. Alciphron ( Gr) was an ancient Greek sophist, and the most eminent among the Greek epistolographers. ISBN 3598710232. Translated by the Athenian Society (1896): as book 1, letter 34.
  20. ^ Vettius Valens, Anthology, edited by Wilhelm Kroll (1908): p. Vettius Valens (February 8 120 - c 175 CE was a second-century Hellenistic astrologer, a somewhat younger contemporary of Claudius Ptolemy. "Wilhelm Kroll" redirects here For the metallurgist see Wilhelm J 17, line 11.
  21. ^ Damascius, Principles, edited by CA Ruelle (Paris, 1889): p. Damascius (grc Δαμάσκιος born in Damascus ca AD 458 died after AD 538 known as "the last of the Neoplatonists," was the last scholarch of the 388.
  22. ^ Holland, J: "Misogyny: The World's Oldest Prejudice," pp. 12-13. Avalon Publishing Group, 2006.
  23. ^ http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/004.qmt.html#004.034
  24. ^ http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/006.sbt.html#001.006.301
  25. ^ Rogers, Katherine M. The Troublesome Helpmate: A History of Misogyny in Literature, 1966.
  26. ^ Gunawan Adnan, Women and the Glorious Qur'an: An Analytical Study of Women-related Verses . . . p. 162-165 e. v.
  27. ^ Burgard, Peter J. (May 1994). Nietzsche and the Feminine. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, p. 11. ISBN 0-8139-1495-7.  
  28. ^ Robert C. Holub, Nietzsche and The Women's Question. Coursework for Berkley University
  29. ^ Izenberg, Gerald N. (June 2001). "Review of Chandak Sengoopta's Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna". The American Historical Review 106 (3): pp. 1074–1075.  

External links

Misogyny and religions

Select bibliography

Dictionary of sociology articles

Core references

Katharine M Rogers

Other literature

Dictionary

misogyny

-noun

  1. hatred or contempt for women
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