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Min Nan
閩南語 / 闽南语 Bân-lâm-gú
Spoken in: People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, and other areas of Min Nan and Hoklo settlement 
Region: Southern Fujian province; the Chaozhou-Shantou (Chaoshan) area and Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong province; extreme south of Zhejiang province; most of Taiwan; much of Hainan (if Hainanese or Qiong Wen is included)
Total speakers: 49 million 
Ranking: 21 (if Qiong Wen is included)
Language family: Sino-Tibetan
 Chinese
  Min
   Min Nan 
Official status
Official language in: None (Legislative bills have been proposed for Taiwanese (Amoy Min Nan) to be one of the 'national languages' in the Republic of China); one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in the ROC [1]
Regulated by: None (Republic of China Ministry of Education and some NGOs are influential in Taiwan)
Language codes
ISO 639-1: zh
ISO 639-2: chi (B)  zho (T)
ISO 639-3: nan
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Singapore The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Hoklo ( Endonym Hok-ló, Hō-ló, or Ho̍h-ló) commonly refers to those Taiwanese people who claim Han Chinese ( Hokkien This article is about the People's Republic of China province History Shantou was a fishing village part of Tuojiang City (鮀江都 Jieyang District (揭陽縣 during the Song Dynasty. Cháoshàn (潮汕 is a term used to describe the linguistic and cultural region based in southeastern Guangdong province China. The Leizhou Peninsula is a Peninsula in the southernmost part of Guangdong province in southern China. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Hainan ( POJ: Hai-lam Pinyin:, Jyutping: hoi2 naam4 literal meaning "South of the Sea" is the smallest province of the People's This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Sino-Tibetan languages form a Language family composed of at least the Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages, including some 250 languages of Spoken Chinese ( comprises many regional variants the largest of which are Mandarin, Wu, Cantonese, and Min. For other uses see Bill. A bill is a proposed new law introduced within a Legislature that has not been ratified, adopted REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Min Nan, Minnan, or Min-nan (simplified Chinese: 闽南语; traditional Chinese: 閩南語; pinyin: Mǐnnányǔ; POJ: Bân-lâm-gú; "Southern Min" or "Southern Fujian" language) refers to a family of Chinese languages/dialects which are spoken in southern Fujian and neighboring areas, and by descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Pe̍h-ōe-jī ( POJ) ( is an Orthography in the Latin alphabet created and introduced to Fujian and Taiwan by Presbyterian A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of This article is about the People's Republic of China province The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic In common parlance, Min Nan usually refers to Xiamen speech (better known as the Amoy language/dialect), which is usually called Taiwanese by residents of Taiwan, and Hokkien by residents of Southeast Asia. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Amoy is a combination of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. "Zaytun" redirects here For the South Korean military division in Iraq see Zaytun Division. Dialect The main dialect spoken in Zhangzhou is Hokkien, one of the major Min Nan ( languages The Min Nan family also includes Teochew and Hainanese. Teochew has limited mutual intelligibilty with Amoy. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand However, Hainanese is generally not considered to be mutually intelligible with any other Min Nan dialect.

Min Nan (Southern Min) forms part of the Min language group, alongside several other divisions. The Min languages/dialects are part of the Chinese language group, itself a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Min Nan is not mutually intelligible with Eastern Min, Cantonese, or Mandarin. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand The Eastern Min language or Min Dong ( Foochow Romanized: Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ is the language mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan As with other varieties of Chinese, there is a political dispute as to whether Min Nan should be called a language or a dialect. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of (See Identification of the varieties of Chinese for greater detail. )

Contents

Geographic distribution

Min Nan is spoken in the southern part of Fujian province, three southeastern counties of Zhejiang province, the Zhoushan archipelago off Ningbo in Zhejiang, and the eastern part of Guangdong province (Chaoshan region). This article is about the People's Republic of China province Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Zhoushan administers 2 districts and 2 counties. Ningbo ( literally "Tranquil Waves" is a Seaport with sub-provincial administrative status. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Cháoshàn (潮汕 is a term used to describe the linguistic and cultural region based in southeastern Guangdong province China. The Qiong Wen variant spoken in the Leizhou peninsula of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, is classified in some schemes as part of Min Nan and in other schemes as separate. Leizhou City (雷州市 Pinyin: Léizhōu Shì Lei Chow is a County-level city in Guangdong province in southern China. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Hainan ( POJ: Hai-lam Pinyin:, Jyutping: hoi2 naam4 literal meaning "South of the Sea" is the smallest province of the People's

A form of Min Nan akin to that spoken in southern Fujian is also spoken in Taiwan, where it has the native name of Tâi-oân-oē or Hō-ló-oē. The (sub)ethnic group for which Min Nan is considered a native language is known as the Holo (Hō-ló) or Hoklo, the main ethnicity of Taiwan. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth Hoklo ( Endonym Hok-ló, Hō-ló, or Ho̍h-ló) commonly refers to those Taiwanese people who claim Han Chinese ( Hokkien Hoklo ( Endonym Hok-ló, Hō-ló, or Ho̍h-ló) commonly refers to those Taiwanese people who claim Han Chinese ( Hokkien Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The correspondence between language and ethnicity is generally true though not absolute, as some Hoklo have very limited proficiency in Min Nan while some non-Hoklos speak Min Nan fluently.

There are many Min Nan speakers also among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. Many ethnic Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements). The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Singapore British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826 In general, Min Nan from southern Fujian is known as Hokkien, Hokkienese, Fukien or Fookien in Southeast Asia, and is extremely similar to Taiwanese. Many Southeast Asian ethnic Chinese also originated in Chaoshan region of Guangdong province and speak Teochew, the variant of Min Nan from that region. Cháoshàn (潮汕 is a term used to describe the linguistic and cultural region based in southeastern Guangdong province China. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Min Nan is reportedly the native language of up to 98. 5% of the community of ethnic Chinese in the Philippines, among whom it is also known as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language"). A Chinese Filipino ( Hokkien: Huâ-hui; Cantonese: Wàhfèi; Tagalog / Filipino: "Tsinoy" ( derived from The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Lan-nang, or more properly known as Lán-nâng-ōe (咱人話 also 咱儂話 is the Philippine variant of Hokkien. Lan-nang, or more properly known as Lán-nâng-ōe (咱人話 also 咱儂話 is the Philippine variant of Hokkien. Min Nan speakers form the majority of Chinese in Singapore with the largest being Hoklos and the second largest being the Teochews.

Classification

Southern Fujian is home to three main Amoy accents. This article is about the People's Republic of China province They are known by the geographic locations to which they correspond:

As Xiamen is the principal city of southern Fujian, the Xiamen accent is considered the most important, or even prestige accent. "Zaytun" redirects here For the South Korean military division in Iraq see Zaytun Division. Dialect The main dialect spoken in Zhangzhou is Hokkien, one of the major Min Nan ( languages A prestige dialect is the Dialect spoken by the most prestigious people in a Speech community which is large enough to sustain more than one dialect The Xiamen accent is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou accents. Xiamen and the Amoy dialect have played an influential role in history, especially in the relations of Western nations with China, and was one of the most frequently learned of all Chinese languages/dialects by Westerners during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

The variants of Min Nan spoken in Zhejiang province are most akin to that spoken in Quanzhou. Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The variants spoken in Taiwan are similar to the three Fujian variants, and are collectively known as Taiwanese. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. This article is about the People's Republic of China province Taiwanese is used by a majority of the population and bears much importance from a socio-political perspective, forming the second (and perhaps today most significant) major pole of the language. Those Min Nan variants that are collectively known as "Hokkien" in Southeast Asia also originate from these variants. The variants of Min Nan in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong province are collectively known as Teochew or Chaozhou. Cháoshàn (潮汕 is a term used to describe the linguistic and cultural region based in southeastern Guangdong province China. Teochew is of great importance in the Southeast Asian Chinese diaspora, particularly in Malaysia (where Teochew people form a substantial part of the ethnic Chinese population), Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and other locations. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Min Nan variant spoken around Shanwei and Haifeng differs markedly from Teochew and may represent a later migration from Zhangzhou. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Shanwei administers 4 county-level divisions, including 1 district, 1 County-level city Haifeng County ( Chinese: 海丰县 is a county in southeastern China, and is part of Shanwei prefecture in Guangdong province Linguistically, it lies between Teochew and Amoy. In southwestern Fujian, the local variants in Longyan and Zhangping form a separate division of Min Nan on their own. This article is about the People's Republic of China province Geography It is situated in the upper reaches of the Jiulong and Tingjiang rivers Among ethnic Chinese inhabitants of Penang, Malaysia and Medan, Indonesia, a distinct form of Zhangzhou (Changchew) Hokkien has developed. Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Medan is the capital of the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Dialect The main dialect spoken in Zhangzhou is Hokkien, one of the major Min Nan ( languages Dialect The main dialect spoken in Zhangzhou is Hokkien, one of the major Min Nan ( languages In Penang, it is called Penang Hokkien while across the Malacca Strait in Medan, an almost identical variant is known as Medan Hokkien (in Indonesian). Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia Penang Hokkien is a local variant of Hokkien spoken in Penang, Malaysia. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra Medan is the capital of the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.

Tones

In general, Min Nan variants have seven to eight tones, and tone sandhi is extensive. Tone is the use of pitch in Language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is to distinguish or inflect words Tone sandhi is the change of tone that occurs in some languages when different tones come together in a word or phrase There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. "Zaytun" redirects here For the South Korean military division in Iraq see Zaytun Division. Dialect The main dialect spoken in Zhangzhou is Hokkien, one of the major Min Nan ( languages The Teochew tone system differs significantly from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. Taiwanese tones follow the schemes of Amoy and Zhangzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan] See also Amoy and Teochew for more examples.

Minnan tones[1]
Tone Amoy
(Xiamen)		 Quanzhou Zhangzhou
1 ˥ (55) ˧ (33) ˥ (55)
2 ˥˧ (53) ˥ (55) ˥˧ (53)
3 ˨˩ (21) ˧˩ (31) ˨˩ (21)
4 ˩ʔ (1) ˥ʔ (5) ˩ʔ (1)
5 ˧˥ (35) ˧˥ (35) ˩˧ (13)
6 (= #2) ˨ (22) (= #2)
7 ˩ (11) ˧˩ (31) ˩ (11)
8 ˥ (5ʔ) ˨˧ʔ (23) ˩˨ʔ (12)

Comparison

Xiamen speech is a hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. "Zaytun" redirects here For the South Korean military division in Iraq see Zaytun Division. Dialect The main dialect spoken in Zhangzhou is Hokkien, one of the major Min Nan ( languages "Zaytun" redirects here For the South Korean military division in Iraq see Zaytun Division. Dialect The main dialect spoken in Zhangzhou is Hokkien, one of the major Min Nan ( languages Taiwanese is also a hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on Quanzhou speech, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. There are minor variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. The grammar is basically the same. Additionally, Taiwanese includes several dozen loanwords from Japanese. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities In contrast, Teochew speech is significantly different from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech in both pronunciation and vocabulary.

Mutual intelligibility

Scripts and orthographies

Like most ethnic Chinese, whether from mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, or other parts of Southeast Asia, when writing Chinese, Min Nan speakers use Chinese characters as in Standard Mandarin, although there are a number of special characters which are unique to Min Nan and sometimes used in informal writing (as is the case with Cantonese). The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Written Cantonese refers to the Written language used to write Colloquial Standard Cantonese using Chinese characters. Where standard Chinese characters are used, they are not always etymological or genetic; the borrowing of similar-sounding or similar-meaning characters is a common practice.

Romanization

Min Nan, especially Taiwanese, can be written with the Latin alphabet using a Romanized orthography called Pe̍h-ōe-jī, or POJ (traditional Chinese: 白話字; simplified Chinese: 白话字; pinyin: báihuà zì; literally "vernacular writing"). In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language Pe̍h-ōe-jī ( POJ) ( is an Orthography in the Latin alphabet created and introduced to Fujian and Taiwan by Presbyterian Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use POJ was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries in China and later by the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan; use of the orthography has been actively promoted since the late 19th century. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT Taiwanese: Tâi-oân Ki-tok Tiúⁿ-ló Kàu-hoē Chinese: 台灣基督長老教會 was planted in Taiwan in the The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The use of a mixed orthography of Han characters and romanization is also seen, though remains uncommon. Other Latin-based orthographies also exist. Earlier scripts in Min Nan can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the "Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china," presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566 AD), supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led

Vowels
IPA a ap at ak aʔ ã ɔ ɔk ɔ̃ ə o e ẽ i ɪɛn iŋ
Pe̍h-ōe-jī a ap at ak ah aⁿ o͘ ok oⁿ o o e eⁿ i ian eng
Revised TLPA a ap at ak ah aN oo ok ooN o o e eN i ian ing
TLPA a ap at ak ah ann oo ok oonn o o e enn i ian ing
Pumindian (普闽典) a ap at ak ah na oo ok noo o o e ne i ien ing
PSDB (普實台文) a ab/ap ad/at ag/ak aq/ah va o og/ok vo oi oi e ve i ien eng
DT (台語通用拼音) a ap at ak ah ann/aⁿ or ok onn/oⁿ o o e enn/eⁿ i ian/en ing
zhuyin ㄚ ㄚㆴ ㄚㆵ ㄚㆶ ㄚㆷ ㆩ ㆦ ㆦㆶ ㆧ ㄜ ㄛ ㆤ ㆥ ㄧ ㄧㄢ ㄧㄥ
example (traditional Chinese) 亞
洲		 壓
力		 警
察		 沃
水		 牛
肉		 三
十		 烏
色		 中
國		 澳
洲		 澳
洲		 下
晡		 醫
學		 鉛
筆		 英
國
example (simplified Chinese) 亚
洲		 压
力		 警
察		 沃
水		 牛
肉		 三
十		 烏
色		 中
国		 澳
洲		 澳
洲		 下
晡		 医
学		 铅
笔		 英
国
Vowels
IPA ɪk ĩ ai aĩ au am ɔm m̩ ɔŋ ŋ̍ u ua ue uai uan ɨ ũ
Pe̍h-ōe-jī ek iⁿ ai aiⁿ au am om m ong ng u oa oe oai oan i uⁿ
Revised TLPA ik iN ai aiN au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan ir uN
TLPA ik inn ai ainn au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan ir unn
Pumindian (普闽典) ik ni ai nai au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan i nu
PSDB (普實台文) eg/ek vi ai vai au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan i nu
DT (台語通用拼音) ik inn/iⁿ ai ainn/aiⁿ au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan i unn/uⁿ
zhuyin ㄧㆶ ㆪ ㄞ ㆮ ㆯ ㆰ ㆱ ㆬ ㆲ ㆭ ㄨ ㄨㄚ ㄨㆤ ㄨㄞ ㄨㄢ ㆨ ㆫ
example (traditional Chinese) 翻
譯		 病
院		 愛
情		 歐
洲		 暗
時		 阿
姆		 王
梨		 黃
色		 有
無		 歌
曲		 講
話		 奇
怪		 人
員
example (simplified Chinese) 翻
译		 病
院		 爱
情		 欧
洲		 暗
时		 阿
姆		 王
梨		 黄
色		 有
无		 歌
曲		 讲
话		 奇
怪		 人
员
Consonants
IPA p b pʰ m t tʰ n nŋ l k g kʰ h tɕi ʑi tɕʰi ɕi ts ʣ tsʰ s
Pe̍h-ōe-jī p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h chi ji chhi si ch j chh s
Revised TLPA p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h zi ji ci si z j c s
TLPA p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h zi ji ci si z j c s
Pumindian (普闽典) b bb p bb d t n lng l g gg k h zi li ci si z l c s
PSDB (普實台文) p b ph m d t n nng l k g q h ci ji chi si z j zh s
DT (台語通用拼音) b bh p m d t n ng l g gh k h zi r ci si z r c s
zhuyin ㄅ ㆠ ㄆ ㄇ ㄉ ㄊ ㄋ ㄋㆭ ㄌ ㄍ ㆣ ㄎ ㄏ ㄐ ㆢ ㄑ ㄒ ㄗ ㆡ ㄘ ㄙ
example (traditional Chinese) 報
紙		 閩
南		 普
通		 請
問		 豬
肉		 普
通		 過
年		 雞
卵		 樂
觀		 價
值		 牛
奶		 客
廳		 煩
惱		 支
持		 漢
字		 支
持		 是
否		 報
紙		 熱
天		 參
加		 司
法
example (simplified Chinese) 报
纸		 闽
南		 普
通		 请
问		 猪
肉		 普
通		 过
年		 鸡
卵		 乐
观		 价
值		 牛
奶		 客
厅		 烦
恼		 支
持		 汉
字		 支
持		 是
否		 报
纸		 热
天		 参
加		 司
法
Tones
IPA a˥ a˥˧ a˨˩ ap˩
at˩
ak˩
aʔ˩		 a˧˥ a˥˧ a˧ ap˥
at˥
ak˥
aʔ˥
Pe̍h-ōe-jī a á à ap
at
ak
ah		 â á ā a̍p
a̍t
a̍k
a̍h
Revised
TLPA
TLPA		 a1 a2 a3 ap4
at4
ak4
ah4		 a5 a2 (6=2) a7 ap8
at8
ak8
ah8
Pumindian
(普闽典)		 ā ǎ à āp
āt
āk
āh		 á ǎ â áp
át
ák
áh
PSDB
(普實台文)		 af ar ax ab
ad
ag
aq		 aa aar a ap
at
ak
ah
DT
(台語通用拼音)		 a à â āp
āt
āk
āh		 ǎ á ā ap
at
ak
ah
zhuyin ㄚ ㄚˋ ㄚᒻ ㄚㆴ
ㄚㆵ
ㄚㆶ
ㄚㆷ		 ㄚˊ ㄚˋ ㄚ⊦ ㄚㆴ̇
ㄚㆵ̇
ㄚㆶ̇
ㄚㆷ̇
example
(traditional Chinese)		 公司 報紙 興趣 血壓
警察
中國
牛肉		 人員 草地 配合
法律
文學
歇熱
example
(simplified Chinese)		 公司 报纸 兴趣 血压
警察
中国
牛肉		 人员 草地 配合
法律
文学
歇热

Computing

The language Min Nan is registered per RFC 3066 as zh-min-nan [2].

When writing Min Nan in Chinese characters, some writers create 'new' characters when they consider it impossible to use directly or borrow existing ones; this corresponds to similar practices in character usage in Cantonese, Vietnamese chữ nôm, Korean hanja and Japanese kanji. Written Chinese comprises the written symbols used to represent Spoken Chinese and the rules about how they are arranged and punctuated Chữ Nôm ( IPA: /cɨ3ˀ5 nom33/ chữ Nôm in Unicode: 字[[wikt 喃|喃]]/ 𡨸 喃/ 𡦂 喃 chữ Nôm in Unicode Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana These are usually not encoded in Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), thus creating problems in computer processing. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's The Universal Character Set (UCS defined by the ISO / IEC 10646 International Standard, is a standard set of characters upon which

All Latin characters required by Pe̍h-oē-jī can be represented using Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal character set), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Pe̍h-ōe-jī ( POJ) ( is an Orthography in the Latin alphabet created and introduced to Fujian and Taiwan by Presbyterian In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's The Universal Character Set (UCS defined by the ISO / IEC 10646 International Standard, is a standard set of characters upon which Prior to June 2004, the vowel akin to but more open than o, written with a dot above right, was not encoded. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The usual workaround was to use the (stand-alone; spacing) character Interpunct (U+00B7, ·) or less commonly the combining character dot above (U+0307). An interpunct ( ·) is a small dot used for Interword separation in ancient Latin script, being perhaps the first consistent visual representation of word boundaries As these are far from ideal, since 1997 proposals have been submitted to the ISO/IEC working group in charge of ISO/IEC 10646—namely, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2—to encode a new combining character dot above right. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Working Group can mean Working group, an interdisciplinary group of researchers or Working Group (dogs, kennel club designation for This is now officially assigned to U+0358 (see documents N1593, N2507, N2628, N2699, and N2713). Font support is expected to follow.

See also

References

  1. ^ 閩南語辭典 (Min Nan Dictionary), page 21 (in Mandarin, Min Nan). Penang Hokkien is a local variant of Hokkien spoken in Penang, Malaysia. China's many different ethnic groups speak many different Languages collectively called Zhōngguó Yǔwén (中国语文 literally " speech and writing Taiwan's population was estimated in July 2007 at 22858872 spread across a total land area of 35980 km² making it the fifteenth most densely populated country in the world Malaysian Chinese is a Malaysian of Chinese origin Most are descendants of Chinese who arrived between the fifteenth and the mid-twentieth centuries ISBN 9578447523.  
  2. ^ glossika Minnan phonetics
  3. ^ glossika Minnan
  4. ^ glossika minnan phonetics
  5. ^ glossika minnan
  6. ^ ethnologue
  7. ^ ethnologue

Further reading

External links

Dictionary

Min Nan

-proper noun

  1. Refering to a group of local languages/dialects which can trace their origins to southern Fujian province, China. The most prominent dialects are Amoy (referred to as Taiwanese in Taiwan, and Hokkien in Southeast Asia), Teochew, and Qiongwen. It belongs to the Min dialect group of the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
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