Station Mir
Mir following separation from the Space Shuttle Discovery, June 12, 1998
Station statistics
Call sign:	Mir
Crew:	3
Launch:	1986-02-19 21:28:23 UTC
Launch pad:	LC200/39, Baikonur Cosmodrome, USSR
Reentry:	2001-03-23 05:50:00 UTC
Mass:	124,340 kg (274,123 lbs)
Living volume:	350 m³
Perigee:	386 km (207. Space Shuttle Discovery ( Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103 is one of the three currently operational orbiters in the Space Shuttle fleet of Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) In Broadcasting and Radio communications a call sign (also known as a callsign or call letters, or abbreviated as a call, or otherwise A rocket launch is the first phase of the flight of a Rocket. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum A launch pad is the area and facilities where rockets or spacecrafts liftoff The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, Bayqoñır ğarış aylağı; Russian: Космодром The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass The volume of any solid plasma vacuum or theoretical object is how much three- Dimensional space it occupies often quantified numerically CM3 redirects here If you were looking for the 3rd game in the Cooking Mama series abbreviated as CM3 see here. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand 9 nmi)
Apogee:	398 km (212. A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. In Celestial mechanics, an apsis, plural apsides (ˈæpsɨdɪːz is the point of greatest or least distance of the Elliptical orbit of an object from 5 nmi)
Orbit inclination:	51. Inclination in general is the Angle between a Reference plane and another plane or axis of direction 6 degrees
Orbital period:	89. The term degree is used in several scales of Temperature. The symbol ° is usually used followed by the initial letter(s of the unit for example “°C” The orbital period is the time taken for a given object to make one complete Orbit about another object 8 minutes
Orbits per day:	16. A minute is a Unit of measurement of Time or of Angle. The minute is a unit of Time equal to 1/60th of an Hour or 60 13
Days in orbit:	5,519 days
Days occupied:	4,592 days
Distance travelled:	3,638,470,307 km (1,964,616,800 nmi)
Statistics as of Deorbit on 2001-03-23. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
Configuration
Final configuration of Mir, with docked Space Shuttle
Station Mir

Mir (Russian: Мир, which can mean both Peace and World) was a Soviet (and later Russian) orbital station. NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Mir was humanity's first consistently inhabited long-term research station in space, and the first 'third generation' type space station, constructed over a number of years with a modular design. A space station is an artificial structure designed for Humans to live in Outer space. A space station is an artificial structure designed for Humans to live in Outer space.

Mir holds the record for longest continuous human presence in space at eight days short of 10 years, and, through a number of collaborations, was made internationally accessible to cosmonauts and astronauts of many countries. This is a list of spaceflight records. Most of these records relate to Human spaceflights but some unmanned and canine records are included An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained The most notable of these, the Shuttle-Mir Program, saw American Space Shuttles visiting the station eleven times, bringing supplies and providing crew rotation. The Shuttle&ndashMir Program was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States, which involved American Space Shuttles visiting the NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States Mir was assembled in orbit by successively connecting several modules, each launched separately from 1986 to 1996.

The station existed until 23 March 2001, when it was deliberately de-orbited, breaking apart during atmospheric re-entry over the South Pacific Ocean. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions

Contents 1 Development 2 Early existence 3 First expansion phase 4 International cooperation 5 Life on Mir 6 Final days and deorbit 7 Support craft 8 Mir modules 9 Expeditions, spacewalks and crews 10 Further reading 11 In popular culture 12 References 13 Sources 14 External links

Development

Mir was authorized as part of the third generation of Soviet space systems in a February 17, 1976 decree to design an improved model of the Salyut DOS-17K space station. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Salyut program (Салют lit  Salute or Fireworks) was the first Space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted Four Salyut space stations had already been launched since 1971. Three more were launched during the development of Mir. At the time it was planned that the base blocks (DOS-7 and DOS-8) would be equipped with a total of four docking ports: two at either end of the station as with the Salyut stations, and an additional two ports on either side of a docking sphere at the front of the station. The Mir Core Module (DOS-7 was the first component of the Mir space station. Zvezda (Звезда meaning "star" DOS-8, also known as the Zvezda Service Module, is a component of the International Space Station By August 1978, this had evolved to the final configuration of one aft port and five ports in a spherical compartment at the forward end of the station. ^[1]

It was originally planned that the ports would connect to 7. 5 tonne modules derived from the Soyuz spacecraft. Design A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back A Spheroid Orbital module, which provides accommodation for the crew during These modules would have used a Soyuz propulsion module, as in Soyuz and Progress, and descent module and orbital module would have been replaced with a long laboratory module. ^[1]

The Mir program was consolidated with Vladimir Chelomei's manned Almaz military space station program in a February 1979 resolution. Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomei (Влади́мир Никола́евич Челоме́й ( June 30 1914 &mdash December 8 1984) was a Soviet The Almaz (Алмаз - "Diamond" program was a series of military Space stations (or "Orbital Piloted Station" - OPS launched by the Soviet Union The docking ports were reinforced to accommodate 20 tonne space station modules based on the TKS spacecraft. Design The TKS spacecraft is composed of TKS SAS TKS SAS for "Sistema avariynogo spaseniya" or "Emergency escape system" NPO Energia was responsible for the overall space station; however, work was subcontracted to KB Salyut, the development arm of the Khrunichev due to ongoing work on Energia, Salyut 7, Soyuz-T, and Progress spacecraft. SP Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia ( Russian: ru Ракетно-космическая корпорация "Энергия" им Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center ( ГКНПЦ им The Energia (or Energiya, Энергия in Russian, meaning Energy) Rocket was a Soviet rocket that was designed Salyut 7 (Салют-7 Salute 7 was the final Space station launched into Low Earth orbit as part of the Soviet Union 's Salyut Program Design A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back A Spheroid Orbital module, which provides accommodation for the crew during KB Salyut began work in 1979, and drawings were released in 1982-1983. New systems incorporated into the station included the Salyut 5B digital flight control computer and gyrodyne flywheels (taken from Almaz), and the new Kurs automatic rendezvous system, Altair satellite communications system, Elektron oxygen generators, and Vozdukh carbon dioxide scrubbers. Kurs (Russian Курс is a Radio Telemetry system used by the Russian space program. Altair, also referred to as LUCH, is a series of 5 Geosynchronous Russian relay Satellites. A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas ^[1]

By early 1984 work on Mir had ground to a halt while all resources were being put into the Buran program to get the Buran space shuttle ready for flight test. The Soviet reusable Spacecraft program Buran ("Бура́н" meaning " Snowstorm " or " Blizzard " in Russian The Buran spacecraft ( Буран "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard") GRAU index 11F35 K1, was the only fully completed and operational Funding was returned in early 1984 when Valentin Glushko was ordered by the Central Committee's Secretary for Space and Defense to orbit Mir by early 1986, in time for the 27th Communist Party Congress. 27th Congress of the CPSU ( February 25, 1986 &mdash March 6, 1986) was held in Moscow. ^[1]

It was clear that the planned processing flow could not be followed and still make the 1986 launch date. It was decided on Cosmonaut's Day (April 12) to ship the flight model to Baikonur and conduct the systems testing and integration there. Baikonur ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр Russian: Байконур formerly known as Leninsk, is a city in Kyzylorda Province of Kazakhstan Mir arrived at the launch site on May 6, 1985. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) 1100 of 2500 cables required rework based on the results of tests to the ground test model at Khrunichev. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center ( ГКНПЦ им In October Mir was rolled outside its cleanroom. A cleanroom is an environment typically used in Manufacturing or scientific research that has a low level of environmental Pollutants such as dust airborne The first launch attempt on February 16, 1986 was scrubbed when the spacecraft communications failed. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The second attempt on February 19, 1986 at 21:28:23 UTC was successful, meeting the political deadline. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) ^[1]

Early existence

Due to the pressure to launch the station in such short order, mission planners were left without Soyuz spacecraft or modules to launch to the station at first. It was decided to launch Soyuz T-15 on a dual mission to both Mir and Salyut 7. Soyuz T-15 was a manned mission to the Space station Mir. It was part of the Soyuz programme. Salyut 7 (Салют-7 Salute 7 was the final Space station launched into Low Earth orbit as part of the Soviet Union 's Salyut Program ^[1]

Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov first docked with the Mir space station on March 15, 1986. Leonid Denisovich Kizim (Кизим Леонид Денисович (born August 5, 1941 in Krasnyi Lyman, Donetsk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) During their nearly 51-day stay on Mir, they brought the station online and checked its systems. They also unloaded two Progress spacecraft launched after their arrival, Progress-25 and Progress-26. ^[2]

On May 5, 1986 they undocked from Mir for a day-long journey to Salyut-7. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) They spent 51 days there and gathered 400 kg of scientific material from Salyut 7 for return to Mir. While Soyuz T-15 was at Salyut-7, the unmanned Soyuz TM-1 arrived at the unoccupied Mir and remained for 9 days, testing the new Soyuz TM. Soyuz TM-1 was an unmanned Soyuz-TM test It was designed as an upgraded soyuz for Mir Space station. Design A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back A Spheroid Orbital module, which provides accommodation for the crew during Soyuz T-15 redocked with Mir on June 26 and delivered the experiments and 20 instruments, including a multichannel spectrometer. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. A spectrometer is an Optical instrument used to measure properties of Light over a specific portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum, typically used The EO-1 crew spent their last 20 days on Mir conducting Earth observations before returning to earth on July 16, 1986, leaving the new station unoccupied. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) ^[3]

The second expedition to Mir, Mir EO-2, launched on Soyuz TM-2 on February 5, 1987. Soyuz TM-2 was a manned mission to the Space station Mir. It was part of the Soyuz programme. During their stay, the Kvant-1 module was launched on March 30, 1987. Background The Kvant spacecraft represented the first use of a new kind of Soviet space station module designated 37K Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) It was the first, experimental version of a planned series of '37K' modules scheduled to be launched to Mir on the Soviet Buran space shuttle. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The Buran spacecraft ( Буран "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard") GRAU index 11F35 K1, was the only fully completed and operational Kvant-1 was originally planned to dock with Salyut 7; however, due to technical problems during its development, it was reassigned for Mir. Salyut 7 (Салют-7 Salute 7 was the final Space station launched into Low Earth orbit as part of the Soviet Union 's Salyut Program The module carried the first set of six gyroscopes for attitude control. The module also carried instruments for X-ray and ultraviolet astrophysical observation.

Further information: Kvant-1

The initial rendezvous of the Kvant-1 module with Mir on April 5th 1987 was troubled by the failure of the onboard control system. Background The Kvant spacecraft represented the first use of a new kind of Soviet space station module designated 37K After the failure of the second attempt to dock, the onboard cosmonauts, Yuri Romanenko and Aleksandr Laveykin, conducted a spacewalk to fix the problem. Yuri Victorovitch Romanenko (born August 1, 1944, Koltoubanovski USSR) is a former Soviet Cosmonaut, twice Hero of Aleksandr Ivanovich Laveykin (born April 21 1951) was a Soviet Cosmonaut. They found a trash bag between the module and the station, which prevented the docking. The bag was left in orbit after the departure of one of the cargo ships. They removed the bag and completed docking on April 12th. ^[4][5]

The Soyuz TM-2 launch was the beginning of a string of 6 Soyuz launches and three long-duration crews between February 5, 1987 and April 27, 1989. This time period also saw the first international visitors to the station, Muhammed Faris, Abdul Ahad Mohmand and Jean-Loup Chrétien. Muhammed Ahmed Faris ( محمد أحمد فارس) (born May 26 1951) is a Syrian military aviator Abdul Ahad Mohmand ( Pashto: عبدالاحد مومند, born January 1, 1959) became the first Astronaut (or Cosmonaut Jean-Loup Jacques Marie Chrétien, is a retired Général de Brigade (brigadier general of the Armée de l'Air (French air force and a former With the departure of Mir EO-4 on Soyuz TM-7 April 27, 1989 the station was once again left unoccupied. Soyuz TM-7 was the seventh expedition to the Russian Space Station Mir.

First expansion phase

Further information: Kvant-2

The launch of Soyuz TM-8 on September 5, 1989 marked the beginning of the longest human presence in space to date. Kvant-2 ( Russian: Квант-2; English: Quantum-II/2) (77KSD TsM-D 11F77D was the third module and second major addition to the Soyuz TM-8 was the eighth expedition to the Russian Space Station Mir. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) It also marked the beginning of Mir's second expansion. The Kvant-2 and Kristall modules were now ready for launch. Kvant-2 ( Russian: Квант-2; English: Quantum-II/2) (77KSD TsM-D 11F77D was the third module and second major addition to the Description Kristall had several materials processing furnaces Alexander Viktorenko and Aleksandr Serebrov docked with Mir and brought the station out of its five-month hibernation. Alexander Stepanovich Viktorenko (Александр Степанович Викторенко is a Russian cosmonaut Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Serebrov (Александр Александрович Серебров is a former Russian Cosmonaut. On September 29 the cosmonauts installed equipment in the docking system in preparation for the arrival of Kvant 2, the first of the 20-ton add-on modules based on the TKS spacecraft from the Almaz program ^[6]

After a delay of 40 days due to problems with a batch of computer chips, Kvant-2 was launched on November 26. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" After problems deploying the craft's solar array and with the automated docking systems on both Kvant-2 and Mir, Kvant-2 was docked manually on December 6. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Kvant-2 added a second set of gyrodines to Mir. The module also carried the new life support systems for recycling water and generating oxygen on board Mir, reducing its dependence on resupply from the ground. Kvant-2 also featured a large airlock with a one-meter hatch. A special backpack unit, an equivalent of the U. S. Manned Maneuvering Unit, was located inside Kvant-2's airlock. A Manned Maneuvering Unit ( MMU) is a Rocket pack ( propulsion Backpack that snaps onto the back of the Spacesuit) which has been used ^[6][7]

Soyuz TM-9 launched Mir EO-6 crew members Anatoly Solovyev and Aleksandr Balandin on February 11, 1990. Description Kristall had several materials processing furnaces Soyuz TM-9 was the ninth expedition to the Russian Space Station Mir. Anatoly Yakovlevich Solovyev ( Russian: Анатолий Яковлевич Соловьёв born January 16, 1948, in Riga - alternate Aleksandr Nikolayevich Balandin (Александр Николаевич Баландин (born July 30, 1953 in Fryazino, Moscow Oblast, Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) While docking, the EO-5 crew on board Mir saw that 3 thermal blankets on the Soyuz-TM 9 were loose, potentially creating problems on reentry. It was decided that this would be manageable. Their stay on board Mir saw the addition of the Kristall module. The module was launched on May 31. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. The first docking attempt on June 6 was aborted due to an attitude control thruster failure. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year The Kristall module arrived at Mir’s front port on June 10, and was relocated to the lateral port opposite Kvant-2 the next day, restoring the equilibrium of the complex. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Due to the delay in the docking of Kristall, EO-6 was extended by 10 days to permit the activation of Kristall’s systems, and to accommodate the EVA to repair the loose thermal blankets on Soyuz-TM 9. ^[8]

The Kristall module contained a number of furnaces for the creation of crystals in micro-gravity. Also on board was biotechnology research equipment, including a small greenhouse for plant cultivation experiments. The unit was equipped with a source of light and a feeding system. The module also contained equipment for astronomy observations. The main feature, however, was the two APAS-89 Androgynous Peripheral Attach System docking ports designed to be compatible with the Buran shuttle. The Androgynous Peripheral Attach System, or Androgynous Peripheral Assembly System, is a spacecraft docking mechanism used on the International Space Station The Buran spacecraft ( Буран "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard") GRAU index 11F35 K1, was the only fully completed and operational Although they were never used with a Buran Shuttle, they were later used with the American Space Shuttle. ^[9]

Further information: Kristall

The EO-7 relief crew arrived aboard Soyuz TM-10 on August 3, 1990. Description Kristall had several materials processing furnaces Soyuz TM-10 was the tenth expedition to the Russian Space Station Mir. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The new crew arrived at Mir with quail for Kvant-2's cages. Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized Birds in the Pheasant family Phasianidae, or in the family Odontophoridae. A quail laid an egg en route to the station. It was returned to Earth, along with 130 kg of experiment results and industrial products, in Soyuz TM-9. ^[8] Three more expeditions continued to visit Mir while tensions back on Earth grew. The Mir EO-10 crew launched aboard Soyuz TM-13 on October 2, 1991 was the last crew to launch from the USSR, and continued the occupation of Mir through the fall of the Soviet Union. Crew Launched Alexander Volkov (3 Commander Toktar Aubakirov (1 - Kazakhstan, Cosmonaut-Researcher Franz Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The unlaunched modules, Spektr and Priroda, were not so lucky. Development The Spektr module was originally developed as part of a top-secret military program code-named " Oktant. The Priroda (Природа English: Nature) (TsM-I 77KSI 11F77I module was the seventh and final module of the Mir Space Station. The newly formed Russian Federal Space Agency was unable to finance them and they were put into storage, ending Mir's first expansion. The Russian Federal Space Agency ( Russian: Федеральное космическое агентство России Federal'noe kosmicheskoe agentstvo Rossii ^[10][11][12]

International cooperation

Main article: Shuttle-Mir Program

In September 1993 U. The Shuttle&ndashMir Program was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States, which involved American Space Shuttles visiting the Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) S. Vice-President Al Gore and Russian prime minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announced plans for a new space station, which would later be called the International Space Station, or ISS. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin ( Ви́ктор Степа́нович Черномы́рдин) (born 9 April 1938 is a Russian politician They also agreed that, in preparation for this new project, the U. S. would be involved in the Mir project in the years ahead, under the code name Phase One (the ISS being Phase Two). Space shuttles would take part in the transport of supplies and people to and from Mir, and American astronauts would live on Mir for many months on end, allowing the U. S. to share and learn from the unique experience that Russia had with long duration space flights.

The U. S. involvement in the Mir program also brought new funds to Mir. The most notable use of these was the completion and launch of the Spektr and Priroda modules. Development The Spektr module was originally developed as part of a top-secret military program code-named " Oktant. The Priroda (Природа English: Nature) (TsM-I 77KSI 11F77I module was the seventh and final module of the Mir Space Station. Also, the Mir Docking Module was constructed to make the process of docking the shuttle to the station easier. The Mir Docking Module (SO Russian: Stikovchnoy Otsek) was the sixth module launched to the Mir Space Station.

Starting in March 1995, seven U. S. astronauts spent 28 months on Mir. During their stay several acute emergencies occurred, notably a small fire on February 23, 1997, and a collision with an unmanned Progress spacecraft on June 25, 1997. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The latter left a hole in the Spektr module, which was then sealed off from the rest of the station. On both occasions the necessity for complete evacuation using the Soyuz escape craft was narrowly avoided. Several space walks were needed to restore full power to Mir, and one of these was inside the Spektr module from which all the air had escaped. Extra-vehicular activity ( EVA) is work done by an Astronaut away from the Earth and outside of a Spacecraft. After the emergencies, the U.S. Congress and NASA considered whether the U. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program S. should abandon the program out of concern for the astronauts' safety, but NASA administrator Daniel S. Goldin decided to continue the program. Daniel Saul Goldin (born July 23, 1940) served as the 9th and longest-tenured Administrator of NASA from April 1, 1992, to

In June 1998, the final U. S. Mir astronaut Andy Thomas left the station aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery. Andrew "Andy" Sydney Withiel Thomas (born 18 December 1951 in Adelaide, South Australia) is an Australian-born U Space Shuttle Discovery ( Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103 is one of the three currently operational orbiters in the Space Shuttle fleet of

Mir was originally planned to be followed by a Mir 2, and elements of that project are now an integral part of the International Space Station, including the core module (now called Zvezda) which was labeled as "Mir-2" for quite some time in the factory. Zvezda (Звезда meaning "star" DOS-8, also known as the Zvezda Service Module, is a component of the International Space Station

Life on Mir

Inside, the 100-ton Mir looked like a cramped labyrinth, crowded with hoses, cables and scientific instruments — as well as articles of everyday life, such as photos, children's drawings, books and a guitar. In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth ( Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer It commonly housed three crew members, but it sometimes supported as many as six for up to a month. Except for two short periods, Mir was continuously occupied until August 1999.

Two amateur radio call signs, U1MIR and U2MIR, were assigned to Mir in the late 1980s, allowing radio operators on Earth to communicate with the cosmonauts. ^[13]

Peter Llewellyn almost visited Mir in 1999 after promising US$100 million for the privilege. Peter Rodney Llewellyn (born November 1, 1947) is an international businessman who is best-known for having nearly persuaded the Russian Space Agency The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[14]

Final days and deorbit

Near the end of its life, there were plans for private interests to purchase Mir, possibly for use as the first orbital television/movie studio. A television studio is an installation in which Television or Video productions take place either for Live television, for recording Live to tape A movie studio (aka film studio) is in the established sense of the term a company that distributes films. The privately-funded Soyuz TM-30 mission, launched on April 4, 2000, carried two crew members, Sergei Zalyotin and Alexandr Kaleri, to the station for two months to do repair work with the hope of proving that the station could be made safe. Soyuz TM-30 was the 39th and last expedition to the Mir space station Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Sergei Viktorovich Zalyotin ( Russian: Сергей Викторович Залётин born 21 April 1962) is a Russian cosmonaut and a Alexandr Yuriyevich "Sasha" Kaleri (Александр Юрьевич Калери born Jūrmala, Latvia, 13 May 1956) is a Russian But this was to be the last manned mission to Mir. While Russia was optimistic about Mir's future, its commitments to the International Space Station project left no funding to support the aging Mir.

Mir's deorbit was done in three stages. The first stage was waiting for atmospheric drag to decay Mir’s orbit an average of 220 kilometers (137 mi). In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a Orbital decay is the process of prolonged reduction in the height of a satellite's Orbit. This began with the docking of Progress M1-5, a modified version of the Progress M carrying 2. 5 times more fuel in place of supplies. The second stage was the transfer of the station into a 165 x 220 km (103 x 137 mi) orbit. This was achieved with two burns of the Progress M1-5's control engines at 00:32 UTC and 02:01 UTC on March 23, 2001. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. After a two-orbit pause, the third and final stage of Mir's deorbit began with the burn of Progress M1-5's control engines and main engine at 05:08 UTC, lasting a little over 22 minutes. Reentry into Earth's atmosphere (100 km/60 mi) of the 15-year-old space station occurred at 05:44 UTC near Nadi, Fiji. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य Major destruction of the station began around 05:52 UTC and the unburned fragments fell into the South Pacific Ocean around 06:00 UTC. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions ^{[15] [16]}

In anticipation of the reentry of Mir, the owners of Taco Bell towed a large target out into the Pacific Ocean. Taco Bell Corp, a subsidiary of Yum! Brands Inc, is a restaurant chain based in Irvine California specializing in Tex-Mex -inspired If the target was hit by a falling piece of Mir, every person in the United States would be entitled to a free Taco Bell taco. The company bought a sizable insurance policy for this "gamble. "^[17] No piece of the station struck the target.

NASA created an animation of the Mir deorbit.

Support craft

The Mir space station was primarily supported by the Russian Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. Design A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back A Spheroid Orbital module, which provides accommodation for the crew during Soyuz craft provided manned access to and from the station, allowing for crew rotations. Soyuz craft also functioned as a lifeboat for the station, allowing for a relatively quick return to earth in the event of an emergency. The unmanned Progress cargo vehicles were only used to resupply the station and were incapable of surviving reentry.

It was anticipated that it would also be the destination for flights by the later-abandoned Buran space shuttle. The Buran spacecraft ( Буран "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard") GRAU index 11F35 K1, was the only fully completed and operational The Kristall module even carried two APAS-89 Androgynous Peripheral Attach System docking ports designed to be compatible with the Buran shuttle. Description Kristall had several materials processing furnaces The Androgynous Peripheral Attach System, or Androgynous Peripheral Assembly System, is a spacecraft docking mechanism used on the International Space Station These were later used with the American Space Shuttle. NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States

During the Shuttle-Mir Program, Mir was also supported by Space Shuttles, allowing American and other western astronauts to visit or stay long-term on the station. The Shuttle&ndashMir Program was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States, which involved American Space Shuttles visiting the The visiting US shuttles used a modified docking collar originally designed for the Soviet Buran shuttle, mounted on a bracket originally designed for use with Space Station Freedom. The Buran spacecraft ( Буран "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard") GRAU index 11F35 K1, was the only fully completed and operational Original proposal In the early 1980s with the Space shuttle completed NASA proposed the creation of a large permanently manned space station which then-NASA-Administrator A Docking Module was later added to the end of Kristall to eliminate the need to move the module and retract solar arrays for clearance issues. The Mir Docking Module (SO Russian: Stikovchnoy Otsek) was the sixth module launched to the Mir Space Station. The shuttles provided crew rotation of the U. S. astronauts on station as well as carrying cargo to and from the station, performing some of the largest transfers of cargo of the time. With a space shuttle docked to Mir the temporary enlargements of living and working areas amounted to a complex that was the largest spacecraft in history at that time, with a combined mass of 275 tons (227 metric tonnes). A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. The short ton ( S/T) is a unit of mass equal to 2000 lb (around 907

Mir modules

The Mir space station was constructed by connecting seven different modules, each launched into orbit separately by a Proton rocket, except for the Docking Module, which was brought to Mir by a Space Shuttle. The Proton rocket NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States

For more information about the modules, visit the module pages linked on the table below.

Module	Launch Date	Launch vehicle	Docking Date	Mass	Soyuz	Purpose	Isolated view	Mir Configuration	Photo
Core	February 19, 1986	Proton 8K82K	N/A	20,100 kg (44,313 lb)	N/A	Main station living quarters, core of entire station to which all other modules were docked. The Soyuz programme (Союз saˈjus English: Union) is a Human spaceflight programme that was initiated by the Soviet Union in The Mir Core Module (DOS-7 was the first component of the Mir space station. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The Proton rocket
Kvant-1	March 31, 1987	Proton 8K82K	~April 9, 1987	10,000 kg (22,046 lb)	TM-2	Astronomical observations and Material Science experiments. Background The Kvant spacecraft represented the first use of a new kind of Soviet space station module designated 37K Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) The Proton rocket Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Soyuz TM-2 was a manned mission to the Space station Mir. It was part of the Soyuz programme. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study
Kvant-2	November 26, 1989	Proton 8K82K	December 6, 1989	19,640 kg (43,299 lb)	TM-8	Newer, more sophisticated life support systems, extra scientific experiments and an airlock. Kvant-2 ( Russian: Квант-2; English: Quantum-II/2) (77KSD TsM-D 11F77D was the third module and second major addition to the Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) The Proton rocket Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Soyuz TM-8 was the eighth expedition to the Russian Space Station Mir.
Kristall	May 31, 1990	Proton 8K82K	June 10, 1990	19,640 kg (43,299 lb)	TM-9	Technology, material processing, geophysics and astrophysics laboratory. Description Kristall had several materials processing furnaces Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The Proton rocket Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Soyuz TM-9 was the ninth expedition to the Russian Space Station Mir. Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity,
Spektr	May 20, 1995	Proton 8K82K	June 1, 1995	19,640 kg (43,299 lb)	TM-21	Housed experiments for the Shuttle-Mir Program. Development The Spektr module was originally developed as part of a top-secret military program code-named " Oktant. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Proton rocket Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Soyuz TM-21 was Soyuz mission a Human spaceflight mission transporting personnel to the Russian space station Mir. The Shuttle&ndashMir Program was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States, which involved American Space Shuttles visiting the
Docking Module	November 12, 1995	Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-74)	November 15, 1995	6,134 kg (13,523 lb)	TM-22	Used as a docking port for the American Space Shuttle during the Shuttle-Mir Program. The Mir Docking Module (SO Russian: Stikovchnoy Otsek) was the sixth module launched to the Mir Space Station. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Space Shuttle Atlantis ( Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-104 is one of the three currently operational orbiters in the Space Shuttle fleet of STS-74 was a Space Shuttle '' Atlantis'' mission to the Mir space station Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Crew Yuri Gidzenko (1 Sergei Avdeyev (2 Thomas Reiter (1 - ESA Germany NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States The Shuttle&ndashMir Program was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States, which involved American Space Shuttles visiting the
Priroda	April 23, 1996	Proton 8K82K	April 26, 1996	19,000 kg (41,888 lb)	TM-23	Remote Earth sensing module. The Priroda (Природа English: Nature) (TsM-I 77KSI 11F77I module was the seventh and final module of the Mir Space Station. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The Proton rocket Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Crew Launched Yuri Onufrienko (1 Yury Usachev (2 Landed Yuri Onufrienko (1 Yury

Expeditions, spacewalks and crews

• List of Mir Expeditions
• List of Mir spacewalks
• List of spacecraft and crews that visited Mir

See also: List of spacewalks and Kerim Kerimov

Further reading

The story of Phase One is described in great detail by Bryan Burrough in his book Dragonfly: NASA and the Crisis Aboard Mir (1998).

In popular culture

• The station plays a prominent role as a refueling depot in the 1998 film Armageddon. Armageddon is a 1998 disaster / sci-fi - action film about a group of blue-collar deep-core drillers who are Shown larger than its real life counterpart and referred to simply as the "Russian Space Station," it was destroyed in the film following a fuel leak.
• The station serves a minor role as a refuge for S. R. Hadden in the 1997 film adaptation of Contact. Contact is a 1997 Science fiction film adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan.
• A confidence trickster Peter Llewellyn almost got a ride on Mir in 1999 after promising US$100 million for the privilege. A confidence trick or confidence game (also known as a bunko, con, flim flam, gaffle, grift, scam, scheme Peter Rodney Llewellyn (born November 1, 1947) is an international businessman who is best-known for having nearly persuaded the Russian Space Agency The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[18]
• In the fictional game setting World of Darkness by White Wolf Publishing, Mir is the site of a Black Spiral Dancer Caern, serving as a direct portal to Malfeas. The World of Darkness (or WoD) is the name given to three related but distinct Fictional universes The first was conceived by Mark Rein-Hagen, while the In the Role-playing game Werewolf The Apocalypse there are different fictional tribes of werewolves
• In the South Park episode "Pinkeye", Kenny's first death in the episode results from Mir crashing onto him. South Park is an animated American television comedy series created and written by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for Comedy Central " Pinkeye " is the seventh episode of Comedy Central 's animated series South Park. Kenny McCormick, voiced by Matt Stone, is one of the four central Fictional characters of the Animated series South Park, the All the people inside also have died as well during the crashing. The episode originally aired about 3 ½ years before the actual de-orbiting.
• In The Simpsons episode "The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace", Homer has a flashback of himself sabotaging Mir^[19], and in "The Great Money Caper" the Simpsons family car is hit by a sturgeon from the space station ^[20]. " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " is the second episode of the tenth season of The Simpsons which originally aired on September 20 " The Great Money Caper " is the seventh episode of the twelfth season of The Simpsons.
• In the 1999 movie Virus, an alien lifeform invades Mir. Virus is a 1999 science fiction - Horror film directed by visual effects artist John Bruno and starring Jamie Lee Curtis,
• In the short story "Above it All" by "Robert J. Sawyer" an American astronaut boards Mir to recover the corpse of a Russian cosmonaut. Robert J Sawyer is a Canadian Science fiction writer born in Ottawa in 1960 and now resident in Mississauga.
• In the User Friendly comic strip, Erwin, an Artificial Intelligence program, was transferred to and inhabited Mir for a period of time. User Friendly is a daily Webcomic about the staff of a small fictional Internet service provider, Columbia Internet
• In the BBC sci-fi series Bugs, footage of the Mir space station was used to depict a space based laser cannon. Bugs was a British Television drama series which ran for four series from April 1995 to August 1999
• In Showtime's series Dead Like Me, the protagonist of the show, George, was killed by a toilet seat that fell from the de-orbiting Mir. Showtime is a subscription television Brand used by a number of channels and platforms around the world but primarily refers to a group of channels in the United Dead Like Me is an American television Comedy-drama starring Ellen Muth and Mandy Patinkin as grim reapers in A toilet seat is the seat and lid of a Toilet bowl. It consists of the seat itself which is contoured for the user to sit on the toilet and the lid which covers
• In the Pournelle/Niven novel, Footfall, a combined USSR/American crew is aboard Mir when it is taken over by the invading aliens. Footfall is a 1985 Science fiction Novel written by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. In Fallen Angels (Pournelle/Niven/Barnes), Mir and the then-proposed American space station Freedom have combined to create a single habitat for the break-away culture of astronauts and cosmonauts. Fallen Angels ( 1991) (ISBN 0-7434-3582-6 is a Prometheus Award -winning Novel by Science fiction authors Larry Niven

References

Sources

• Mir Hardware Heritage - NASA report (PDF format)
• Mir Mission Chronicle - NASA report (PDF format)
• Mir-Shuttle:Phase 1 Program Joint Report (PDF format)
• Soviet Space Stations as Analogs - NASA report (PDF format)

External links

• Mir Diary
• Site contains detailed diagrams, pictures and background info
• Site describes the Mir-Shuttle Docking Module
• Site contains information on problems aboard Mir

Preceded by Salyut program

Mir program 1986–2001

Succeeded by International Space Station

Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Salyut program (Салют lit  Salute or Fireworks) was the first Space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted

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