Minotaur
Minotaur bust, (National Archaeological Museum of Athens)
Creature
Name:	Minotaur
AKA:	Minotaurus
Classification
Grouping:	Legendary creature
Data
Mythology:	Greek
Region:	Crete
Habitat:	Labyrinth

Topics in Greek mythology
Gods Primordial gods and Titans Zeus and the Olympians Pan and the nymphs Apollo and Dionysus Sea-gods and Earth-gods
Heroes Heracles and his Labors Achilles and the Trojan War Odysseus and the Odyssey Jason and the Argonauts Perseus and Medusa/Gorgon Oedipus and Thebes Theseus and the Minotaur Triptolemus and the Eleusinian Mysteries
Related Satyrs, centaurs and dragons Religion in Ancient Greece

In Greek mythology, the Minotaur (Greek: Μῑνώταυρος, Mīnṓtauros) was a creature that was part man and part bull. The National Archaeological Museum of Athens (Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο in Athens houses some of the most important artifacts from a variety A legendary creature is a mythological or folkloric creature (often known as "fabulous creatures" in historical literature Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth ( Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance The ancient Greeks proposed many different ideas about primordial deities in their mythology, which would later be largely adapted by the In Greek mythology, the Titans ( Greek: Tītā́n; plural Tītânes) were a race of powerful Deities that ruled during the legendary Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology The Twelve Olympians, also known as the Dodekatheon ( Greek: Δωδεκάθεον Pan ( Greek, Genitive) is the Greek god of shepherds and flocks of mountain wilds hunting and rustic music paein means to pasture In Greek mythology, a nymph is any member of a large class of mythological entities in human female form In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman The ancient Greeks had a large number of sea deities. The philosopher Plato once remarked that the Greek people were like frogs sitting around a pond -- their Chthonic (from Greek χθόνιος khthonios "of the earth" from khthōn "earth" pertaining to the Earth; earthy subterranean In Greek mythology, Heracles or Herakles ("glory of Hera " or The Twelve Labours of Hercules (Greek Δωδεκαθλος, dodekathlos) age a series of archaic episodes connected by a later continuous narrative concerning "Achilleus" redirects here For the emperor with this name see Achilleus (emperor. In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. Jason ( Greek: Ἰάσων, Etruscan: Easun, Laz: Yason) was a late ancient Greek mythological In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας is the fleece of the winged ram Chrysomallos (Χρυσόμαλλος Perseus, Perseos, or Perseas ( Greek: Περσεύς, Περσέως, Περσέας) the Legendary founder In Greek mythology, Medusa ( Greek: Μέδουσα (Médousa "guardian protectress" was a monstrous Chthonic female character gazing upon In Greek mythology, a gorgon ( Greek: γοργώ or γοργών transl Oedipus (pronounced /ˈɛdəpəs/ in American English or /ˈiːdəpəs/ in British English; Greek: Oidípous meaning "swollen-footed" The Seven against Thebes (Επτά επί Θήβας Epta epi Thēbas) is a mythic narrative whose classic statement is found in the play by Aeschylus (467 BCE For other uses see Theseus (disambiguation Theseus (Θησεύς was a Legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered Buzyges redirects here For the Genus of Grass skipper Butterflies, see Buzyges (butterfly. The Eleusinian Mysteries (Ἐλευσίνια Μυστήρια were initiation ceremonies held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone Mystery Religions, Sacred Mysteries or simply Mysteries, were "religious cults of the Graeco-Roman In Greek mythology, satyrs (Σάτυροι Satyroi) are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus – " Satyresses quot In Greek mythology, the centaurs (from Ancient Greek: Κένταυροι - Kéntauroi are a race of creatures composed of part Human Dragons play a role in Greek mythology. Ladon was a Dragon -like beast that was slain by Heracles in the garden of the Hesperides during the Twelve Greek religion encompasses the collection of beliefs and rituals practiced in Ancient Greece in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Appearances of the Bull (also known as Taurus) in Mythology and worship are widespread in the ancient world ^[1] It dwelt at the center of the Labyrinth, which was an elaborate maze-like construction^[2] built for King Minos of Crete and designed by the architect Daedalus and his son Icarus who were ordered to build it to hold the Minotaur. In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth ( Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer A maze is a complex Tour puzzle in the form of a complex branching passage through which the solver must find a route In Greek mythology, Minos ( Ancient Greek:) was a mythical king of Crete son of Zeus and Europa. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the This article is about the mythological character For other uses see Daedalus (disambiguation. Icarus ( Greek:, Latin: Íkaros, Etruscan: Vicare) is a character in Greek mythology. The historical site of Knossos is usually identified as the site of the labyrinth. Knossos (alternative spellings Knossus, Cnossus, Greek Κνωσός kno̞ˈso̞s also known as the Knossos Palace is the largest The Minotaur was eventually killed by Theseus. For other uses see Theseus (disambiguation Theseus (Θησεύς was a Legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered

"Minotaur" is Greek for "Bull of Minos. " The bull was known in Crete as Asterion, a name shared with Minos's foster father. "Asterius" redirects here See also Asterius the Sophist.

Contents 1 Birth and appearance 2 Tribute price that brought Theseus 3 Interpretations 4 Literary and artistic references to the Minotaur 4.1 Poetry 4.2 Fiction 4.3 Visual Art 4.3.1 Picasso and the Minotaur 4.4 Music 4.5 Games 5 See also 6 References 7 Notes

Birth and appearance

After he ascended the throne of Crete, Minos struggled with his brothers for the right to rule. Antoine-Louis Barye ( September 24, 1796 - June 25, 1875) was a French sculptor most famous for his work as an Animalier The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Minos prayed to Poseidon to send him a snow-white bull, as a sign of approval. In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" He was to sacrifice the bull in honor of Poseidon but decided to keep it instead because of its beauty. To punish Minos, Poseidon caused Pasiphaë, Minos' wife, to fall madly in love with the bull from the sea, the Cretan Bull. In Greek mythology, Pasiphaë (English pəˈsɪfeɪiː Greek: Πασιφάη Pasipháē "wide-shining" was the daughter of Helios In Greek mythology, the Cretan Bull was either the bull that carried away Europa or the bull Pasiphaë fell in love with giving birth to the ^[3] She had Daedalus, the famous architect, make a wooden cow for her. Pasiphaë climbed into the decoy in order to have sex with the white bull. The offspring of their unnatural lovemaking was a monster called the Minotaur.

Nowhere has the essence of the myth been expressed more succinctly than in the Heroides attributed to Ovid, where Pasiphaë's daughter complains of the curse of her unrequited love: "the bull's form disguised the god, Pasiphaë, my mother, a victim of the deluded bull, brought forth in travail her reproach and burden. The Heroides ( Her) (“The Heroines” or Epistulae Heroidum (“Letters of Heroines” are a collection of fifteen epistolary Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including " Literalist and prurient readings that emphasize the machinery of literal copulation may intentionally obscure the mystic marriage of the god in bull form, a Minoan mythos alien to the Greeks. Mystical marriage is a term equating the intimacy of a mystical relationship as between a Christian Mystic and God with the natural intimacy between marital partners

The Minotaur, as the Greeks imagined him, had the body of a man and the head and tail of a bull. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca ^[4] Pasiphaë nursed him in his infancy, but he grew and became ferocious. Minos, after getting advice from the Oracle at Delphi, had Daedalus construct a gigantic labyrinth to hold the Minotaur. Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western Its location was near Minos' palace in Knossos.

Tribute price that brought Theseus

Now it happened that Androgeus, son of Minos, had been killed by the Athenians, who were jealous of the victories he had won at the Panathenaic festival. Rhyton (plural rhyta) is the ancient Greek word (ῥυτόν rutón) for a container from which fluids were intended to be drunk or else poured in some Expo '88, officially known as 'World Expo 88' was a World's Fair held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia during a six month period between For Androgeus legendary King of the Britons see Androgeus of Britain. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Panathenaic Games were a set of games held every four years in Athens in Ancient Greece. Others say he was killed at Marathon by the Cretan bull, his mother's former taurine lover, which Aegeus, king of Athens, had commanded him to slay. Marathon ( Demotic Greek: Μαραθώνας Marathónas; Attic / Katharevousa:, Marathṓn) is an ancient Greek city-state In Greek mythology, the Cretan Bull was either the bull that carried away Europa or the bull Pasiphaë fell in love with giving birth to the For the Spartan hero Aegeus see Aegeus (hero. In Greek mythology, Aegeus (Αἰγεύς also Aigeus, Aegeas The common tradition is that Minos waged war to avenge the death of his son, and won. However, Catullus, in his account of the Minotaur's birth,^[5] refers to another version in which Athens was "compelled by the cruel plague to pay penalties for the killing of Androgeos. For persons with a Cognomen "Catulus" see Lutatius Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca " In this version, the Athenians are made to ask Minos what they can do to stop a terrible plague that has come upon them, and he was thus given power to make demands of them. In either case, Minos required that seven Athenian youths and seven maidens, drawn by lots, be sent every ninth year (some accounts say every year) to be devoured by the Minotaur.

When the third sacrifice came round, Theseus volunteered to go to slay the monster. For other uses see Theseus (disambiguation Theseus (Θησεύς was a Legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered He promised to his father, Aegeus, that he would put up a white sail on his journey back home if he was successful and would have the crew put up black sails if he was killed. In Crete, Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, fell in love with Theseus and helped him navigate the labyrinth, which had a single path to the center. Ariadne, in Greek mythology (Latin Arianna French Arianne was daughter of King Minos of Crete and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter In most accounts she gave him a ball of thread, allowing him to retrace his path. Theseus killed the Minotaur with the sword of Aegeus and led the other Athenians back out of the labyrinth. ^[6]

Theseus took Ariadne with him from Crete, but abandoned her enroute to Athens (Generally this is said to happen on the island of Naxos). Naxos (in Greek, Νάξος) is a Greek island the largest island ( in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. According to Homer, she was killed by Artemis upon the testimony of Dionysus. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman However, later sources report that Theseus abandoned her as she slept on the island of Naxos, and there she became the bride of Dionysus. The epiphany of Dionysus to the sleeping Ariadne became a common theme in Greek and Roman art, and in some of these images Theseus is shown running away. This story is also recounted in Catullus.

On his return trip, Theseus was caught in a tremendous storm that resulted in the white sails being lost and put up the spare, black sails for the remainder of the voyage. His father, seeing the black sails and believing his son to be dead, was overcome with grief and leapt off the clifftop from which he had kept watch for his son's return every day since Theseus had departed into the sea. on Athenian texts, the name of the "Aegean Sea" is derived from this event. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean.

Minos, angry that Theseus was able to escape, imprisoned Daedalus and his son Icarus in a tall tower. They were able to escape by building wings for themselves with the feathers of birds that flew by, but Icarus died during the escape as he flew too high (in hope of seeing Apollo in his sun chariot) and the wax that held the feathers in the wing melted in the heat of the sun.

Interpretations

The contest between Theseus and the Minotaur was frequently represented in Greek art. Greece has a rich and varied artistic history spanning some 5000 years A Knossian didrachm exhibits on one side the labyrinth, on the other the Minotaur surrounded by a semicircle of small balls, probably intended for stars; it is to be noted that one of the monster's names was Asterion ("star"). Drachma, pl drachmas or drachmae (δραχμή pl δραχμές or δραχμαί (until 1982 is the name of An ancient currency unit found in many "Asterius" redirects here See also Asterius the Sophist.

The ruins of Minos' palace at Knossos have been found, but the labyrinth has not. The enormous number of rooms, staircases and corridors in the palace has led archaeologists to believe that the palace itself was the source of the labyrinth myth. Homer, describing the shield of Achilles, remarked that the labyrinth was Ariadne's ceremonial dancing ground. This article is about the shield of Achilles For the poems by W

Some modern mythologists regard the Minotaur as a solar personification and a Minoan adaptation of the Baal-Moloch of the Phoenicians. Ba'al (pronounced; Hebrew בעל (ordinarily spelled Baal in English is a Northwest Semitic title and honorific meaning "master" or "lord" Moloch, Molech, Molekh, or Molek, representing Hebrew מלך mlk, (translated directly into king is either the name of a Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The slaying of the Minotaur by Theseus in that case indicates the breaking of Athenian tributary relations with Minoan Crete. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete.

According to A. B. Cook, Minos and Minotaur are only different forms of the same personage, representing the sun-god of the Cretans, who depicted the sun as a bull. Arthur Bernard Cook (1868-1952 was a British Classical scholar, known for work in Archaeology and the History of religions. "Sun god" redirects here For the Ramsey Lewis album see Sun Goddess (album. He and J. G. Frazer both explain Pasiphae's union with the bull as a sacred ceremony, at which the queen of Knossos was wedded to a bull-formed god, just as the wife of the Tyrant in Athens was wedded to Dionysus. In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization. In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman E. Pottier, who does not dispute the historical personality of Minos, in view of the story of Phalaris, considers it probable that in Crete (where a bull-cult may have existed by the side of that of the labrys {double axe}) victims were tortured by being shut up in the belly of a red-hot brazen bull. Phalaris was the Tyrant of Acragas ( Agrigentum) in Sicily, from approximately 570 to 554 BC Labrys is the term for a doubleheaded Axe, known to the Classical Greeks as pelekys ( or Sagaris, and to the Romans as a bipennis The brazen bull, or the Sicilian bull, is an execution/torture device designed in Ancient Greece. The story of Talos, the Cretan man of brass, who heated himself red-hot and clasped strangers in his embrace as soon as they landed on the island, is probably of similar origin. In the Cretan tales incorporated into Greek mythology, Tálos (Greek Τάλως Latin Talus or Tálon (Greek Τάλων was a giant man of bronze Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties

A historical explanation of the myth refers to the time when Crete was the main political and cultural potency in the Aegean Sea. As the fledgling Athens (and probably other continental Greek cities) was under tribute to Crete, it can be assumed that such tribute included young men and women for sacrifice. This ceremony was performed by a priest disguised with a bull head or mask, thus explaining the imagery of the Minotaur. It may also be that this priest was son to Minos.

Once continental Greece was free from Crete's dominance, the myth of the Minotaur worked to distance the forming religious consciousness of the Hellene poleis from Minoan beliefs. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a

Literary and artistic references to the Minotaur

Poetry

• Ted Hughes wrote a poem titled "The Minotaur," the title alluding to the destruction his ex-wife Sylvia Plath's father caused in her life. Edward James Hughes OM ( 17 August 1930 &ndash 28 October 1998) was an English Poet and children's Sylvia Plath (October 27 1932 &ndash February 11 1963 was an American Poet, Novelist and Short story Writer.

Fiction

• Jorge Luis Borges tells the story of the Minotaur in the short story La casa de Asterión (The House of Asterion), published in the collection El Aleph. Wood engraving is a Relief printing technique where the end grain of Wood is used as a medium for Engraving, thus differing from the older technique of "The House of Asterion" (original Spanish title "La casa de Asterión") a short story by Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges The Aleph and Other Stories (Spanish El Aleph, 1949 is a book of short stories by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges.
• In The Divine Comedy, Dante Alighieri and Virgil confront "the infamy of Crete" at the entrance to the seventh circle of Hell. The Divine Comedy Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Dante knew the mythological monster from Ovid's Ars Amatoria, where it is simply described as half-man, half-bull, but he apparently did not know the Minotaur's images from ancient Greek iconography. Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including Iconography is the branch of Art history which studies the identification description and the interpretation of the content of images Although the monster is never explicitly described by Dante, the use of verbs seems to imply the poet imagined it with the body of a human and a bull's head, as Gustave Doré pictured it (illustration, right).
• In Mary Renault's The King Must Die the "Minotauros" is the style of the heir to the throne of Crete (much as the style of the king is "Minos") and is depicted wearing a golden bull's head mask. Mary Renault (pronounced Ren-olt ( 4 September 1905 – 13 December 1983) born Mary Challans, was an English Writer For the song by Elton John, see The King Must Die (song The King Must Die is a 1958 Bildungsroman and Historical A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the A mask is an artefact normally worn on the face typically for protection concealment performance or amusement
• The second part of David Gemmell's The Lion of Macedon historic fantasy, The Dark Prince, features a sympathetic minotaur. David Andrew Gemmell ( August 1, 1948 &ndash July 28, 2006) was a bestselling British author of Heroic fantasy.
• Thomas Burnett Swann's Minotaur Trilogy depicts the last two survivors of an ancient race of intelligent minotaurs dwelling in the forests of ancient Crete alongside other mythological creatures. Thomas Burnett Swann ( October 12 1928 - May 5 1976) was an American Poet, critic and Fantasy author
• The minotaur plays a pivotal role in Mark Z. Danielewski's book House of Leaves. Mark Z Danielewski (born March 5 1966 is an American author He is the son of Polish Avant-garde film director Tad Danielewski and the brother House of Leaves is the debut Novel by the American author Mark Z
• A Minotaur is the commanding general of the White Witch's army in the film adaptation of C.S. Lewis's fantasy epic, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Jadis, commonly known as the White Witch, is the main Villain of The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe, the first published book in C Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe is a 2005 Fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson based on The Lion Minotaurs are also featured in the sequel, Prince Caspian, this time as allies to the protagonists. For the book see Prince Caspian. For the video game see The Chronicles of Narnia Prince Caspian (video game.
• The Minotaur is mentioned in Jeffrey Eugenides's Middlesex as the play that sparked the simultaneous fertilization of two main characters. Jeffrey Kent Eugenides (born March 8, 1960 in Detroit Michigan) is an American Pulitzer Prize Middlesex is a Novel by Jeffrey Eugenides. It was published in 2002 and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2003
• The Minotaur is one of the main (though for the most part, unseen) antagonists in the Thursday Next series by Jasper Fforde. Thursday Next is the main Protagonist in a series of Comic fantasy, Alternate history Novels by the British author Jasper Fforde Jasper Fforde (born in London on 11 January, 1961) is an English Novelist. He is introduced as being a Hannibal Lecter-esque serial killer, imprisoned in an unpublished fantasy novel rather than a Labyrinth. Origin and development Thomas Harris has given few interviews and has never explained where he got inspiration for Hannibal Lecter but in a documentary for Hannibal Rising
• Michael Ende uses both the Minotaur and its labyrinth as starting and closing points in his book The Mirror in the Mirror. Michael Andreas Helmuth Ende ( November 12, 1929 - August 28, 1995) was a German writer of fantasy and Children's
• Victor Pelevin has retold the myth of Minotaur in his 2006 short novel The Helmet of Horror. Victor Olegovich Pelevin ( Russian: Виктор Олегович Пелевин b
• The Minotaur (named as Asterion) is a major character in the epic fantasy series The Troy Game, by Australian author Sara Douglass where he initially plays the main antagonist of the story. Sara Warneke (born 2 June 1957 in Penola, South Australia) better known by her pen name Sara Douglass is an Australian This Minotaur is based closely on the one featured in the popular mythical tale of Ariadne and Theseus. Ariadne, in Greek mythology (Latin Arianna French Arianne was daughter of King Minos of Crete and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter For other uses see Theseus (disambiguation Theseus (Θησεύς was a Legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered
• A Minotaur (also named Asterion) is one of the primary characters in Karen Russell's short story "from Children's Reminiscences of the Westward Migration" found in her 2006 debut short-story collection, St. Karen Russell is a Seattle attorney television pundit and political strategist and a graduate of Mercer Island High School, Georgetown University Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves.
• In 'The Minotaur in Pamplona', Rhys Hughes enters the Minotaur as a contestant in the encierro (Running of the Bulls) of San Fermín with subsequent confusion as to what side he is on. Rhys Henry Hughes (born September 24, 1966) is a Welsh writer and essayist The Running of the Bulls (in Spanish encierro, from the verb encerrar, to shut in to lock up is a practice that involves running in front of bulls The festival of San Fermín in the city of Pamplona ( Navarre, Spain) is a deeply-rooted celebration held annually from noon 6 July when the opening of
• In Steven Sherill's surreal realist novel The Minotaur Takes A Cigarette Break we see the Minotaur, five thousand years on, working as a line chef at a fictional restaurant known as Grub's Rib in North Carolina.
• Hellboy: Blood and Iron begins with Hellboy and Abe Sapien fighting the Minotaur in the Labyrinth. Hellboy Blood and Iron is the second in the Hellboy Animated series (the first being Hellboy Sword of Storms) written by Tad Stones Hellboy is a Fictional character, created by writer-artist Mike Mignola, that first appeared in Comic books published by Dark Horse Comics Abraham "Abe" Sapien (born Langdon Everett Caul) is a Fictional character in the Comic book series The minotaur is depicted as a machine powered by the spirit of the skull within it. Abe theorizes the skull belonged to Daedalus.
• In the Dragonlance Saga the Minotaurs live in a seafaring empire and have conquered the oldest of the elven kingdoms. Dragonlance is an immense series of Fantasy Novels, with over 190 novels printed and is accompanied by a supplemental Campaign
• The fantasy books set in the land of Tortall (by Tamora Pierce) feature a minotaur based monster called a Taurus
• Minotaur is the Shadow of Jiro in the show Blue Dragon.
• Stephen King's novel Rose Madder often alldues to Greek mythology and at the end Rose must defeat minotaur-like creatures.
• Darren Shan's novel Death's Shadow displays the Minotaur as a paternal figure to the character Beranabus, after killing his mother when she entered the Labyrinth. Death's Shadow is the first episode of the second season of Midsomer Murders and the sixth episode overall He is then killed by Theseus, which leads onto the present narrative of the novel.

Visual Art

• André Masson, René Iché and Georges Bataille suggested to Albert Skira the title Le Minotaure for his art publication, which ran from 1933 until it was overtaken by war in 1939; it resurfaced in 1946 as Le Labyrinthe. André-Aimé-René Masson ( January 4, 1896 &ndash October 28, 1987) was a French Artist. René Iché ( January 21, 1897, Salleles-d'Aude France &ndash December 23, 1954, Paris) was a 20th century French Georges Bataille (ʒɔʀʒ baˈtaj ( September 10, 1897 &ndash July 8, 1962) was a French Writer. Albert Skira (1904 - 1973 was a French publisher In 1933 he contacted André Breton about a new journal which he planned to be the most luxurious art and literary Minotaure (1933 to 1939 was a primarily Surrealist -oriented publication founded by Albert Skira in Paris
• The Minotaur is a recurring character in Stanley Donwood's artwork. Stanley Donwood is the Pen name of English Writer and Artist Dan Rickwood.
• Gustave Doré portrays the Minotaur in his illustrations of the Divine Comedy.
• The symbolic search for the Minotaur was portrayed in the avante garde multi-screen production In the Labyrinth, which premiered at Expo 67. In the Labyrinth was a groundbreaking multi-screen presentation at Expo 67. The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or Expo 67 as it was commonly known was the World's Fair held in Montreal, Canada from April 27 to October
• In Yuriy Norshteyn's animated film Tale of Tales, a melancholy minotaur-like figure helps a little girl to jump rope by holding one end of the rope, the other end of which is fastened to a tree. Yuriy Borisovich Norshteyn (Ю́рий Бори́сович Норште́йн or Yuri Norstein or Yuri Norshtein (born Tale of Tales (Ска́зка ска́зок Skazka skazok) is a 1979 Soviet Animated film directed by Yuriy Norshteyn A jump rope, skipping rope, or skip rope is the primary tool used in the Game of skipping played by Children and many Young adults
• El minotaruro by Remedios Varo is the representation of a female minotaur. Remedios Varo Uranga (December 16 1908 - October 8 1963) was a Spanish-Mexican Surrealist painter.

Picasso and the Minotaur

No artist has returned so often to the theme of the Minotaur as Pablo Picasso. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 ^[7] The Minotaur appears in many of his works, particularly in the 1930s. Some of these show him raping and killing, but in other pictures he is depicted as a lover rather than a monster, appearing to be in a consensual relationship with a woman. Some critics suggest that Picasso used the Minotaur to represent himself or his sexual urges.

Music

• Psych act Enemy Earth release The Bull from the Sea, a musical companion to the story of Theseus and the Minotaur in 2008.
• The Incredible String Band has a song called The Minotaur Song.
• Radiohead produced an album called 'Amnesiac' whose artwork depicts a crying minotaur.
• Harrison Birtwistle's opera The Minotaur had its premiere at the Royal Opera House on 15 April 2008. Sir Harrison Paul Birtwistle CH (born 15 July, 1934) is a British contemporary Composer. The Minotaur is an Opera in 13 scenes by English composer Harrison Birtwistle to a Libretto by poet David Harsent, commissioned WikipediaWikiProject Opera --> The Royal Opera House is an Opera house and major performing This Minotaur, called Asterios rather than Asterion, is not merely a monster, but manifests his half-human nature. Unable to speak except in dreams, and at the point of death, he is a more sympathetic figure than Theseus.

Games

• In the Warcraft Universe, the Tauren are a race of half-bull/half-men who cultivate the earth and bear a great resemblance to the Minotaur. The Warcraft universe is a Fictional universe in which a series of games and books published by Blizzard Entertainment are set The Warcraft universe is a Fictional universe in which a series of games and books published by Blizzard Entertainment are set

• In the Warhammer universe, Minotaurs are massive creatures of low intelligence but extreme ferocity, the favoured followers of dark gods. In the game itself they are portrayed as ogre-like troops with greater skill and dedication, and a thirst for blood.

• In the game God of War, the main character fights a massive Minotaur as a boss. God of War is a Video game for the PlayStation 2 console released on March 22, 2005.

• In the Intellivision game Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Treasure of Tarmin, the Minotaur is the final boss which guards the titular Treasure of Tarmin. The Intellivision is a Video game console released by Mattel in 1979. Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Treasure of Tarmin is a Video game for the Intellivision Video game console and the Mattel Aquarius computer

• A Sailor Moon monster of the week is referred to as Minotaur; she is part woman instead of the usual part man, however. " Villain of the week " (or depending on genre " monster of the week " or " freak of the

• A Minotaur called Minotauros is one of several characters in Compile's Puyo Puyo and Madou Monogatari series. Puyo Pop, known in Japan as is a Computer puzzle game made in 1991 by Compile for various video game systems Madou Monogatari (魔導物語 Madō Monogatari; translates as "Story of Sorcery" is a series of first-person Dungeon crawler RPGs

• Mortal Kombats character Motaro becomes a Minotaur because of a curse placed upon his race. Motaro is a Fictional character in the Mortal Kombat Fighting game series

• In a roguelike role-playing game NetHack, minotaurs are hard-hitting monsters that only lurk in Gehennom and are never randomly generated. A roguelike is a member of the role-playing video game genre that borrows its name and gameplay elements from the 1980 computer game NetHack is a single-player Roguelike computer game originally released in 1987. for the Polish film see Gehenna (film See also Jewish eschatology Gehennam (or gehenom or gehinom (גהינום is

• In Legendary Minotaurs (as well as other mythological creatures) are unleashed from Pandora's Box and wreak havoc on the world. Legendary (previously known as Legendary The Box) is a first-person shooter video game developed by Spark Unlimited and published in the In Greek mythology, Pandora's box is the large jar (πιθος pithos) carried by Pandora (Πανδώρα that contained all the evils of mankind&mdash such

• In the MMORPG Runescape, Minotaurs are enemies that charge you at full speed. A massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG) is a genre of Computer role-playing games (CRPGs in which a large number of players interact with RuneScape is a Java -based MMORPG ( Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game) operated by Jagex Ltd They can also be summoned as familiars in various metal forms ( Bronze, Iron, Mithril,Steel,Adamant,etc)

• In Might and Magic VIII, Minotaurs are a playable class. Might and Magic VIII Day of the Destroyer is a Computer role-playing game developed for Microsoft Windows by New World Computing and released They cannot use helms, shields, or footwear.

• In the Heroes of Might and Magic series, Minotaurs can be recruited in all games. Heroes of Might and Magic is a series of Video games created by New World Computing.

• In Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, Minotaurs can be found roaming wild when the player reaches a certain level. The Elder Scrolls IV Oblivion is a Single player Fantasy -themed action-oriented Computer role-playing game developed by Bethesda Game Studios They have high HP and deal a great amount of damage.

See also

• in Mesopotamian mythology Shedu had a bull body and a human head. Mesopotamian mythology is the collective name given to Sumerian Akkadian Assyrian and Babylonian mythologies from the land between the Tigris The Sumerian word lama, which is rendered in Akkadian as lamassu, refers to a beneficient protective female deity
• The Egyptian god Apis is often depicted as a bull, or bull-headed man.
• Ushi-oni Another bull-headed monster; from Japanese folklore. The, or gyūki, is a creature which appears in the Folklore of Japan.

References

• Minotaur in Greek Myth source Greek texts and art.

Notes

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