The Mishnah or Mishna (משנה, "repetition", from the verb shanah שנה, or "to study and review") is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism, and the first major redaction into written form of Jewish oral traditions, called the Oral Torah. Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense can mean the entire spectrum of Rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history The Tosefta ( Aramaic: תוספתא is a secondary compilation of the Jewish oral law from the period of the Mishnah. The Jerusalem Talmud or Talmud Yerushalmi (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשָׁלְמִי often the Yerushalmi for short is a collection The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The minor tractates (Hebrew מסכתות קטנות masechtot qetanot) are essays from the Tannaitic period or later dealing with topics about which no formal The Midrashim are mostly derived from and based upon the teachings of the Tannaim: Mekhilta or Mekilta ( Hebrew: מכילתא) is the Halakic midrash to the Book of Exodus. The Mekhilta de-Rabbi Shimon ( Hebrew: מכילתא דרבי שמעון בר יוחאי) is a Halakic midrash on Exodus from the school of Sifra ( Aramaic: סִפְרָא) is the Halakic midrash to Leviticus. Sifre ( סִפְרֵי siphrēy, Sifre Sifrei, also Sifre debe Rab or Sifre Rabbah) refers to either of two Sifre Zutta ( Hebrew: ספרי זוטא) is a Midrash on the Book of Numbers. The Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim ( Hebrew: מכילתא לספר דברים) is a Halakic midrash to Deuteronomy from the school of Rabbi Ishmael The Baraita of Rabbi Ishmael ( Hebrew: ברייתא דרבי ישמאל) is a Baraita which explains the 13 rules of R Aggadah ( Aramaic אגדה tales lore pl Aggadot or (Ashkenazi Aggados) refers to the homiletic and non-legalistic exegetical Seder Olam Rabbah ( Hebrew: סדר עולם רבה) is the earliest post-exilic chronicle preserved in the Hebrew language. Alphabet of Akiba ben Joseph, or Otiot (Midrash Aggadah de-Rabbi Akiba ( Hebrew: אותיות דרבי עקיבא) is the title of a Midrash The Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules ( Hebrew: ברייתא מ"ט מדות) is a work of Rabbinical literature which is no longer in existence except The Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules or Baraita of R Eliezer ben Jose ha-Gelili is a Baraita giving the 32 hermeneutic rules according to which the Bible is interpreted Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle is a Baraita cited several times by Hai Gaon, by Nathan ben Jehiel in the Aruk, as well as in Genesis Rabba ( Bereshit Rabba in Hebrew: בראשית רבה) is a religious text from Judaism 's classical period The Midrash on Lamentations or Eichah (Lamentations Rabbah ( Hebrew: מדרש איכה רבה) like Bereshit Rabbah and the Pesikta de-Rab Kahana ( Hebrew: פסיקתא דרב כהנא) is a collection of Aggadic midrash which exists in two editions those of Solomon Buber Esther Rabbah ( Hebrew: אסתר רבה) is the Midrash to the Book of Esther in the current Midrash editions Midrash Iyyob ( Hebrew: מדרש איוב) or Midrash to Job is an Aggadic midrash that is no longer extent Leviticus Rabbah, Vayikrah Rabbah, or Wayikra Rabbah is a homiletic Midrash to the Biblical book of Leviticus ( Vayikrah in Hebrew Seder Olam Zutta ( Hebrew: סדר עולם זוטא) is an anonymous chronicle called "Zuṭa" (= "smaller" or "younger" to distinguish Midrash Tanhuma ( Hebrew: מדרש תנחומא) is the name given to three different collections of Pentateuch Haggadot; two are extant while Megillat Antiochus (מגילת אנטיוכוס - "The Scroll of Antiochus " also "Megillat HaHashmonaim" or "Megillat Hanukkah" is a work recounting Avot de-Rabbi Nathan (אבות דרבי נתן) usually printed together with the Minor tractates of the Talmud, is a Jewish Aggadic work probably Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer ( Aramaic: פרקי דרבי אליעזר) is a Aggadic-midrashic work on Genesis, part of Exodus, and a few Tanna Devei Eliyahu ( Hebrew: תנא דבי אליהו; alternate Transliterations include Tana D'vei Eliyahu and Tana D'vei Eliahu The Alphabet of Ben-Sira ( Alphabetum Siracidis, Othijoth ben Sira) is an anonymous Medieval text attributed to Ben Sira (Sirach the author Ecclesiastes Rabbah or Kohelet Rabbah ( קהלת רבה) is an Haggadic commentary on Ecclesiastes, included in the collection of the Midrash Shir ha-Shirim Rabbah ( Hebrew: שיר השירים רבה) is a Haggadic midrash on Canticles, quoted by Rashi under the title "Midrash Deuteronomy Rabbah ( Hebrew: דברים רבה) is an Aggadic midrash or homiletic commentary on the Book of Deuteronomy. Pesikta Rabbati ( Hebrew: פסיקתא רבתי) is a collection of Aggadic Midrash (homilies on the Pentateuchal and prophetic lessons Midrash Samuel ( Hebrew: מדרש שמואל) a Haggadic midrash on the Books of Samuel, is quoted for the first time by Rashi in Midrash Proverbs ( Hebrew: מדרש משלי) is the Haggadic midrash to Book of Proverbs, first mentioned under the title "Midrash Ruth Rabbah ( Hebrew: רות רבה) is an Haggadic and homiletic interpretation of the Book of Ruth, which like that of the four other scrolls A Baraita of Samuel ( Hebrew: בריתא דרבי שמואל) was known to Jewish scholars from Shabbethai Donolo in the 10th century to The Targum Sheni ( "Second Targum") is an Aramaic translation ( Targum) and elaboration of the Book of Esther, that embellishes Midrash Tehillim ( Hebrew: מדרש תהלים) or Midrash to Psalms is a Haggadic midrash known since the 11th century when it was quoted by Midrash Hashkem, also known as Midrash ve-Hizhir is a purely Haggadic midrash on the Pentateuch. Exodus Rabbah ( Hebrew: שמות רבה) is the Midrash to Exodus, containing in the printed editions 52 parashiyyot Shir ha-Shirim Zutta ( Hebrew: שיר השירים זוטא) is a Midrash, or rather homiletic commentary on Canticles; referred to in Midrash Tadshe ( Hebrew: מדרש תדשא) is a Small midrash which begins with an interpretation of Gen Sefer haYashar (midrash, a Hebrew Midrash known in English translation mostly as The Book of Jasher. The Yalkut Shimoni ( Hebrew: ילקוט שמעוני) or simply Yalkut is an Aggadic compilation on the books of the Old Testament Machir ben Abba Mari ( Hebrew: מכיר בן אבא מרי) was the author of a work entitled Yalkut ha-Makiri (ילקוט המכירי but about whom Midrash Jonah is the Midrash to the Book of Jonah, read on the Day of Atonement as Hafṭarah during the Minḥah prayer and containing Ein Yaakov (עין יעקב is a compilation of all the Aggadic material in the Talmud together with commentaries Midrash ha-Gadol or The Great Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש הגדול) is an anonymous late (14th century compilation of Aggadic midrashim on the Numbers Rabbah (or Bamidbar Rabbah in Hebrew) is a religious text holy to classical Judaism. A number of Midrashim exist which are smaller in size and generally later in date than those dealt with in the articles Midrash Haggadah and Midrash Halakah. A targum ( Hebrew: תרגום plural targumim, lit "translation interpretation" is an Aramaic Translation of the Hebrew term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Targum Onkelos (or Unkelus) is the official eastern ( Babylonian) Targum to the Torah. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan is a western Targum (translation of the Torah (Pentateuch from the Land of Israel. Nevi'im (נְבִיאִים "Prophets" is the second of the three major sections in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, between the Targum Jonathan (תרגום יונתן בן עוזיאל - otherwise referred to as Targum Yonasan/Yonatan is the official eastern ( Babylonian) Targum Ketuvim (כְּתוּבִים "writings" is the third and final section of the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible) after Torah and Nevi'im The Targum Sheni ( "Second Targum") is an Aramaic translation ( Targum) and elaboration of the Book of Esther, that embellishes Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense can mean the entire spectrum of Rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history According to Rabbinic Judaism, the oral Torah, oral Law, or oral tradition ( is the oral tradition received in conjunction with the written Torah It was debated between 70-200 CE by the group of rabbinic sages known as the Tannaim[1] and redacted about 200 CE by Judah haNasi when, according to the Talmud, the persecution of the Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions would be forgotten. word /š n/ and /t n/ --> Events By Place World Human population reaches about 257 million The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The oral traditions that are the subject of the Mishnah go back to earlier, Pharisaic times. The Mishnah does not claim to be the development of new laws, but merely the collection of existing traditions.
The Mishnah is considered to be the first important work of Rabbinic Judaism[2] and is a major source of later rabbinic religious thought. Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense can mean the entire spectrum of Rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism ( Hebrew: " Yehadut Rabanit " - יהדות רבנית is the mainstream religious system of post- diaspora Rabbinic commentaries on the Mishnah over the next three centuries[3] were redacted as the Gemara. The Gemara (also transliterated Gemora or less commonly Gemorra) (from Aramaic גמרא gamar; literally " study"
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Structure
The Mishnah consists of six orders (sedarim, singular seder סדר), each containing 7-12 tractates (masechtot, singular masechet מסכת; lit. The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism "web"), 63 in total. Each masechet is divided into chapters (peraqim, singular peraq) and then paragraphs or verses (mishnayot, singular Mishnah). The Mishnah is also called Shas (an acronym for Shisha Sedarim - the "six orders"). Acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms are Abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name [4]
The Mishnah orders its content by subject matter, instead of by biblical context, and discusses individual subjects more thoroughly than the Midrash. Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic It includes a much broader selection of halakhic subjects than the Midrash.
The six orders are:
- Zeraim ("Seeds"), dealing with prayer and blessings, tithes and agricultural laws (11 tractates)
- Moed ("Festival"), pertaining to the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals (12 tractates)
- Nashim ("Women"), concerning marriage and divorce, some forms of oaths and the laws of the nazirite (7 tractates)
- Nezikin ("Damages"), dealing with civil and criminal law, the functioning of the courts and oaths (10 tractates)
- Kodashim ("Holy things"), regarding sacrificial rites, the Temple, and the dietary laws (11 tractates) and
- Tohorot ("Purities"), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, the laws of ritual purity for the priests (Kohanim), the laws of "family purity" (the menstrual laws) and others (12 tractates). Seder Zeraim ( Hebrew: סדר זרעים, lit "Order of Seeds" is the first and shortest Seder ("Order" of the Mishnah, Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women For Jewish law on damages see Damages (Jewish law Nezikin ( Hebrew: נזיקין Damages) or Seder Nezikin This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, he כַּשְׁרוּת refers to Jewish dietary laws. Tohorot ( Hebrew: טהורת literally "Purities" is the sixth order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud) See also "Mensuration" a term sometimes used to describe Measurement, particularly in the context of Forestry.
In each order (with the exception of Zeraim), tractates are arranged from biggest (in number of chapters) to smallest.
The word Mishnah can also indicate a single paragraph or verse of the work itself, ie. the smallest unit of structure in the Mishnah.
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| Zeraim (זרעים) | Moed (מועד) | Nashim (נשים) | Nezikin (נזיקין) | Kodashim (קדשים) | Tohorot (טהרות) | |||
| Berakhot · Pe'ah · Demai · Kil'ayim · Shevi'it · Terumot · Ma'aserot · Ma'aser Sheni · Hallah · Orlah · Bikkurim | Shabbat · Eruvin · Pesahim · Shekalim · Yoma · Sukkah · Beitzah · Rosh Hashanah · Ta'anit · Megillah · Mo'ed Katan · Hagigah | Yevamot · Ketubot · Nedarim · Nazir · Sotah · Gittin · Kiddushin | Bava Kamma · Bava Metzia · Bava Batra · Sanhedrin · Makkot · Shevu'ot · Eduyot · Avodah Zarah · Avot · Horayot | Zevahim · Menahot · Hullin · Bekhorot · Arakhin · Temurah · Keritot · Me'ilah · Tamid · Middot · Kinnim | Keilim · Oholot · Nega'im · Parah · Tohorot · Mikva'ot · Niddah · Makhshirin · Zavim · Tevul Yom · Yadayim · Uktzim | |||
The Babylonian Talmud (Hagiga 14a) states that there were either six-hundred or seven-hundred orders of the Mishnah. Seder Zeraim ( Hebrew: סדר זרעים, lit "Order of Seeds" is the first and shortest Seder ("Order" of the Mishnah, Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women For Jewish law on damages see Damages (Jewish law Nezikin ( Hebrew: נזיקין Damages) or Seder Nezikin This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name Tohorot ( Hebrew: טהורת literally "Purities" is the sixth order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud) Berakhot Pe'ah (פֵּאָה lit "Corner" is the second tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds" of the Mishnah and of the Talmud Demai (דמאי lit "Doubtful Produce" is the third tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds" of the Mishnah and of the Talmud Shevi'it ( Hebrew: שביעית lit "Seventh Year" is the fifth tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds" of the Mishnah Terumot ( Hebrew: תרומות lit "Donations" is the sixth tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds" of the Mishnah Ma'aserot (מעשרות lit "Tithes" is the seventh tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds" of the Mishnah and of Ma'aser Sheni ( Hebrew: מעשר שני lit "Second Tithe" is the eighth tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds" of the Hallah ( Hebrew: חלה lit "Glob of Dough" is the ninth tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds" of the Mishnah Orlah ( Hebrew: ערלה lit "Blockage of Trees" is the tenth tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds" of the Mishnah This page is about the book of Bikkurim See First Fruits Old Testament for the offering This is about part of the Talmud; for the Jewish day of rest see Shabbat. Pesahim ( Hebrew: פסחים lit "Passovers" is the third tractate of Seder Moed ("Order of Festivals" of the Mishnah Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud For the brush-footed butterfly Genus, see Yoma (butterfly. Yoma ( Hebrew: יומא lit This is about part of the Talmud; for the Jewish festival whose name is the plural of Sukkah, and the buildings constructed for use during it see Sukkot Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud Rosh Hashanah (ראש השנה is the name of a text of Jewish law originating in the Mishnah which formed the basis of tractates in both the Babylonian Talmud Ta'anit or Taanis is a volume (or "tractate" of the Mishnah, Tosefta, and both Talmuds In Judaism Megillah is the tenth Tractate of Mishnah in the Order Moed. It and its Gemara deal with the laws of Purim and offers exegetical understandings Mo'ed Katan (Hebrew מועד קטן, lit "little festival" is the eleventh tractate Seder Moed of the Mishnah and the Talmud Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women Nazir (נזיר is a treatise of the Mishnah and the Tosefta and in both Talmuds, devoted chiefly to a discussion of the laws of the Nazirite Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women Bava Kamma (Aramaic בבא קמא "The First Gate" often Transliterated Baḇa Ḳamma) is the first of a series of three Talmudic tractates Bava Metzia ( Talmudic Aramaic: בבא מציעא "The Middle Gate" is the second of the three Talmudic Tractates in the order of Nezikin Bava Batra is the third of the three tractates in the Talmud in the order Nezikin; it deals with a person's responsibilities and rights as the owner of property Sanhedrin (סנהדרין is one of ten tractates of the Nezikin (a section of the Talmud that deals with damages ie Makkot ( Hebrew: מכות lashes) is a book of the Mishnah and Talmud This article is about the Talmudic book of Shevu'ot See Shavuot for the Jewish holiday For Jewish law on damages see Damages (Jewish law Nezikin ( Hebrew: נזיקין Damages) or Seder Nezikin Avodah Zarah ( Hebrew: "foreign worship" meaning " Idolatry " is the name of a Tractate in the Talmud, located Pirkei Avot / Ovos (Ethics of the Fathers פרקי אבות is a tractate of the Mishna composed of ethical maxims of the Rabbis of the Mishnaic period Horayot ( Hebrew: הוריות Decisions) is the final tractate of Seder Nezikin in the Talmud. This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name Arakhin (Arachin is the fifth tractate in Seder Kodashim. It consists primarily of the laws pertaining to donating one's prescribed value as described at the end of the book In Jewish Law, Temurah ( Hebrew: תמורה literally "exchange" is the prohibition against attempting to switch the sanctity of an animal that has This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name This page is about Kodashim a section of the mishnah See Kedoshim (parsha for the Torah portion by that name Kinnim is a tractate in the Mishna and Talmud. The name means "nests" referring to the tractate's subject matter of errors in bird-offerings Keilim (כלים literally "Vessels" is the first tractate in the Order of Tohorot in the Mishnah. Oholot (אוהלות literally "Tents" is the second tractate of the Order of Tohorot in the Mishnah. Nega'im ( Hebrew: נגעים Blemishes) is the third tractate of the order of Tohorot in the Mishnah. Tohorot ( Hebrew: טהורת literally "Purities" is the sixth order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud) Tohorot ( Hebrew: טהורת literally "Purities" is the sixth order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud) Tractate Mikva'ot ( Hebrew: מקואות lit "pools of water" is a section of the Mishna discussing the laws pertaining to the building and maintenance Niddah (or nidah, nidda, nida; Hebrew:נִדָּה is a Hebrew term which literally means separation, generally considered to refer Tohorot ( Hebrew: טהורת literally "Purities" is the sixth order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud) Tohorot ( Hebrew: טהורת literally "Purities" is the sixth order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud) Tohorot ( Hebrew: טהורת literally "Purities" is the sixth order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud) Tohorot ( Hebrew: טהורת literally "Purities" is the sixth order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud) Uktzim ( Hebrew: עוקצים stems) is the last volume (or " Tractate " of the Order of Tohorot in the Mishnah. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Hillel the Elder organized them into six orders to make it easier to remember. Hillel (הלל (born Babylon traditionally c110BCE-10CE in Jerusalem) was a famous Jewish religious leader one of the most important figures in Jewish The historical accuracy of this tradition is disputed. There is also a tradition that Ezra the scribe dictated from memory not only the 24 books of the Tanakh but 60 esoteric books. Ezra ( was a Jewish Priestly Scribe who led about 5000 Israelite exiles living in Babylon to their home city of Jerusalem See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is It is not known whether this is a reference to the Mishnah, but there is a case for saying that the Mishnah does consist of 60 tractates. (The current total is 63, but Makkot was originally part of Sanhedrin, and Bava Kamma, Bava Metzia and Bava Batra may be regarded as subdivisions of a single tractate Nezikin. )
Interestingly, Reuvein Margolies posits that there were originally seven orders of Mishnah. Reuvein Margolies, ראובן מרגליות (b 1889 – 1971 authored over 55 books on Jewish topics He cites a Gaonic tradition on the existence of a seventh order. The missing order contained the laws of Sta"m (scribal practice) and Berachot (blessings).
Authorship
The Mishnah does not claim to be the development of new laws, but merely the collection of existing oral laws, traditions and folk wisdom. word /š n/ and /t n/ --> The rabbis who contributed to the Mishnah are known as the Tannaim, of whom approximately 120 are known. The period during which the Mishnah was assembled spanned about 170 years, and five generations.
Most of the Mishnah is related without attribution (stam). In Copyright law attribution is the requirement to acknowledge or credit the author of a work which is used or appears in another work This usually indicates that many sages taught so, and the halakhic ruling usually follows that view. Sometimes, however, it appears to be the opinion of a single sage, and the view of the sages collectively (hachamim) is given separately. In such cases the halakha usually follows the "sages", but may follow a third view expressed by a named rabbi. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law
The Talmud records a tradition that unattributed statements of the law represent the views of Rabbi Meir, which supports the theory that he was the author of an earlier collection. Rabbi Meir or Reb Meir Baal Haneis (or Hanes (lit Rabbi Meir Master of the Miracle) was a Jewish sage who lived in the time of the Mishna. For this reason, the few passages that actually say "this is the view of Rabbi Meir" represent cases where his view was later rejected.
Rabbi Judah haNasi (popularly called "Rabbi") is credited with publishing the Mishnah, though there may have been a few edits since his time (for example, those passages that cite him by name). According to Maimonides (Introduction to Mishneh Torah), after the tremendous upheaval caused by the destruction of the Temple and the Bar Kochba revolt, the Oral Torah was in danger of being forgotten. Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and The Mishneh Torah ( Hebrew: משנה תורה subtitled Sefer Yad ha-Chazaka (יד החזקה is a code of Jewish Religious law Background After the failed Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province According to Rabbinic Judaism, the oral Torah, oral Law, or oral tradition ( is the oral tradition received in conjunction with the written Torah It was for this reason that Rabbi chose to redact the Mishnah.
One must also note that in addition to redacting the Mishnah, Rabbi and his court also ruled on which opinions should be followed, though the rulings do not always appear in the text.
As he went through the tractates, the Mishnah was set forth, but throughout his life some parts were updated as new information came to light. Because of the proliferation of earlier versions, it was deemed too hard to retract anything already released, as such, a second version of certain laws were released. The Talmud refers to these differing versions as Mishnah Rishonah ("First Mishnah") and Mishnah Acharonah ("Last Mishnah"). The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history David Zvi Hoffman suggests that Mishnah Rishonah actually refers to texts from earlier Sages upon which Rabbi based his Mishnah. For the American documentary filmmaker see David Hoffman David Zvi Hoffmann ( November 24, 1843 &ndash 1921 ( Hebrew
One theory is that the present Mishnah was based on an earlier collection by Rabbi Meir. There are also references to the "Mishnah of Rabbi Akiva", though this may simply mean his teachings in general. [5] It is possible that Rabbis Akiva and Meir established the divisions and order of subjects in the Mishnah, but this would make them the authors of a school curriculum rather than of a book.
Authorities are divided on whether Rabbi Judah haNasi recorded the Mishnah in writing or established it as an oral text for memorisation. The most important early account of its composition, the Epistle of Sherira Gaon, is ambiguous on the point, though the "Spanish" recension leans to the theory that the Mishnah was written. Rav Sherira Gaon ( Hebrew: רב שרירא גאון) was the head of the Yeshiva in Pumbeditha. However, the Talmud records that, in every study session, there was a person called the tanna appointed to recite the Mishnah passage under discussion. This may indicate that, even if the Mishnah was reduced to writing, it was not available on general distribution.
Context
Oral law
Before the publication of the Mishnah, Jewish scholarship was predominantly oral. According to Rabbinic Judaism, the oral Torah, oral Law, or oral tradition ( is the oral tradition received in conjunction with the written Torah Rabbis expounded on and debated the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible, without the benefit of written works (other than the Biblical books themselves), though some may have made private notes (megillot setarim), for example of court decisions. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic The oral traditions were far from monolithic, and varied among various schools, the most famous of which were the House of Shammai and the House of Hillel. The House of Shammai (or Beit Shammai, beit is Hebrew for house was the school of thought of Judaism founded by Shammai, a Jewish scholar of The House of Hillel (בית הלל Beit Hillel) also known as the Academy of Hillel, founded by the famed Hillel the Elder, is a school of Jewish
The end of the Jewish commonwealth in the year 70 CE resulted in an upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms. The Rabbis were faced with the new reality of Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and Judea without autonomy. It is during this period that Rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing. [6] [7]
The earliest recorded oral law may have been of the midrashic form, in which halakhic discussion is structured as exegetical commentary on the Torah. Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Exegesis (from the Greek 'to lead out' involves an extensive and critical interpretation of an authoritative text, especially of a Holy term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to But an alternative form, organized by subject matter instead of by biblical verse, became dominant by about the year 200 CE, when Rabbi Judah haNasi redacted the Mishnah. In general, all opinions, even the non-normative ones, were recorded in the Mishnah and subsequently the Talmud.
In modern times, "the law" takes on a different meaning than discussed in the Mishnah and Talmud. "The law" in Judaism refers primarily to biblical law, given to the Israelites by God through Moses, as well as interpretations of the meaning and application of those rules. Thus, "the Law" is understood to be the religious teachings and rules given by God. Yet, since religion was infused in every area of life, rules for governing society, resolution of disputes, and enforcing safety and public order were also governed by the religious law, leading to an overlap of religion and modern conceptions of law.
Relationship with the Hebrew Bible
Rabbinic Judaism holds that the oral tradition was received by Moses at Mount Sinai in parallel with the Five Books of Moses, the (written) Torah (Torah she-bi-khtav), and that these together have always been the basis of Jewish law (halakha). Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism ( Hebrew: " Yehadut Rabanit " - יהדות רבנית is the mainstream religious system of post- diaspora According to Rabbinic Judaism, the oral Torah, oral Law, or oral tradition ( is the oral tradition received in conjunction with the written Torah Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ For other places named Mount Sinai see Mount Sinai (disambiguation Mount Sinai (Arabic طور سيناء, Hebrew הר סיני also term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law The "Written Law" consists of the "Five Books of Moses," the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, and not the Bible as a whole. The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic [8]
According to the Rabbinic view, the Oral Law (Torah she-be'al-peh) was also given to Moses at Sinai, and is the exposition of the Written Law as relayed by the scholarly and other religious leaders of each generation. This Oral Law is authoritative in practical terms, as the traditions of the Oral Law are considered as the necessary basis for the interpretation, and often for the reading, of the Written Law. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to
Thus, Jewish law and custom is based not only on a literal reading of the Torah, or the rest of the Tanakh, but on the combined oral and written traditions. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is Notably, the Mishnah does not cite a written scriptural basis for its laws: since it is said that the Oral Law was given simultaneously with the Written Law, the Oral Law codified in the Mishnah does not derive directly from the Written Law of the Torah. This is in contrast with the Midrash halakha, works in which the sources of the traditionally received laws are identified in the Tanakh, often by linking a verse to a halakha. The Midrashim are mostly derived from and based upon the teachings of the Tannaim: See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is These Midrashim often predate the Mishnah.
By 200 CE, much of the Oral Law was edited together into the Mishnah, and published by Rabbi Judah haNasi. Over the next four centuries this material underwent analysis and debate, known as Gemara ("completion"), in what were at that time the world's two major Jewish communities, in the land of Israel and in the Babylonian Empire. The Gemara (also transliterated Gemora or less commonly Gemorra) (from Aramaic גמרא gamar; literally " study" For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital These debates eventually came to be edited together into compilations known as the Talmud: the Talmud Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Talmud) for the compilation in Israel, and Talmud Bavli (Babylonian Talmud) for the compilation undertaken in Babylon. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The Jerusalem Talmud or Talmud Yerushalmi (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשָׁלְמִי often the Yerushalmi for short is a collection The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history
Competing oral laws and acceptance
It is unclear, according to J. Sussman (Mehqerei Talmud III), whether there was any writing connected to the Oral Law, or whether it was entirely oral. Over time, different traditions of the Oral Law came into being, raising debates about what the laws or their rulings were. According to the Mevo Hatalmud many rulings were given about specific things that could have been taken out of context or where a ruling was revisited but the second ruling was not as popularly known. To correct this, Rabbi Yehuda haNasi took up the redaction of the Mishnah. If something was already there with no conflict, he used it without changes in language, he reordered and ruled on where there was conflict, and clarified where context was not given. The idea was not do this at his own discretion, but rather to examine the tradition as far back as he could, and only supplement as required.
Some Jews did not accept the written codification of the oral law at all; known as Karaites, they comprised a significant portion of the world Jewish population in the 10th and 11th Centuries CE, and remain extant, though they currently number in the thousands. Karaite Judaism or Karaism (ˈkærəˌaɪt ˈkærəˌɪzəm) is a Jewish movement NOTE The word sect should not be used without defining it first and Karaite Judaism or Karaism (ˈkærəˌaɪt ˈkærəˌɪzəm) is a Jewish movement NOTE The word sect should not be used without defining it first and
Mishnah Study
Omissions
A number of important laws are not elaborated upon in the Mishnah. These include the laws of tzitzit, tefillin (phylacteries), mezuzah (Sta"m), the holiday of Hanukkah, and the laws of gerim (converts). Tzitzit or tzitzis ( Hebrew: Biblical ציצת Modern ציצית) are "fringes" Tefillin, ( תפילין) also called phylacteries, are a pair of black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with biblical verses A mezuzah (מזוזה "doorpost" (plural mezuzot (מזוזות is a piece of Parchment (usually contained in a decorative case Hanukkah (חנוכה alt Chanukah) also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the A conversion to Judaism (גיור giyur) is a formal act undertaken by a non-Jewish person who wishes to be recognised as a full member of the Jewish community These were later discussed in the minor tractates.
Rabbi Nissim Gaon in his Hakdamah Le'mafteach Hatalmud writes that many of these laws were so well known that it was unnecessary for Rabbi to discuss them. Nissim Ben Jacob ( Rav Nissim Gaon, 990-1062 Hebrew: ניסים בן יעקב) was a Rabbi and Talmudist best known today for his Talmudic Reuvain Margolies suggests that as the Mishnah was redacted after the Bar Kochba revolt, Rabbi could not have included discussion of Hanukkah which commemorates the Jewish revolt against the Syrian-Greeks (the Romans would not have tolerated this overt nationalism). Simon bar Kokhba ( Hebrew: שמעון בר כוכבא, also transliterated as Bar Kokhva or Bar Kochba) was the Jewish leader who led what Hanukkah (חנוכה alt Chanukah) also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Similarly, there were then several decrees in place aimed at suppressing outward signs of national identity, including decrees against wearing tefillin and tzitzit; as Conversion to Judaism was against Roman law, Rabbi would not have discussed this. A conversion to Judaism (גיור giyur) is a formal act undertaken by a non-Jewish person who wishes to be recognised as a full member of the Jewish community
David Zvi Hoffman suggests that there existed ancient texts in the form of the present day Shulchan Aruch that discussed the basic laws of day to day living and it was therefore not necessary to focus on these laws in the Mishnah. For the American documentary filmmaker see David Hoffman David Zvi Hoffmann ( November 24, 1843 &ndash 1921 ( Hebrew The Shulchan Aruch (שולחן ערוך literally " Set Table " (also Shulhan Aruch or Shulchan Arukh) is a Codification
Textual variants
The earliest printed edition of the Mishnah was published in Naples ("the Napoli edition"). There have been many subsequent editions, including the late nineteenth century Vilna edition, which is the basis of the editions now used by the religious public.
As well as being printed on its own, the Mishnah is included in all editions of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. Each paragraph is printed on its own, and followed by the relevant Gemara discussion. However, that discussion itself often cites the Mishnah line by line. While the text printed in paragraph form has generally been standardized to follow the Vilna edition, the text cited line by line often preserves important variants, which sometimes reflect the readings of older manuscripts.
The nearest approach to a critical edition is that of Hanoch Albeck. There is also an edition by Yosef Qafih of the Mishnah together with the commentary of Maimonides, which compares the base text used by Maimonides with the Napoli and Vilna editions and other sources. Rabbi Yosef Qafih ( Hebrew: יוסף קאפח widely known as Rabbi Kapach (1917-2000 was one of the foremost leaders of Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and
Oral traditions and pronunciation
The Mishnah was and still is traditionally studied through recitation (out loud). Many medieval manuscripts of the Mishnah are vowelized, and some of these contain partial Tiberian cantillation. Cantillation is the ritual chanting of readings from the Bible in Synagogue services. Jewish communities around the world preserved local melodies for chanting the Mishnah, and distinctive ways of pronouncing its words.
Most vowelized editions of the Mishnah today reflect standard Ashkenazic vowelization, and often contain mistakes. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing The Albeck edition of the Mishnah was vowelized by Hanokh Yellin, who made careful eclectic use of both medieval manuscripts and current oral traditions of pronunciation from Jewish communities all over the world. The Albeck edition includes an introduction by Yellin detailing his eclectic method.
Two institutes at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem have collected major oral archives which hold (among other things) extensive recordings of Jews chanting the Mishnah using a variety of melodies and many different kinds of pronunciation. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is These institutes are the Jewish Oral Traditions Research Center and the National Voice Archives (the Phonoteca at the Jewish National and University Library). See below for external links.
Commentaries
- In 1168, Maimonides published a comprehensive commentary on the Mishnah. Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and Exegesis (from the Greek 'to lead out' involves an extensive and critical interpretation of an authoritative text, especially of a Holy It was written in Arabic and was one of the first commentaries of its kind. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language In it, "Rambam" condenses the associated Talmudical debates, and offers his conclusions in a number of undecided issues. The Gemara (also transliterated Gemora or less commonly Gemorra) (from Aramaic גמרא gamar; literally " study" Posek ( Hebrew פוסק po·ˈseq pl Poskim, פוסקים is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the Of particular significance are the various introductory sections - as well as the introduction to the work itself [1] - these are widely quoted in other works on the Mishnah, and on the Oral law in general. An oral law is a Code of conduct in use in a given Culture, Religion or community application by which a body of rules of human behaviour is transmitted Perhaps the most famous is his introduction to the tenth chapter of tractate Sanhedrin [2] where he enumerates the thirteen fundamental beliefs of Judaism. Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and
- Rabbi Samson of Sens (France) was, apart from Maimonides, one of the few rabbis of the early medieval era to compose a Mishnah commentary. Samson ben Abraham (c 1150 -c 1230) also known as the Rash of Sens (an Acronym of his name or "the Prince of Sens" was This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It is printed in many editions of the Mishnah.
- Rabbi Obadiah ben Abraham of Bertinoro (15th century) wrote one of the most popular Mishnah commentaries. Obadiah ben Abraham ( Hebrew: עובדיה מברטנורא) of Bertinoro was a Jewish Rabbi and a commentator on the Mishnah Bertinoro is a town and comune in the Province of Forlì-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna ( Italy) He draws on Maimonides' work but also offers Talmudical material (in effect a summary of the Talmudic discussion) largely following the commentary of Rashi. The Gemara (also transliterated Gemora or less commonly Gemorra) (from Aramaic גמרא gamar; literally " study" For the astrological concept see Rāshi (Jyotiṣa. Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, (רבי שלמה יצחקי better known by the acronym Rashi In addition to its role as a commentary on the Mishnah, this work is often referenced by students of Talmud as a review-text, and is often referred to as "the Bartanura" or "the Ra'V".
- After the Maharal of Prague had initiated organised Mishnah study (Chevrath ha-Mishnayoth), Yomtov Lipman Heller (who is often believed to be his pupil but came to Prague already as a mature scholar) wrote a commentary called Tosafoth Yom Tov. Judah Loew ben Bezalel ("Judah Loewe son of Bezalel" also written as Yehudah ben Bezalel Levai '''Loewe''' '''Löwe''' 1525 &ndash Thursday 7 September Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann ben Nathan ha-Levi Heller ( Hebrew: רבי יום-טוב ליפמן הלר) (b In the introduction Heller says that his aim is to make additions (tosafoth) to Bertinoro’s commentary. The Tosafot or Tosafos (תוספות are Mediæval commentaries on the Talmud. The glosses are sometimes quite detailed and analytic. That is why it is sometimes compared to the Tosafoth - discussions of Babylonian gemara by French and German scholars of 12-13th C. The Tosafot or Tosafos (תוספות are Mediæval commentaries on the Talmud. In many compact Mishnah printings, a condensed version of his commentary, titled Ikar Tosafoth Yom Tov, is featured.
- Other Acharonim who have written Mishna commentaries:
- Rabbi Solomon Luria (the Maharshal)
- The Vilna Gaon (Shenoth Eliyahu)
- Rabbi Akiva Eiger
- A prominent commentary from the 19th century is Tifereth Yisrael by Rabbi Yisrael Lipschutz. Solomon Luria ( 1510 - November 7, 1574) ( Hebrew: שלמה לוריא) was one of the great Ashkenazic poskim Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman, known as the Vilna Gaon or Elijah of Vilna and simply by his Hebrew Acronym Gra (" G aon Rabbi Akiva Eger, (born Akiva Güns (1761-1837 was an outstanding Talmudic scholar influential halakhic decisor and foremost leader of European The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar It is subdivided into two parts, one more general and the other more analytical, titled Yachin and Boaz respectively (after two large pillars in the Temple in Jerusalem). Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name Lipschutz has not been completely without controversy, in some hasidic cricles.
- The commentary by Rabbi Pinhas Kehati, which is written in Modern Israeli Hebrew and based on classical and contemporary works, has become popular in the late Twentieth Century. Pinchas Kehati (1910 – December 21, 1976) is the author of משניות מבוארות Misnayot Mevuarot (literally "Clarified Mishnayos" The commentary is designed to make the Mishnah widely accessible to a wide spectrum of learners of all ages and all levels of experience in Torah study. It is popularly referred to as "The Kehati". Each tractate is introduced with an overview of its contents, including historical and legal background material, and each Mishnah is prefaced by a thematic introduction. The current version of this edition is printed with the Bartenura commentary as well as Kehati's.
- The above-mentioned edition edited by Hanokh Albeck and vocalized by Hanokh Yellin (1952-59) includes the former's extensive commentary on each Mishnah, as well as introductions to each tractate (Masekhet) and order (Seder. ) This commentary tends to focus on the meaning of the mishnayot themselves, without as much reliance on the Gemara's interpretation and is, therefore, considered valuable as a tool for the study of Mishnah as an independent work.
As a historical source
Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the points of view of many different people. Yet, sketchy biographies of the Mishnaic sages can often be constructed with historical detail from Talmudic and Midrashic sources. Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic
Many modern historical scholars have focused on the timing and the formation of the Mishnah. A vital question is whether it is composed of sources which date from its editor's lifetime, and to what extent is it composed of earlier, or later sources. Are Mishnaic disputes distinguishable along theological or communal lines, and in what ways do different sections derive from different schools of thought within early Judaism? Can these early sources be identified, and if so, how? In response to these questions, modern scholars have adopted a number of different approaches.
- Some scholars hold that there has been extensive editorial reshaping of the stories and statements within the Mishnah (and later, in the Talmud. ) Lacking outside confirming texts, they hold that we cannot confirm the origin or date of most statements and laws, and that we can say little for certain about their authorship. In this view, the questions above are impossible to answer. See, for example, the works of Louis Jacobs, Baruch M. Rabbi Dr Louis Jacobs (b Manchester, 17 July[[ 920]] d London, 1 July 2006, 5 Tammuz 5766 in the Hebrew calendar) was Bokser, Shaye J. D. Cohen, Steven D. Shaye J D Cohen (b October 21, 1948) is the Littauer Professor of Hebrew Literature and Philosophy in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Fraade.
- Some scholars hold that the Mishnah and Talmud have been extensively shaped by later editorial redaction, but that it contains sources which we can identify and describe with some level of reliability. In this view, sources can be identified to some extent because each era of history and each distinct geographical region has its own unique feature, which one can trace and analyze. Thus, the questions above may be analyzed. See, for example, the works of Goodblatt, Lee Levine, David C. Kraemer and Robert Goldenberg.
- Some scholars hold that many or most of the statements and events described in the Mishnah and Talmud usually occurred more or less as described, and that they can be used as serious sources of historical study. In this view, historians do their best to tease out later editorial additions (itself a very difficult task) and skeptically view accounts of miracles, leaving behind a reliable historical text. See, for example, the works of Saul Lieberman, David Weiss Halivni, Avraham Goldberg and Dov Zlotnick. Saul Lieberman (May 28 1898 - March 23 1983 also known as Rabbi Shaul Lieberman or The Gra"sh ( G aon Ra bbeinu Sh aul David Weiss Halivni (1927- is an American Israeli world-acclaimed scholar in the domain of Jewish Sciences and professor of Talmud,born
- Professor Lawrence Shiffman proves that many of the specific, detailed arguments of the Pharisees already existed in 150 BCE (or earlier) - as documented in the Dead Sea Scroll MMT.
Notes
- ^ The plural term (singular tanna) for the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah; the period of the Tannaim is also referred to as the Mishnaic period and followed the Zugot ("pairs"), preceding the period of the Amoraim. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Zugot (תְּקוּפָת הַזּוּגוֹת ( (təqūphāth hazZūghôth) refers to the period during the time of the Second Temple (515 BCE - 70 CE in which The root tanna (תנא) is the Aramaic equivalent for the Hebrew root shanah (שנה), which also is the root-word of Mishnah. Aramaic is a Semitic language with The verb shanah (שנה) literally means "to repeat [what one was taught]" and is used to mean "to learn".
- ^ The list of joyful days known as Megillat Taanit is older, but according to the Talmud it is no longer in force. Megillat Taanit ( Hebrew: מגילת תענית) is chronicle which enumerates 35 eventful days on which the Jewish nation either performed glorious deeds The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history
- ^ Recorded mostly in Aramaic. Aramaic is a Semitic language with
- ^ The term Shas is also used to refer to a complete Talmud, which follows the structure of the Mishnah. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history
- ^ This theory was held by David Zvi Hoffman, and is repeated in the introduction to Herbert Danby's Mishnah translation. Herbert Danby (20 January 1889 - 29 March 1953 was an Anglican Priest and writer who played a central role in the change of attitudes toward Judaism
- ^ See, Strack, Hermann, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, Jewish Publication Society, 1945. pp. 11-12. "[The Oral Law] was handed down by word of mouth during a long period. . . The first attempts to write down the traditional matter, there is reason to believe, date from the first half of the second post-Christian century. " Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the Rabbis to record the oral law in writing.
- ^ The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the commiting of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of Sherira Gaon and often repeated. Rav Sherira Gaon ( Hebrew: רב שרירא גאון) was the head of the Yeshiva in Pumbeditha. See, for example, Grayzel, A History of the Jews, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.
- ^ When Nevi'im [נביאים] ("Prophets") and Ketuvim [כתובים] ("Writings"), are added to the Torah, the expanded volume is called the Tanakh. Nevi'im (נְבִיאִים "Prophets" is the second of the three major sections in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, between the Ketuvim (כְּתוּבִים "writings" is the third and final section of the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible) after Torah and Nevi'im See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is It is this collection of books that Christianity knows as The Old Testament. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon.
See also
References
Translations
- Philip Blackman. word /š n/ and /t n/ --> Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The Tosefta ( Aramaic: תוספתא is a secondary compilation of the Jewish oral law from the period of the Mishnah. Baraita ( Aramaic ברייתא "external" "outside" pl The minor tractates (Hebrew מסכתות קטנות masechtot qetanot) are essays from the Tannaitic period or later dealing with topics about which no formal Karaite Judaism or Karaism (ˈkærəˌaɪt ˈkærəˌɪzəm) is a Jewish movement NOTE The word sect should not be used without defining it first and Mishnayoth. The Judaica Press, Ltd. , 2000 (ISBN 0-910818-00-X)
- Herbert Danby. Herbert Danby (20 January 1889 - 29 March 1953 was an Anglican Priest and writer who played a central role in the change of attitudes toward Judaism The Mishnah. Oxford, 1933 (ISBN 0-19-815402-X).
- Jacob Neusner. Jacob Neusner (born July 28, 1932, Hartford, Connecticut) is an academic scholar of Judaism who lives in Rhinebeck, The Mishnah: A New Translation. New Haven, reprint 1991 (ISBN 0-300-05022-4).
- Various editors. The Mishnah, a new translation with commentary Yad Avraham. New York: Mesorah publishers, since 1980s.
Historical study
- Shalom Carmy (Ed. ) Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations Jason Aronson, Inc.
- Shaye J. D. Cohen, "Patriarchs and Scholarchs", Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 48 (1981), pp. 57-87
- Steven D. Fraade, "The Early Rabbinic Sage," in The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East, ed. John G. Gammie and Leo G. Perdue (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1990), pp. 417-23
- Robert Goldenberg The Sabbath-Law of Rabbi Meir (Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1978)
- John W McGinley 'The Written' as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly ISBN 0-595-40488-X
- Jacob Neusner Making the Classics in Judaism (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), pp. 1-13 and 19-44
- Jacob Neusner Judaism: The Evidence of the Mishnah (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 14-22.
- Gary Porton, The Traditions of Rabbi Ishmael (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982), vol. 4, pp. 212-25
- Dov Zlotnick, The Iron Pillar Mishnah (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1988), pp. 8-9
- Reuvain Margolies, Yesod Ha-Mishnah V'Arichatah (Heb. )
- David Tzvi Hoffman, Mishnah Rishonah U'flugta D'tanna'e (Heb)
Recitation
- Frank Alvarez-Pereyre, La Transmission Orale de la Mishna. Une methode d'analyse appliquee a la tradition d'Alep: Jerusalem 1990
External links
Wikimedia projects
Wikisource's Open Mishna Project is developing Mishnah texts, commentaries, and translations. The project is currently available in four languages: Hebrew (the largest collection), English, French and Portuguese.
Other electronic texts
- Learn Mishna Online - Create a Shloshim Mishnah list online
- Mishna on Demand - Custom PDF versions of any section of the Mishnah in Hebrew.
- Mechon Mamre - Hebrew text of the Mishnah according to Maimonides' version (based on the manuscript of his Mishnah commentary in his own handwriting).
- The Structured Mishnah - Hebrew text according to the Albeck edition (without vowels) with special formatting.
- Online Treasury of Talmudic Manuscripts, Jewish National and University Library
Mishnah study & the Daily Mishnah
- Aaron Ahrend, "Mishna Study and Study Groups in Modern Times" in JSIJ 3: 2004 (Hebrew). Available online here (Word & PDF).
- The Daily Mishna - uses the Kehati commentary (in English translation).
- Mishna Yomis - Daily Mishna audio (English).
- Mishna Yomit - One Mishna per day. (Note: this study-cycle follows a different schedule than the regular one; contains extensive archives in English).
- Mishna of the Daf - a new Mishna study cycle that parallels the progress of the Daf Yomi. Daf Yomi (דף יומי "page the day" or "daily Folio " is a daily regimen undertaken to study the Babylonian Talmud one folio (a
- Kehati Mishna a program of two Mishnayos per day, and the complete text of Kehati in English
- Dafyomireview - custom learning and review programs for mishnayos
Audio lectures
- Rav Avraham Kosman - Slabodka on the Mishna & Talmud in English - Produced in Israel
- Meir Pogrow - advanced lectures (in English); free MP3 download.
- Mishna Audio - given by Rabbi Chaim Brown Shlit"a in English
- Rav Grossman on the Mishna in English produced in Los Angeles
Manuscripts
- Kaufmann manuscript of the Mishnah - View images of the entire vowelized manuscript.
Oral Traditions (chanting and pronunciation of the Mishnah)
- Jewish Oral Traditions Research Center (Hebrew University)
- The National Sound Archives at the Hebrew University (catalogue not currently online).
- Treasury of Talmudic Manuscripts, Jewish National and University Library
Dictionary
Mishnah
-proper noun
- The collection of writings known as the "Oral Torah" believed by many Jews to have been handed down orally from Moses, who received it on Mount Sinai with the written Torah. Published in 250 C.E. (250 A.D.) in Javneh (Jamnia), Israel.
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