Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind") is the mixing of different racial groups, that is, marrying, cohabiting, having sexual relations and having children with a partner from outside of one's racially or ethnically defined group. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Cohabitation is when people live together in an emotionally- and/or physically- Intimate relationship. Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings

Contents 1 Usage 2 Etymological history 3 Laws banning miscegenation 4 History of ethnoracial admixture and attitudes towards miscegenation 4.1 United States 4.2 Portuguese colonies 4.3 Israel 5 Demographics of ethnoracial admixture 5.1 U.S. 5.2 Brazil 6 Genetic studies of racial admixture 6.1 Admixture in the United States 6.2 Admixture in Latin America 6.2.1 Background 6.2.2 Recent studies 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Other sources 10 External links

Usage

The term "miscegenation" has been used to refer to interracial marriage and interracial sex, and more generally to the global process of racial admixture that has taken place since the Age of Discoveries, particularly through the European colonization of the Americas and the Atlantic slave trade. Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract Notions of race based on Human genetic variation have replaced historical approaches such as Craniology with the advent of Human genetics in The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World Historically the term has been used in the context of laws banning interracial marriage and sex, so-called anti-miscegenation laws. Anti-miscegenation laws, also known as miscegenation laws, were laws that banned Interracial marriage and sometimes interracial sex between whites and members of other It is therefore a loaded word and is considered offensive by many. Loaded

Today, the word miscegenation is avoided by many scholars, because the term suggests a distinct biological phenomenon, rather than a categorization imposed on certain relationships. The word is considered offensive by many and other terms such as "interracial," "interethnic" or "cross-cultural" are more common in contemporary usage. ^[1] However, the term is still used by scholars when referring to past practices concerning multiraciality, such as anti-miscegenation laws that banned interracial marriages. The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. ^[2]

In Spanish, Portuguese and French, the words used to describe the mixing of "races" are mestizaje, mestiçagem and métissage. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people These words, much older than the term miscegenation, are derived from the Late Latin mixticius for "mixed" and from the Spanish word mestizo. Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin Portuguese also uses miscigenação, derived from the same Latin root as the English word. These non-English terms for "race-mixing" are not considered as offensive as "miscegenation", although they have historically been tied to the caste system (Casta) that was established in Latin America during the colonial era. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. Casta is a 17th century term used in Spanish America, which refers to the institutionalized system of social stratification based on a person's racial heritage However, some groups in South America consider the use of the word mestizo offensive due to the fact that it was used during the times of the colony to just refer to the mixes between the conquistadores and the indigenous people. Today the mixes among races and ethnicities are diverse so it is preferable to use the term "mixed-race" or simply "mixed" (mezcla).

The concept of miscegenation is tied to concepts of racial difference. As the different connotations and etymologies of miscegenation and mestizaje suggest, definitions of race, "race mixing" and multiraciality have diverged globally as well as historically, depending on changing social circumstances and cultural perceptions. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. The historical definition of race was an immutable and distinct type or Species, sharing distinct racial characteristics such as constitution temperament Thus, mestizo are people of mixed white and indigenous, usually Amerindian ancestry who do not self-identify as indigenous peoples or Native Americans. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. In Canada however, the Métis, who also have partly Amerindian and partly white, often French-Canadian, ancestry, are a constitutionally recognized aboriginal people. The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans, Aboriginal people in Canada, also known as Canadian aboriginal citizens, are people who belong to recognized indigenous groups in the Canadian Constitution Act

The differences between related terms and words that encompass aspects of "racial" admixture show the impact of different historical and cultural factors leading to changing social interpretations of race and ethnicity. Social interpretation of physical variation Incongruities of racial classifications Even as the idea of "race" was becoming a powerful organizing principle in many Thus the Comte de Montlosier, in exile during the French Revolution, equated class difference in eighteenth century France with "racial" difference. François Dominique de Reynaud Comte de Montlosier ( April 16, 1755 &mdash December 9, 1838) was a French politician The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Borrowing Boulainvilliers' discourse on the "Nordic race" as being the French aristocracy that invaded the plebeian "Gauls", he showed his contempt for the lowest social class, the Third Estate, calling it "this new people born of slaves . Henri de Boulainvilliers ( October 21, 1658, St Saire, Normandy - January 23, 1722, Paris) was a French The Nordic race was one of the racial categories into which the Europeans were divided by anthropologists in the first half of the twentieth century Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages . . mixture of all races and of all times".

Etymological history

Miscegenation comes from the Latin miscere, "to mix" and genus, "kind". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The word was coined in the U. S. in 1863, and the etymology of the word is tied up with political conflicts during the American Civil War over the abolition of slavery and over the racial segregation of African-Americans. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The reference to "genus" was made to emphasize the supposedly distinct biological differences between whites and non-whites. In fact, all humans belong to the same genus, Homo, to the same species, Homo sapiens and to the same subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Homo is the Genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus

The word was coined in an anonymous propaganda pamphlet printed in New York City in December 1863, entitled Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people A pamphlet is an unbound Booklet (that is without a hard cover or binding) The City of New York White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. Negro is a term referring to people of Black African ancestry ^[3] The pamphlet purported to be in favor of promoting the intermarriage of whites and blacks until they were indistinguishably mixed, claiming this was the goal of the Republican Party. Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse The pamphlet was revealed to be a hoax written by Democrats David Goodman Croly, managing editor of the New York World, a Democratic Party paper, and George Wakeman, a World reporter. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. David Goodman Croly (1829&ndash1889 was an American journalist, born in New York and educated at New York University. The New York World was a Newspaper published in New York from 1860 until 1931 (New York City at the time was a place where people often criticized the ongoing American Civil War, to the point of rioting against that war in a massive brawl that had racial overtones. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The New York Draft Riots (July 11 to July 16 1863 known at the time as Draft Week) were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination )

The anonymous pamphlet was later exposed as an attempt by Democrats (the so-called Copperheads) to discredit the Republicans, the Lincoln administration, and the abolitionist movement by exploiting the racist fears common among whites. The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States (see also Union (American Civil War) who opposed the American Civil Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies The pamphlet and variations on it were reprinted widely in communities on both sides of the American Civil War by opponents of Republicans. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Only in November 1864 did it become known that the pamphlet was a hoax. By then, the word miscegenation had entered the common language of the day as a popular buzzword in political and social discourse. A buzzword (also fashion word and vogue word) is a vague Idiom, usually a Neologism, that is common to managerial technical administrative The issue of miscegenation, raised by the opponents of Lincoln, featured prominently in the election campaign of 1864.

In the United States, the concept of miscegenation has been used to focus primarily on the intermarriage of white people and non-whites, and especially black people. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse Before the publication of Miscegenation, the word amalgamation, borrowed from metallurgy, had been in use as a general term for ethnoracial intermixing. Amalgamation is a now largely archaic term for the Intermarriage and interbreeding of different ethnicities or races. Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their A contemporary usage of this metaphor was Ralph Waldo Emerson's private vision in 1845 of America as an ethnoracial smelting-pot, a variation on the concept of the melting pot. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures races and religions are Attitudes in the U. S toward the desirability of such intermixing, including that between white Protestants and Irish Catholic immigrants, were divided. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Irish Catholics is a term used to describe people of Roman Catholic background who are Irish or of Irish descent. The term miscegenation was coined to refer specifically to the intermarriage of blacks and whites, and with the intention of stirring up debate over what was at the time a controversial issue. ^[4]

Laws banning miscegenation

Main article: Anti-miscegenation laws

Laws banning "race-mixing" were enforced in Nazi Germany, in South Africa during the Apartheid era and in individual U. Anti-miscegenation laws, also known as miscegenation laws, were laws that banned Interracial marriage and sometimes interracial sex between whites and members of other Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers S. states from the Colonial era until 1967. All these laws primarily banned marriage between spouses of different racially or ethnically defined groups, which was termed "amalgamation" or "miscegenation" in the U. S. The laws in Nazi-Germany and South Africa under Apartheid, and many of the U. S. state laws, also targeted sexual relations between such individuals.

In the United States, the various state laws prohibited the marriage of whites and blacks, and in many states also the intermarriage of whites with Native Americans and/or Asians. A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian ^[5] In the U. S. , such laws were known as anti-miscegenation laws. Anti-miscegenation laws, also known as miscegenation laws, were laws that banned Interracial marriage and sometimes interracial sex between whites and members of other From 1913 until 1948, 30 out of the then 48 states enforced such laws. ^[6] Although an "Anti-Miscegenation Amendment" was repeately proposed in United States Congress, in 1871, in 1912-1913 and in 1928,^[7][8] a nation-wide law against racially mixed marriages was never enacted. Anti-miscegenation laws, also known as miscegenation laws, were laws that banned Interracial marriage and sometimes interracial sex between whites and members of other The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses In 1967, the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Loving v. Virginia that miscegenation laws are unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Loving v Virginia,, was a landmark Civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court declared Virginia 's Anti-miscegenation Constitutionality is the status of a law, a procedure or an act's accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable Constitution. With this ruling, these laws were no longer in effect in the remaining 16 states that at the time still enforced them.

The laws in Nazi Germany, South Africa and in U. S. states all based themselves on concepts of racial purity and white supremacy. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups. The Nazi ban on interracial marriage and interracial sex, part of the Nuremberg laws, classified Jews as a race and based itself on the racist concept of the superiority of Germans as members of the "Aryan race". The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The " Aryan race " is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Enacted by the National Socialist government in September 1935 as part of the Nuremberg Laws, the Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre (The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour) forbade marriage and extramarital sexual relations between persons of Jewish origin and persons of "German or related blood". Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. Such intercourse was marked as Rassenschande (lit. race-disgrace) and could be punished by imprisonment (usually followed by the deportation to a concentration camp) and even by death.

The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act in South Africa, enacted under Apartheid in 1949, banned intermarriage between whites and non-whites. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, Act No 55 of 1949 was an Apartheid law in South Africa prohibiting marriages between people of different races White South Africans is a term which refers to people from South Africa who are of Afrikaner, British or other Continental European descent The Immorality Act, enacted in 1950, also made it a criminal offense for a white person to have any sexual relations with a person of a different race. The Immorality Act (1950-1985 was one of the first Apartheid laws in South Africa. Human sexual behavior or different human sexual practices encompass a wide range of activities such as strategies to find or attract partners ( Mating and display Both laws were repealed in 1985.

History of ethnoracial admixture and attitudes towards miscegenation

United States

See also: Race in the United States

Historically, "race mixing" between black and white people was taboo in the United States (see also Racism in the United States). The United States is a racially diverse country There is an extensive history of race-based Slavery, the abolishment of it and its economic The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. Racism in the United States has been a major issue since the colonial era In the past, the taboo centered more on white-black marriages than on sexual relations between whites and blacks, because most white Americans refused to accept African-Americans as social equals. Today, a majority of Americans are not against black-white marriages. In a recent poll of 1,314 Americans of all ethnic groups, 3 in 10 people were opposed to white-black marriage, and a smaller proportion were opposed to white-Hispanic or white-Asian marriages.

The taboo among American whites surrounding white-black intermarriage can be seen as a historical consequence of the oppression and racial segregation of African-Americans. ^[9][10] In many U. S. states interracial marriage was already illegal when the term miscegenation was invented in 1863. The first laws banning interracial marriage were introduced in the late seventeenth century in the slave-holding colonies of Virginia (1691) and Maryland (1692). Later these laws also spread to colonies and states where slavery did not exist.

It has also been argued that the first laws banning interracial marriage were a response by the planter elite to the problems they were facing due to the socio-economic dynamics of the plantation system in the Southern colonies. The bans in Virginia and Maryland were established at a time when slavery was not yet fully institutionalized. At the time, most forced laborers on the plantations were indentured servants, and they were mostly white. An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to Some historians have suggested that the at-the-time unprecedented laws banning interracial marriage were originally invented by planters as a divide and rule tactic after the uprising of servants in Bacon's Rebellion. In Politics and Sociology, divide and rule (derived from Latin divide et impera) (also known as divide and conquer) is a combination Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. According to this theory, the ban on interracial marriage was issued to split up the racially mixed, increasingly mixed-race labour force into whites, who were given their freedom, and blacks, who were later treated as slaves rather than as indentured servants. By forbidding interracial marriage, it became possible to keep these two new groups separated and prevent a new rebellion. ^[11]

During and after slavery, most American whites regarded interracial marriage between whites and blacks as taboo. However, during slavery many white American men and women did conceive children with black partners. These children automatically became slaves if the mother was a slave or were born free if the mother was free, as slavery was matrilineal;. Matrilineality is a system in which lineage is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors Sometimes freed from slavery by their slave holding fathers or bought to be emancipated if the father was not the owner. Many children of these unions formed enclaves under names such as Colored and Gens de couleur, etc. This article is about the term used for African-Americans You might be looking for Coloured people or Color (disambiguation. Gens de couleur is a French term meaning "people of color Most mixed-raced descendants merged into the African-American ethnic group during Jim Crow, while over the centuries a minority of mixed-raced Americans passed and became white, and others exist to this day in small mixed enclaves of Mestees such as the Melungeons, Redbone (ethnicity), Lumbee, Jackson Whites, etc. Melungeon (mɛlʌndʒʌn is a term traditionally applied to one of a number of "tri-racial isolate" groups of the Southeastern United States, mainly in the Cumberland " Redbone " is a term used to describe certain racially mixed Ethnic groups in the United States, especially in the Sabine River area of Louisiana The Lumbee are a Native American tribe of North Carolina, though their origins are disputed The Ramapough Mountain Indians (also known as Ramapo Mountain Indians or the Ramapough Lenape Nation) are a group of approximately 5000 people living around the Although this is not widely known, genetic research suggests that a considerable minority of white Americans (estimated at 1/3 of the population by some geneticists such as Mark Shriver) has some distant African-American ancestry and the majority of African Americans have European ancestry. Interestingly, while marriage records have been consistent in showing a marriage rate of 60/40 White female/White male in inter ethnic marriages with African Americans, mitochondrial DNA confirms that only 40% of the European contribution to the African American genetic pool is from females.

After the Civil War and the abolition of slavery in 1865, the intermarriage of white and black Americans continued to be taboo, especially but not only in the former slave states. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Abolition of slavery occurred as abolition in specific countries abolition of the trade in slaves and abolition throughout empires A slave state was a US state in which Slavery of African Americans was legal The Motion Picture Production Code of 1930, also known as Hays Code, explicitly stated that the depiction of "miscegenation. For the television broadcasting term please see Production code number. For the television broadcasting term please see Production code number. . . is forbidden. " One important strategy intended to discourage the marriage of white Americans and Americans of partly African descent was the promulgation of the one-drop theory, which held that any person with so much as "one drop" of African "blood" must be regarded as completely "black". The one-drop rule is a historical colloquial term in the United States that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black unless This definition of blackness was encoded in the anti-miscegenation laws of various U. S. states, such as Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924. On March 20, 1924 the Virginia Legislature ( United States) passed two closely related Eugenics laws SB 219 entitled " The Racial Integrity

For a century after the Civil War, it was common for white segregationists to accuse abolitionists, and, later, advocates of equal rights for African Americans, of secretly plotting the destruction of the white race through miscegenation. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies After World War II, white segregationists commonly accused the U.S. Civil Rights Movement and Martin Luther King, Jr., of being part of a communist plot funded by the Soviet Union to destroy the "white United States" through miscegenation. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including White separatism is a separatist political movement that seeks separate economic and cultural development for White people. The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In 1957, segregationists used the anti-semitic hoax "A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century" in an attempt to prove these bogus claims. A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century (occasionally A Radical Program for the Twentieth Century) is an anti-Semitic hoax promoted by In 1958, the Christian fundamentalist preacher Jerry Falwell, at the time a defender of the Jim Crow segregation of African-Americans, in a sermon railed against racial integration, warning that it would lead to miscegenation, which would "destroy our [white] race eventually. Fundamentalist Christianity, also known as Christian Fundamentalism or Fundamentalist Evangelicalism, is a movement that arose mainly within British and Jerry Lamon Falwell Sr ( August 11 1933 – May 15, 2007) was an American evangelical Christian Pastor, The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation) "^[12]

In the United States, segregationists and Christian identity groups have claimed that several verses in the Bible,^[13] for example the story of Phinehas and the so-called "curse of Ham", should be understood as referring to miscegenation and that these verses expressly forbid it. For the general identity of an individual with certain core essential religious doctrines see Christianity. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Phinehas or Pinhas ( was the grandson of Aaron, and son of Eleazar the high priest ( who distinguished himself as a youth at Shittim by his The Curse of Ham (also called the curse of Canaan) refers to the curse that Ham 's father Noah placed upon Ham's son Canaan, after Ham "saw Most theologians read these verses as forbidding inter-religious marriage, rather than inter-racial marriage. ^[14]

Portuguese colonies

According to Gilberto Freyre, a Brazilian sociologist, miscegenation was commonplace in the Portuguese colonies, and was even supported by the court as a way to boost low populations and guarantee a successful and cohesive settlement. Gilberto Freyre ( March 15, 1900 – July 18, 1987) was a Brazilian sociologist cultural anthropologist historian journalist and The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta Thus, settlers often released African slaves to become their wives. This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa The children were guaranteed full Portuguese citizenship, provided the parents were married. Portuguese nationality law is the legal set of rules that regulate acces to Portuguese citizenship which is acquired mainly through descent from a Portuguese parent Some former Portuguese colonies have large mixed-race populations, for instance, Brazil, Cape Verde, Timor Leste, Macau and São Tomé and Príncipe. The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an Island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial Mixed marriages between Portuguese and locals in former colonies were very common in all Portuguese colonies. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. Miscegenation was still common in Africa until the independence of the former Portuguese colonies in the mid-1970s. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970.

Israel

See also: Who is a Jew?

The modern State of Israel was established as a nation-state for the Jewish people. " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Jewish identity contains elements of religion (Judaism), ethnicity, and a sense of a common lineage. Jewish identity is the subjective state of perceiving oneself as a Jew and as relating to being Jewish Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut

In this sense, Jewish miscegenation could be viewed on two levels; one based on belonging to the Jewish ethnic group or Jewish people, and the other based on the race of a given Jew. Jewish miscegenation based on Jewishness (belonging to the Jewish ethnic group or Jewish people) would be defined on whether one parent is not Jewish, independent of whether either the Jewish or non-Jewish parent are of the same or different races. Racial miscegenation would be defined as the union between a Jewish person of a given race with a person of a different race, be the other person a Jew or not. Two Jewish people may still be considered "interracial" if those two Jews are of different races, although it would not be considered exogamous in the context of Jewish ethnicity, as both are still Jews. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************

In Israel, all marriages must be approved by religious celebrants, while civil marriages are legally recognized if performed abroad. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Rules governing marriage are based on strict religious guidelines of each religion. By Israeli law, authority over all issues related to Judaism in Israel, including marriage, falls under the Orthodox Chief Rabbinate of Israel. The Chief Rabbinate of Israel ( הרבנות הראשית לישראל) is the supreme Jewish religious governing body in the state of Israel. Orthodox Judaism is the only form of Judaism recognized by the state, and marriages performed in Israel by non-Orthodox Rabbis are not recognized. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut

The Rabbinate prohibits marriage in Israel of halakhic Jews (i. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law e. people born to a Jewish mother or Jewish by conversion), whether they are Orthodox Jews or not, to partners who are non-Jewish or who are of Jewish descent that runs through the paternal line (i. e. not Jewish according to halakha). As a result, in the state of Israel, people of differing religious traditions cannot legally marry someone in another religion^[15] and multi-faith couples must leave the country to get married,^[16][17] most often to Cyprus. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía

The only other option in Israel for the marriage of a halakhic Jew (Orthodox or not) to a non-Jew, or for that matter, a Christian to a non-Christian or Muslim to a non-Muslim, is for one partner to formally convert to the other's religion, be it to Judaism (Orthodox only), a Christian denomination (such as Eastern Orthodox or Maronite) or a denomination of Islam (such as Sunni or Shia). Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic As for persons with patrilineal Jewish descent (i. e. not recognized as Jewish according to halakha) who wish to marry a halakhic Jew (i. e. born to a Jewish mother or is Jewish by Orthodox conversion) who is Orthodox or otherwise, is also required to formally convert to Judaism (Orthodox only) or they cannot legally marry.

According to a Haaretz article "Justice Ministry drafts civil marriage law for ‘refuseniks’"^[18] 300,000 people, or 150,000 couples, are affected by marriage restrictions based on the partners' disparate religious traditions or non-halakhic Jewish status. (הארץ "The land" referring to the Land of Israel) founded in 1918 is Israel 's oldest Daily newspaper.

Israeli law concerns itself with miscegenation based on Jewish ethnicity, not miscegenation based on race. Therefore, there are no restrictions on interracial marriages between Jews of different Jewish ethnic divisions, or between other co-religionists of different races, although social stigma may still exist. See also Judaism by country Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct communities within the world's ethnically Jewish population

Demographics of ethnoracial admixture

U. S.

According to the U. S. Census, in 2000 there were 1,432,908 Hispanic Origin-white marriages. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ^[19], 504,119 Asian-white marriages, 287,576 black-white marriages, 97,822 Hispanic Origin-black marriages, 40,317 Asian-Hispanic Origin^[20] marriages, and 31,271 Asian-black marriages.

Brazil

See also: Ethnic groups in Brazil

Multiracial Brazilians make up 42.6% of Brazil's population, 79. Brazil is a racially diverse and Multiracial country Intermarriage among different Ethnic groups has been part of the country's history The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. Brazil does not have a category for multiracial people but a Pardo (brown one which may include people of mixed European, African and Amerindian 782 million people, and they live in all regions of Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Multiracial Brazilians are mainly people of mixed European, African (Afro-Brazilian) and Amerindian ancestry. Afro-Brazilian, or Black Brazilian, is the term used to racially categorize Brazilian citizens who are black or Multiracial For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.

Genetic studies of racial admixture

Miscegenation between two populations reduces the genetic distance between the populations. Carol Elaine Channing (b January 31 1921, Seattle Washington) is an American Singer and actress. During the Age of Discovery which began in the early 15th century, European explorers sailed all across the globe reaching all the major continents. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored In the process they came into contact with many populations that had been isolated for thousands of years. It is generally accepted that the Tasmanian aboriginals were the most isolated group on the planet. The Tasmanian Aborigines ( Aboriginal name Palawa) are the indigenous people of the island state of Tasmania, Australia. They were driven to extinction by European explorers, however a number of their descendants survive today as a result of admixture with Europeans. This is an example of how modern migrations have began to reduce the genetic divergence of the human race.

The demographic composition of the old world has not changed significantly since the age of discovery. Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government Marketing or opinion research or the Demographic profiles The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans Asians and Africans in the 15th century However, the new world demographics were radically changed within a short time following the voyage of Columbus. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer The colonization of Americas brought Native Americans into contact with the distant populations of Europe, Africa and Asia. As a result many countries in the Americas have significant and complex multiracial populations. The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. Furthermore many who identify themselves by only one race still have multiracial ancestry.

Admixture in the United States

Admixture in European-American population

% European Admixture	Frequency
90-100	68%
80-89. 9	22%
70-79. 9	8%
60-69. 9	< 1%
50-59. 9	< 1%
40-49. 9	< 1%
0-39. 9	0

Today the vast majority of African-Americans possess varying degrees of European admixture (the average Black American is 20% European) although studies suggest the Native American admixture in Black Americans is highly exaggerated; some estimates put average African-American possession of European admixture at 25% with figures as high as 50% in the Northeast and less than 10% in the south. A recent study by Mark D. Shriver of a European-American sample found that the average admixture in the white population is 0. 7% African and 3. 2% Native American. However, 70% of the sample had no African admixture. The other 30% had African admixture ranging from 2% to 20% with an average of 2. 3%. By extrapolating these figures to the whole population some scholars suggest that up to 74 million European-Americans may have African admixture in the same range (2-20%).

Dr Mark Shriver himself the team leader of the study found that he had 11% West African ancestry though he identifies as white. Studies based on skin reflectance have shown the color line in the US applied selective pressure on genes that code for skin color but did not apply any selective pressure on other invisible African genes. Since there are an estimated 6 genetic loci involved in skin color determination it is possible for someone to have 15-20% African admixture and not possess any of alleles that code for dark skin. This is the basis of the passing phenomena. the racial politics of North America, racial passing refers to a person classified by society as a member of one "racial" group choosing to identify Thus African admixture amongst white Americans can increase without any significant change in skin tone. Conversely amongst African-Americans, an amount of African Admixture is directly correlated with darker skin since no selective pressure is applied; as a result, African-Americans may have a much wider range of African admixture (>0-100%), where as European-Americans have a lower range (2-20%). A small overlap exists so that it is possible that someone who self identifies as white may have more African admixture than a person who self identifies as black^[21][22]

A statistical analysis done in 1958 using historical census data and historical data on immigration and birth rates, concluded that 21 percent of the white population had black ancestors. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse The growth in the white population could not be attributed to births in the white population and immigration from Europe alone, but had received significant contribution from the American black population as well. ^[23] The author states in 1958:

The data presented in this study indicate that the popular belief in the non-African background of white persons is invalid. Over twenty-eight million white persons are descendants of persons of African origin. Furthermore, the majority of the persons with African ancestry are classified as white.

Admixture in Latin America

Background

Prior to the European conquest of the Americas the demographics of Latin America was naturally 100% Native American. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Today those who identify themselves as Native Americans are small minorities in many countries. For example Argentina's native population is 0.9%, Brazil is 0.4%, and Uruguay is 0%. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. This article is about the Demographics features of the Population of Argentina, including distribution ethnicity, economic status and other |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Indigenous peoples in Brazil ( Portuguese: povos indígenas) comprise a large number of distinct Ethnic groups who inhabited the country prior to Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America ^[24]

In addition many Africans were shipped to regions all over the Americas and were present in many of the early voyages of the conquistadors. The term African people can refer to people who live in Africa, or people who trace their ancestry to Indigenous inhabitants of Africa. This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesfor other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation A Conquistador Brazil has the largest population of African descendants outside of Africa. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Other countries such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Haiti, and Colombia still have sizeable populations identified as Black. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse However countries such as Argentina and Chile do not have a visible African presence today. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Census information from the early 19th century shows that people categorized as Black made up to 30% of the population, or around 400,000 people. ^[25] Though almost completely absent today, their contribution to Argentine culture is significant include the Tango, the Milonga and the Zamba, words of Bantu origin. The TAco Next Generation Objects ( TANGO) control system is a free open source object oriented control system for controlling accelerators experiments and any kind of hardware Milonga can refer to an Argentine, Uruguayan, and Southern Brazilian form of Music which preceeded the tango and the dance form which Bantu may refer to Bantu expansion, a series of migrations of Bantu speakers Bantu languages Bantu people ^[26]

The early conquest of Latin America was primarily carried out by male soldiers and sailors from Spain and Portugal. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Since they carried very few European women on their journeys the new settlers married and fathered children with Amerindian women and also with women imported from Africa. This process of miscegenation was even encouraged by the Spanish monarchy and it led to the system of stratification known as the Casta. Casta is a 17th century term used in Spanish America, which refers to the institutionalized system of social stratification based on a person's racial heritage This system had Europeans (mainly Spaniards and Portuguese) at the top of the hierarchy followed by those of mixed race. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. Unmixed Blacks and Native Americans were at the bottom. A philosophy of whitening emerged in which Amerindian and African culture was stigmatized in favor of European values. Many Amerindian languages were lost as mixed race offspring adopted Spanish and Portuguese as their first languages. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Only towards the end of the 19th Century and beginning of the twentieth century did large numbers of Europeans begin to migrate to South America and consequently altering its demographics. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a

Demographics of Brazil from 1835 to 2000[27]
Year	White	brown	black
1835	24. Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. 4%	18. 2%	51. 4%
2000	53. 7%	38. 5%	6. 2%

The ideology of whitening encouraged non whites to seek white or lighter skinned partners. This dilution of non-white admixture would be beneficial to their offspring as they would face less stigmatization and find it easier to assimilate into mainstream society. After successive generations of European gene flow, non-white admixture levels would drop below levels at which skin color or physical appearance is not affected thus allowing individuals to identify as white. In many regions, the native and black populations were simply overwhelmed by a succession of waves of European immigration.

Historians and scientists are thus interested in tracing the fate of Native Americans and Africans from the past to the future. The questions remain about what proportion of these populations simply died out and what proportion still has descendants alive today including those who do not racially identify themselves as their ancestors would have. Admixture testing has thus become a useful objective tool in shedding light on the demographic history of Latin America.

Recent studies

Evidence for sex biased mating in the White population of some Latin American countries

Country	Amerindian		African
	mtDNA	Y-chromosome	mtDNA	y-chromosome
Brazil	33%	0%	29%	2%
Argentina	45%	9%	ns	ns
Chile	84%	22%	ns	ns
Colombia	90%	1%	8%	5%
Costa Rica	83%	6%	ns	7%

Unlike in the United States there were no anti-miscegenation policies in Latin America. Though still a racially stratified society there were no significant barriers to gene flow between the three populations. As a result admixture profiles are a reflection of the colonial populations of Africans, Europeans and Amerindians. The pattern is also sex biased in that the African and Amerindian maternal lines are found in significantly higher proportions than African or Amerindian Y chromosomal lines. This is an indication that the primary mating pattern was that of European males with Amerindian or African females. For example a study of white Brazilians found 33% had Amerindian mtDNA and 29% had African mtDNA. However, only 2% had African y chromosomes and 0% Amerindian. According to the study more than half the white populations of the Latin American countries studied have some degree of either native American or African admixture (MtDNA or Y Chromosome). Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers In countries such as Chile and Colombia almost the entire white population was shown to have some non-white admixture. ^{[28][29][30][31]} Following the dispersal of Humans from Africa 50,000 - 70,000 years ago South America was the last continent to be occupied by humans. Thus the largest geographic distance between continents is between Africa and South America. Since genetic distance increases with geographic distance the two most genetically divergent groups are Africans and Native South American Indians based on distance. The arrival of Africans in Brazil and subsequent mixing with native South Americans entails the creation of intermediate populations, such as the Zambo or Garifuna between the two divergent groups. Zambo is a Spanish term (the Portuguese language term is Cafuso) that was used in the Spanish Empire and continues to be used today The Garinagu (singular Garifuna) are an ethnic group of mixed ancestry who live primarily in Central America.

See also

Interracial marriage Amalgamation (history) Anti-miscegenation laws Jim Crow laws Racial segregation 1913 law Racial Integrity Act of 1924 Apartheid Stolen Generation Eugenics

Loving Day Plaçage Multiracial Caboclo Coloured Mestizo Mixed Race Day Mulatto Melungeon Passing (racial identity)

Tragic mulatto The Adventure of the Yellow Face Social interpretations of race Race and Genetics Racialism Racism Colorism Casta Multiculturalism

Race in the United States Paramour rights Pigmentocracy A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Interracial pornography The Race of the Future Silent Holocaust Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem in South Africa Ethnicity of performers in pornography

Notes and references

Other sources

• Cavanaugh-O'Keefe, John. (October 23, 2000). Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Roots of Racism and Abortion: An Exploration of Eugenics. Xlibris Corporation.   See esp. "Chapter Seven: Laws Against Mixing Races"
• Croly, David Goodman (1864). Miscegenation, The theory of the Blending of the Races, applied to the American White Man and Negro. New York: H. Dexter, Hamilton & Co. .  
• Hodes, Martha, ed. "Miscegenation" (1998). Reader's Companion to U. S. Women's History. New York, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-67173-6.  
• Kaplan, Sidney. The Miscegenation Issue in the Election of 1864. The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Jul. 1949, pp. 274-434.  
• Lemire, Elise (2002). "Miscegenation": Making Race in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-812-23664-5.  
• Novkov, Julie (Summer, 2002). "Racial Constructions: the Legal Regulation of Miscegenation in Alabama, 1890-1934". Law and History Review (20): 225-277, 229-236.  
• Pascoe, Peggy. "Why the Ugly Rhetoric Against Gay Marriage Is Familiar to this Historian of Miscegenation", George Mason University's Historic News Network, April 19, 2004. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-06-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.  
• Rosenthal, Debra J. (2004). Race Mixture in Nineteenth-Century U. S and Spanish-American Fiction. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-807-85564-2.  
• Sollors, Werner, ed. (2000). Inter-racialism: Black-White Intermarriage in American History, Literature, and Law. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195128567.  

External links

• Explore Famous Interracial Couples and Other Race Relations Issues on the About. com Website.
• Perez v. Sharp
• Historical Background on Miscegenation

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