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Milton Keynes


Central Milton Keynes skyline.

Milton Keynes (Buckinghamshire)
Milton Keynes

Milton Keynes shown within Buckinghamshire
Population 184,506
OS grid reference SP841386
 - London 54. Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology This is a list of the largest cities and towns of England ordered by population. The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. 4m
Unitary authority Milton Keynes
Ceremonial county Buckinghamshire
Region South East
Constituent country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town MILTON KEYNES
Postcode district MK1 - 15
Dialling code 01908
Police Thames Valley
Fire Buckinghamshire
Ambulance South Central
European Parliament South East England
UK Parliament North East Milton Keynes
Milton Keynes South West
List of places: UK • England • Buckinghamshire

Coordinates: 52°02′10″N 0°46′12″W / 52.036, -0.77

Milton Keynes (pronunciation (help·info); IPA: /ˌmɪltənˈkiːnz/) is a large town in South East England, about 45 miles (72 km) north-west of London. The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government The Borough of Milton Keynes is a Unitary authority and Borough in south central England, at the northern tip of the South East England The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one South East England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system UK Postal codes are known as postcodes. UK postcodes are Alphanumeric. The MK postcode area, also known as the Milton Keynes postcode area, is a group of postal districts around Bedford, Buckingham, Milton Keynes The UK Telephone numbering plan, also known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, is the system used for assigning Telephone numbers in the United There are a number of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom. Thames Valley Police is one of the largest Home Office Police services in England and the largest non- metropolitan one covering 2200 sq mi (5700 The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and The Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service, is the Fire Service serving the county of Buckinghamshire. The South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust is the authority responsible for providing NHS Ambulance services in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, South East England is a Constituency of the European Parliament. This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as at the 2005 general election North East Milton Keynes is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Milton Keynes South West is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A Gazetteer of place names in the United Kingdom showing each place's County, Unitary authority or council area and its geographical coordinates List of places --> List of cities in the United Kingdom List of towns in England Lists of places The boundaries of Buckinghamshire have changed considerably over a number of years A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. South East England is one of the nine official Regions of England. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. It is also the principal town of the Borough of Milton Keynes, itself part of ceremonial Buckinghamshire. The Borough of Milton Keynes is a Unitary authority and Borough in south central England, at the northern tip of the South East England Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. It was formally designated as a new town on 23 January 1967. Below is a list of some of the new towns in the United Kingdom created under the various New Town Acts of the 20th century Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Its 89 km² (34 sq mi) area incorporated the existing towns of Bletchley, Wolverton and Stony Stratford along with another fifteen villages and farmland in between. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Stony Stratford (often shortened to Stony) is a constituent Town of Milton Keynes and is a Civil parish operating as a Town council It took its name from the existing village of Milton Keynes, a few miles east of the planned city centre. Middleton is a district and Civil parish in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. Central Milton Keynes is the Central business district of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England and a civil parish in Uniquely for the United Kingdom, the urban form uses a 1 km grid for the top level of street hierarchy: the local form of most districts is more conventional. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The street hierarchy is an Urban design technique for separating automobile through-traffic from developed areas At the 2001 census the population of the Milton Keynes urban area, including the adjacent town of Newport Pagnell, was 184,506, and that of the wider Borough, which has been a unitary authority independent of Buckinghamshire since 1997, was 207,063 (compared with a population of around 53,000 for the same area in 1961[1]). Newport Pagnell is a Town in the Borough of Milton Keynes (ceremonial Buckinghamshire) England. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions

Contents

History

Main article: History of Milton Keynes

Birth of a "New City"

In the 1960s, the Government decided that a further generation of new towns in the South East was needed to relieve housing congestion in London, where thousands of people were still living in dilapidated Victorian terraces which lacked many basic amenities. Milton Keynes is a large ' New town ' in South East England. This history of Milton Keynes details its development from the earliest human settlements through Below is a list of some of the new towns in the United Kingdom created under the various New Town Acts of the 20th century London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Population trend of Borough and Urban Area 1801-2001
Population trend of Borough and Urban Area 1801-2001

Since the 1950s, overspill housing for several London boroughs [2][3][4] had been constructed in Bletchley. London overspill is the term given to the communities created - largely consisting of Council houses - as a result of the policy of moving residents out of Greater London The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs. Further studies [5][6] in the 1960s identified north Buckinghamshire as a possible site for a large new town, a new city,[7] encompassing the existing towns of Bletchley, Stony Stratford and Wolverton. Stony Stratford (often shortened to Stony) is a constituent Town of Milton Keynes and is a Civil parish operating as a Town council The New Town (informally, "New City") was to be the biggest yet, with a target population of 250,000,[8] in a 'designated area' of 21,850 acres (34. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U 1 sq mi/88. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 4 km²). Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of [9] The name "Milton Keynes" was taken from the existing village of Milton Keynes on the site. Middleton is a district and Civil parish in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. [10]

The site was deliberately located equidistant from London, Birmingham, Leicester, Oxford and Cambridge with the intention[11] that it would be self-sustaining and eventually become a major regional centre in its own right. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England A regional centre in the City-state of Singapore is a second-tier commercial zone after the main Central business district Planning control was taken from elected local authorities and delegated to the Milton Keynes Development Corporation (MKDC). Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. Milton Keynes Development Corporation was established in 1969 to provide the vision and execution of a "new city" Milton Keynes, that would be the modern interpretation

The Corporation's strongly modernist designs featured regularly in the magazines Architectural Design and the Architects' Journal. This article is concerned with architectural aspects of Modernism; for the most recent developments in architecture see Contemporary architecture. Architectural Design, also known as AD is a UK-based architectural journal first launched in 1930 The Architects' Journal is a weekly architectural magazine published in London by Emap. MKDC was determined to learn from the mistakes made in the earlier New Towns and revisit the Garden City ideals. A new town, planned community or planned city is a City, Town, or Community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically The garden city movement is an approach to Urban planning that was founded in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom They set in place the characteristic grid roads that run between districts and the intensive planting, lakes and parkland that are so evident today. Central Milton Keynes was not intended to be a traditional town centre but a business and shopping district that supplemented the Local Centres in most of the Grid Squares. The town centre is the term used in the United Kingdom, Ireland and mainland Europe to refer to the commercial or Geographical centre of [10] This non-hierarchical devolved city plan was a departure from the English New Towns tradition and envisaged a wide range of industry and diversity of housing styles and tenures across the city. The largest and almost the last of the British New Towns, Milton Keynes has stood the test of time far better than most, and has proved flexible and adaptable. [12] The radical grid plan was inspired by the work of Californian urban theorist Melvin M Webber (1921-2006), described by the founding architect of Milton Keynes, Derek Walker, as the "father of the city". Melvin M Webber ( Hartford, May 6 1920 - Berkeley, November 26 2006) was an Urban designer and theorist associated [13] Webber thought that telecommunications meant that the old idea of a city as a concentric cluster was out of date and that cities which enabled people to travel around them readily would be the thing of the future achieving "community without propinquity" for residents. [14] With both car ownership and ever more emphasis on e-commerce, his ideas, launched in the 1960s, have proved far-sighted, rarely more so than in Milton Keynes. Automobile ownership is the sum of all the aspects associated with owning an Automobile. Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce' or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic

Moving to maturity

The Government wound up MKDC in 1992, transferring control to the Commission for New Towns (CNT) and then finally to English Partnerships, with the planning function returning to local authority control (since 1974 and the Local Government Act 1972, the Milton Keynes Borough Council, which was subsequently made a unitary authority in the 1990s). English Partnerships (EP is the national regeneration agency for England, performing a similar role on a national level to that fulfilled by Regional Development Agencies The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales The Borough of Milton Keynes is a Unitary authority and Borough in south central England, at the northern tip of the South East England See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions Most recently, the Government has assigned significant planning control to English Partnerships, charging it with increasing the population beyond to 300,000 by 2030. English Partnerships (EP is the national regeneration agency for England, performing a similar role on a national level to that fulfilled by Regional Development Agencies The Milton Keynes Partnership has also been formed, charged with co-ordinating the necessary and sometimes conflicting interests across the community as Milton Keynes enters its next phase. In January 2004 Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott announced the United Kingdom government's Expansion plans for Milton Keynes He proposed that the population

Along with many other towns and boroughs, Milton Keynes competed for formal city status in the 2000 and 2002 competitions, but was not successful.

Prior history

Reproductions of the Milton Keynes Hoard (Milton Keynes Museum)
Reproductions of the Milton Keynes Hoard (Milton Keynes Museum)

The area that was to become Milton Keynes encompassed a landscape that has a rich historic legacy. Milton Keynes is a large ' New town ' in South East England. This history of Milton Keynes details its development from the earliest human settlements through The area to be developed was largely farmland and undeveloped villages, but with evidence of permanent settlement dating back to the Bronze Age. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Before construction began, every area was subject to detailed archaeological investigation: doing so has provided a unique insight into the history of a large sample of the landscape of south-central England. There is evidence of Iron Age, Romano-British, Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, Medieval and Industrial revolution settlements. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Romano-British culture is that of the Romanized Britons under the Roman Empire and later the Western Roman Empire, and of those exposed to Roman culture in the years For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south The Anglo-Normans were mainly the descendants of the Normans who ruled England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066, although The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Collections[3] of oral history covering the 20th century completes a picture that is described in detail at the main article. Oral history can be defined as the recording preservation and interpretation of historical information, based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker Milton Keynes is a large ' New town ' in South East England. This history of Milton Keynes details its development from the earliest human settlements through

When the boundary of Milton Keynes was defined, some 40,000 people[15] lived in three towns and seven villages in the "designated area" of 21,833 acre (88. 4 km²).

Urban design

The concepts that heavily influenced the design of the town are described in detail in article urban planning - see 'cells' under Planning and aesthetics (referring to grid squares). See also article single-use zoning. Single-use zoning, also known as Euclidean zoning, is a practice of Urban planning where everyday uses are separated from each other and where land uses of the

Since the radical plan form and large scale of Milton Keynes attracted international attention, early phases of the town include work by celebrated architects, including (Sir) Richard MacCormac, (Lord) Norman Foster, Henning Larsen, Ralph Erskine, John Winter, and Martin Richardson. Norman Robert Foster Baron Foster of Thames Bank, OM, FRIBA, RDI, (born 1 June 1935) is a British architect whose company Henning Larsen (born August 20 1925) is a Danish architectHe is internationally known for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building in Riyadh Ralph Erskine is the name of Ralph Erskine (architect, British-Swedish architect Ralph Erskine (preacher, the eighteenth century Scottish John Winter may refer to John Winter (Manx, Born on the Isle of Man now living in Vancouver,Canada John Winter (athletics, an Australian [16] The Corporation itself attracted talented young architects led by the young and charismatic Derek Walker. Though strongly committed to sleek "Miesian" minimalism inspired by the German/ American architect Mies van der Rohe they also developed a strand of contextualism in advance of the wider adoption of commercial Post-Modernism as an architectural style in the 1980s. Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (ˈlʊdvɪç miːs faːn dɛʀ ˈʀoːɐ born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies ( March 27, 1886 &ndash August 17, 1969 Contextualism describes a collection of views in Philosophy which emphasize the context in which an action utterance or expression occurs and argues that in some Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Architectural styles classify Architecture in terms of Form, techniques, Materials, time period region etc In the Miesian tradition were the Pineham Sewage Works, which Derek Walker regarded as his finest achievement, and the Shopping Building designed by Stuart Mosscrop and Christopher Woodward, which is widely regarded as the finest twentieth century retail building in Britain (due for major redevelopment in 2007, following the failure of attempts to have it protected as a Listed building). A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance The contextual tradition that ran alongside it is best exemplified by the Corporation's infill scheme at Cofferidge Close, Stony Stratford, designed by Wayland Tunley, which carefully inserts into a historic stretch of High Street a modern retail facility, offices and car park. Parking lot (called a car park in Australia and the UK) is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for Parking vehicles The Development Corporation also led an ambitious Public art programme. In England and Wales, Development Corporations are bodies set up by the UK government and charged with the urban development of an area outside the usual system of Milton Keynes in England has a strong collection of modern art, primarily sculpture in its public buildings and open spaces

Grid squares

Milton Keynes Development Corporation planned the major road layout according to street hierarchy principles, using a grid pattern of approximately 1 km interval, rather than on the more conventional radial pattern found in older settlements. The street hierarchy is an Urban design technique for separating automobile through-traffic from developed areas The grid plan or gridiron plan is a type of City plan in which Streets run at right angles to each other forming a grid. Major roads within the town run between communities, rather than through them: the major roads are known locally as grid roads and the spaces between them are known as grid squares. [17] Intervals of 1 km were chosen so that people would always be within walking distance of a bus stop. A bus stop is a designated place where a Public transport Bus stops for the purpose of allowing passengers to board or leave a bus Consequently each grid square is a semi-autonomous community, making a unique collective of 100 clearly identifiable neighbourhoods within the overall urban environment. The grid squares have a variety of development styles, ranging from conventional urban development and industrial parks to original rural and modern urban and pseudo-rural developments. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time Most grid squares have Local Centres, intended as local retail hubs and most with community facilities as well. Originally intended under the Master Plan to sit alongside the Grid Roads, the Local Centres were mostly in fact built embedded in the communities and some are becoming unviable as a result of this and pressure from the new hypermarkets.

Roads and cycleways

Main articles: Milton Keynes Grid Road System, Milton Keynes redway system, and Segregated cycle facilities

Roundabout junctions were built at intersections since the grid roads were intended to carry large volumes of traffic: this type of junction is efficient at dealing with these volumes. The Milton Keynes Grid Road System is a network of National speed limit fully landscaped primary routes that form the principal transport network both for private and public The Milton Keynes redway system is a network of cycleways/paths for Cyclists and pedestrians in Milton Keynes, England. Segregated cycle facilities are Roads tracks paths or marked lanes designated for use by Cyclists from which motorised traffic is generally excluded A roundabout is a type of Road junction at which Traffic enters a one-way stream around a central island The major roads are dual carriageway, the others are single carriageway. A dual carriageway or divided highway is a road or Highway in which the two directions of traffic are separated by a central barrier or strip of land known as a Along one side of each single-carriageway grid road, there is a (grassed) reservation to permit duelling or additional transport infrastructure at a later date. The edges of each grid square are landscaped and densely planted, some additionally have berms. A berm is a level space shelf or raised barrier separating two areas The purpose of the berms is to reduce traffic noise for adjacent residents but traffic noise can be significant at many locations, even some distance from the grid lanes. Traffic movements are fast, with little congestion since there are many alternative routes to a particular destination. The national speed limit applies on duelled sections of the grid roads (70 mph) and most single carriageway grid roads (60 mph), although some single carriageway speed limits have now been reduced to 40 mph. The United Kingdom Road Network is an extensive network of routes connecting its settlements The network is of varied quality and capacity For a discussion of the maximum speed possible in the universe see Speed of light and Special relativity. Consequently the risk to unwary pedestrians and turning traffic is significant, although pedestrians rarely need to cross grid roads at grade, as underpasses exist in several places along each stretch of all of the grid roads. An at-grade intersection is a junction at which two or more transport axes cross at the same Level (or grade) A tunnel is an underground passageway The definition of what constitutes a tunnel is not universally agreed upon Some pedestrians avoid some of the underpasses through fear or inconvenience, though this is not typical. Monitoring station data[18] shows that pollution is lower than in other settlements of a similar size. This can be partially attributed to the large number of trees, particularly to the fact that trees line grid roads in most places.

There is a separate cycleway network (the "redways") that runs through the grid-squares and sometimes runs alongside the grid-road network. Segregated cycle facilities are Roads tracks paths or marked lanes designated for use by Cyclists from which motorised traffic is generally excluded The Milton Keynes redway system is a network of cycleways/paths for Cyclists and pedestrians in Milton Keynes, England. These were designed to segregate slow moving cycle and pedestrian traffic from fast moving motor traffic. In practice, they are mainly used for leisure cycling rather than commuting, mainly because they need to duck under the grid-roads regularly at the underpasses and because they take meandering scenic routes rather than straight lines. Despite what appears to be a desirable facility, rates of cycle commuting in Milton Keynes are well below the national average for urban areas. The detailed article includes a critical appraisal. The Milton Keynes redway system is a network of cycleways/paths for Cyclists and pedestrians in Milton Keynes, England.

Height

Modern skyline of Central Milton Keynes
Modern skyline of Central Milton Keynes

The original design guidance declared that "no building [be] taller than the tallest tree". Central Milton Keynes is the Central business district of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England and a civil parish in However, the Milton Keynes Partnership, in its expansion plans for Milton Keynes, believes that Central Milton Keynes (and elsewhere) needs "landmark buildings" and has recently lifted the height restriction for the area. English Partnerships (EP is the national regeneration agency for England, performing a similar role on a national level to that fulfilled by Regional Development Agencies In January 2004 Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott announced the United Kingdom government's Expansion plans for Milton Keynes He proposed that the population Central Milton Keynes is the Central business district of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England and a civil parish in As a result, 14-storey buildings are now being built in the town centre. A storey (spelled story in the USA only floor, deck or level is the level of a Building above (or below the Ground. Some of the pedestrian underpasses are being closed in order to 'normalise' the townscape of Central Milton Keynes and the character of the area is set to change under government pressure to increase densities of development.

Linear parks

Caldecotte Lake, Milton Keynes
Caldecotte Lake, Milton Keynes

The flood plains of the Great Ouse and of its tributaries (the Ouzel and some brooks) have been protected as linear parks that run right through the town. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||}A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a Stream or River that experiences occasional or periodic The River Great Ouse is a River in the east of England. It is 150 miles (240 km long which makes it the major navigation in East Anglia, and the fourth- River Lovat redirects here For a river in Russia, see Lovat River. The Grand Union Canal is another green route (and demonstrates the level topology of the town - there is just one minor lock in its entire 10 mile route through from Fenny Stratford to the "Iron Trunk" Aqueduct over the Ouse at Wolverton. The Grand Union Canal in England is part of the British canal system. Fenny Stratford is a constituent Town of Milton Keynes, ceremonial Buckinghamshire, England and in the Civil Parish of Bletchley An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another The Milton Keynes redway system of cycleways and footpaths uses these and other routes. The Milton Keynes redway system is a network of cycleways/paths for Cyclists and pedestrians in Milton Keynes, England. The Park system was designed by landscape architect Peter Youngman, who also developed landscape precepts for the whole town; groups of grid squares were to be planted with different selections of trees and shrubs in order to give them distinct identities. A park system, also known as an open space system is a network of open spaces which are connected by public walkways bridleways or cycleways A landscape architect is a person involved in the planning design and sometimes oversight of an exterior landscape or space However, the landscaping of parks and of the grid roads was evolved under the leadership of Neil Higson, who from 1977 took over as Chief Landscape Architect and made the original grand but not entirely practical landscape plan more subtle. A policy of creating "settings, strings, beads" for landscape features was introduced: 'settings' for historic villages and landscape features, 'strings' of landscape to make the linear parks hang together and 'beads' of public space where residents might linger. A public space refers to an area or place that is open and accessible to all citizens regardless of Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Age or Higson also made the landscaping of the Grid Roads, one of the glories of Milton Keynes, more subtle, with 'windows' cut into the roadside planting so that motorists travelling through had a sense of the major town they were in; early critics had said of Milton Keynes 'there is no there there', as the town could not be seen by the motorist just passing through. The skill and lavish scale of the Grid Road planting makes, now that the trees and shrubs have matured, a dramatic and welcome change from the monotony of many British towns.

"City in the forest"

The original Development Corporation design concept aimed[19] for a "forest city" and its foresters planted millions of trees from its own nursery in Newlands in the following years. As of 2006, the urban area has 20 million trees. Following the winding up of the Development Corporation the lavish landscapes of the Grid Roads and of the major parks were transferred to The Parks Trust, a charity which is independent from the municipal authority and which was intended to resist pressures to build on the parks over time. A foundation is a legal categorization of Nonprofit organizations. The Parks Trust is endowed with a portfolio of commercial properties, the income of which pay for the upkeep of the green spaces, a town-wide maintenance model which has attracted international attention. [20]

Further development plans

Main article: Expansion plans for Milton Keynes

In January 2004, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott announced[21] the Government's plan to double the population of Milton Keynes by 2025. In January 2004 Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott announced the United Kingdom government's Expansion plans for Milton Keynes He proposed that the population A Deputy Prime Minister or Vice Prime Minister is in some countries a government minister who can take the position of acting Prime Minister when the John Leslie Prescott (born 31 May 1938 is a British Labour Party Politician, former Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First He appointed English Partnerships to do so, taking planning controls away from Milton Keynes Borough Council and making EP the statutory planning authority. English Partnerships (EP is the national regeneration agency for England, performing a similar role on a national level to that fulfilled by Regional Development Agencies The Borough of Milton Keynes is a Unitary authority and Borough in south central England, at the northern tip of the South East England Their proposal for the next phase of expansion moves away from grid squares to large scale, mixed use, higher density development. The more detailed article expands on the details of their proposals. In January 2004 Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott announced the United Kingdom government's Expansion plans for Milton Keynes He proposed that the population As the first stage in that plan, the Government expanded[22] the boundaries of the designated area, adding large green-field expansion sites to the east and west that are to be developed by 2015.

As might be anticipated, these plans are controversial – especially as planning control has been removed again from elected local authorities and placed in a central-government appointed body. Changes to Central Milton Keynes have been especially controversial and include the redevelopment of the shopping building, the finest monument of the "new city".

Milton Keynes is at the centre of the South Midlands area identified by the government for growth. The South Midlands is an area of England. The term is not widely used and it is not one of the English administative regions. [23]

Culture

65,000 capacity National Bowl
65,000 capacity National Bowl

The open air National Bowl is a 65,000 capacity venue for large scale concerts. The National Bowl is a 65000 capacity entertainment venue in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. The National Bowl is a 65000 capacity entertainment venue in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It is situated off the A5 near Furzton.

The 1,400 seat Milton Keynes Theatre [4] (Blonski-Heard) opened in 1999. Milton Keynes Theatre is a large theatre in Milton Keynes ( ceremonial Buckinghamshire) Its high booking rate allows it to lay claim to the title "Britain's most popular theatre". The theatre has an unusual feature: the ceiling can be lowered closing off the third tier (gallery) to create a more intimate space for smaller scale productions. There are further performance spaces in Bletchley, Wolverton, Leadenhall, Shenley Church End, Stantonbury and Walton Hall. Woughton is a Civil parish in south central Milton Keynes, ceremonial Buckinghamshire, England. Shenley Church End is a Village, district and Civil parish in Milton Keynes England Stantonbury is a district of Milton Keynes, ceremonial Buckinghamshire, England.

Milton Keynes Gallery, surface by Michael Craig-Martin
Milton Keynes Gallery, surface by Michael Craig-Martin

The municipal (art) gallery (Milton Keynes Gallery, next to the main theatre) hosts various exhibitions. Michael Craig-Martin (born 28 August 1941, Dublin, Ireland) is a contemporary Conceptual artist and a painter

In Wavendon, on the southeast edge of the town, The Stables provides a venue for jazz, blues, folk, rock, classical, pop and world music. Wavendon is a Village and Civil parish in the south east of the Borough of Milton Keynes and ceremonial Buckinghamshire, England. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure The term world music includes Traditional music (sometimes called Folk music or roots music of any culture that are created and played by indigenous musicians It is closely associated with jazz artists Cleo Laine and John Dankworth. Dame Cleo Laine DBE, (born Clementina Dinah Campbell on 28 October 1927 in Southall, Middlesex, England) is a Jazz Sir John Phillip William Dankworth, CBE (born 20 September, 1927) often known as Johnny Dankworth, is an English Jazz The venue also hosts an annual summer camp for young musicians. Summer camp is a supervised Program for Children and/or Teenagers conducted (usually during the Summer Months in some countries

Another music venue is The Pitz Club in the Woughton Centre, Leadenhall. A music venue is any location regularly used for a Concert or Musical performance Woughton is a Civil parish in south central Milton Keynes, ceremonial Buckinghamshire, England. It usually features a mixture of punk, alternative rock, and heavy metal. Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of

There are two museums, the Bletchley Park museum of wartime cryptography, and the Milton Keynes Museum, which includes the Stacey Hill Collection of rural life that existed before the foundation of the new town. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the Bletchley Park, also known as Station X, is an estate located in the town of Bletchley, in Buckinghamshire, and (since 1967 part of Milton Keynes

The town also has a literature scene, with groups like Speakeasy meeting regularly and hosting performance events, and the town's only poetry magazine, Monkey Kettle coming out three times a year. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Monkey Kettle is a Poetry, Prose and Arts magazine based in Milton Keynes.

Education

The Open University's headquarters are based in the Walton Hall district, though as this is a distance learning institution, the only students resident on campus are approximately 200 postgraduates. Open University is also the name of other institutions See Distance education or the Open Universities category for a list Walton Hall is the name of several places Walton Hall Cheshire Walton Hall Liverpool Walton Hall (Milton Keynes Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of education that focuses on the Pedagogy and Andragogy, technology and instructional systems design See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described Cranfield University, another postgraduate school, is located just outside the town, in Cranfield, Bedfordshire. Cranfield University is a British postgraduate University based on two Campuses with a research-oriented focus Cranfield is a village in north-west Bedfordshire, England, between Bedford and Milton Keynes. Bedfordshire (abbreviated Beds) is a County in England that forms part of the East of England region. Milton Keynes College provides further education to Foundation Degree level. Milton Keynes College is a general Further education and training college serving the Borough of Milton Keynes. Further education (often abbreviated "FE" is Post-secondary Education (in addition to that received at Secondary school) that is distinct from The Foundation Degree is a Vocational Qualification introduced by the Government of the United Kingdom in September 2001, which is available

In the early 1990s a purpose built Polytechnic was opened at Kents Hill in Milton Keynes, opposite the Open University's Walton Hall site. Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable At around the time the existing Polytechnics converted to Universities, "MK Poly" merged with the former Leicester Polytechnic, De Montfort University and the site was rebranded the DMU MK site. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects De Montfort University ( DMU) is a British university situated in Leicester, England. However in recent years, DMU closed the MK site and the Open University has expanded to take over the buildings.

Milton Keynes Council has identified the lack of a conventional local university as a problem. [24] As an attempt to rectify this situation, a consortium of surrounding universities including De Montfort and Northampton, plus the Open University and Milton Keynes College have formed Universities for Milton Keynes. This article is about Northampton in England for other places of the same name see Northampton (disambiguation Northampton ( is a large Market Open University is also the name of other institutions See Distance education or the Open Universities category for a list Milton Keynes College is a general Further education and training college serving the Borough of Milton Keynes. [25]

Like many parts of the UK, the state secondary schools in Milton Keynes are Comprehensive schools, although schools in the rest of Buckinghamshire still use the Tripartite System. A comprehensive school is a Secondary school and State school for children from the age of 11 to at least 16 that does not select children on the basis of academic The Tripartite System, known colloquially as the grammar school system was the structure by which Secondary education was organised in England and Wales between the Results are above the national average, though below that of the rest of Buckinghamshire – but the demography of Milton Keynes is also far closer to the national average than is the latter. Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over However 3 of the schools in Milton Keynes (Sir Frank Markham Community School, Leon School and Sports College and The Radcliffe School) were amongst the worse 190 schools in England for GCSE results. [26]

Communications and media

Milton Keynes has one major commercial radio station dedicated to the area, Horizon Radio, a member of the G-Cap Media Group. Horizon Radio is the name of the pop-format Independent Local Radio station for Milton Keynes and North Buckinghamshire. The local BBC radio station is BBC Three Counties Radio, which covers Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, but has different programming from the Bow Brickhill transmitter at breakfast and lunchtime. BBC Radio is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal Charter since 1927 Bow Brickhill is a Village and Civil parish in the Borough of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. Cable Radio Milton Keynes - 89.8fm(CRMK) is a voluntary cable radio station broadcasting on the Virgin Media Cable Network for Milton Keynes and on the Internet. Cable Radio or Cable FM is a concept similar to that of Cable television, bringing Radio signals into Homes and Businesses via

For television, the area is in the overlap between the Oxford and the Sandy transmitters and so receives BBC South and BBC East, and ITV Central and Anglia. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, Sandy is a small Market town in northern Bedfordshire, England. Central Independent Television, more commonly known as Central and now legally ITV Central Ltd, is the British Independent Television contractor } Anglia Television is the ITV station for the East of England which has been broadcasting since 27 October 1959. Signal quality is weak in many areas due to distance and "terrain shadow". It was for this reason among others that Milton Keynes has one of the first Cable TV networks in the UK. However, the cable network is now ageing and in need of modernisation to cope with the imminent digital TV switchover due by 2012; many residents have already opted for roof-top aerials and satellite dishes.

Milton Keynes has two free-to-residents local newspapers, the Milton Keynes Citizen[5], which is twice-weekly, and the MK News[6], a weekly.

Sport

The Milton Keynes Xscape seen from across Secklow Gate
The Milton Keynes Xscape seen from across Secklow Gate
The East Stand of the new 32,000 Stadium:mk
The East Stand of the new 32,000 Stadium:mk
Main article: Sport in Milton Keynes

Milton Keynes has professional teams in football (Milton Keynes Dons F.C.), ice hockey (Milton Keynes Lightning) and in basketball (Milton Keynes Lions). Xscape buildings (named after the company that developed them are large strikingly designed and unusually shaped buildings stadiummk (also known locally as " Denbigh Stadium " is a multi-use Stadium in the Denbigh district of Milton Keynes, ( ceremonial Sport in Milton Keynes covers a range of professional and amateur sport in the Borough of Milton Keynes. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. History Origins Founded in 2002 MK Lightning moved into the empty space left by the departure of Milton Keynes Kings. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m The Milton Keynes Lions, officially called Marshall Milton Keynes Lions for sponsorship reasons is a Basketball team which represents Milton Keynes It is represented at amateur level in many sports, some at national level. For details see Sport in Milton Keynes. Sport in Milton Keynes covers a range of professional and amateur sport in the Borough of Milton Keynes. Milton Keynes is also home to the Xscape indoor ski slope. Xscape buildings (named after the company that developed them are large strikingly designed and unusually shaped buildings

Senior football was a relatively late arrival in Milton Keynes. There had been several non-league teams based in the area over the years, but it wasn't until the late 1990s that it looked as though Milton Keynes would have a senior side. Local Businessman Pete Winkelman approached several clubs in and near London about a move to Milton Keynes, as it was by now the largest town or city in England to be without a professional club. Pete Winkelman is currently the chairman of football club Milton Keynes Dons F London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He got his wish in May 2002 when Wimbledon FC were given permission to relocate to Milton Keynes - 62 miles away from their home borough of Merton. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. This article refers to the original club from London which existed until 2004 Wimbledon moved into the National Hockey Stadium in September 2003 as a temporary home until a new, larger stadium could be built. The National Hockey Stadium is a sports Stadium in Milton Keynes, England, with a current capacity of around 4000 seats (9000 between 2003 and 2007 Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. A year later, Wimbledon FC became Milton Keynes Dons, and three years after that they moved into a new 22,000-seat stadium:mk in the Denbigh district of south Milton Keynes. stadiummk (also known locally as " Denbigh Stadium " is a multi-use Stadium in the Denbigh district of Milton Keynes, ( ceremonial They hope to have a 32,000 capacity by 2009. This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories.

Centre

The Point in CMK
The Point in CMK
Main articles: Central Milton Keynes, Milton Keynes Shopping Centre, and Milton Keynes Central railway station

As a key element of the "New City" vision, Milton Keynes has a purpose built centre, with a very large "covered high street" shopping centre, theatre, art gallery, two multiplex cinemas, hotels, business district, ecumenical church, Borough Council offices and central railway station. The Point is an entertainment complex in Central Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. Central Milton Keynes is the Central business district of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England and a civil parish in Central Milton Keynes Shopping Centre is a regional shopping centre located in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England which is about 50 Milton Keynes Central is a Railway station that serves the central area of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art. The Borough of Milton Keynes is a Unitary authority and Borough in south central England, at the northern tip of the South East England Milton Keynes Central is a Railway station that serves the central area of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire

Other amenities

Liz Leyh's iconic "Concrete Cows"
Liz Leyh's iconic "Concrete Cows"
Part of the Blue Lagoon
Part of the Blue Lagoon

Original towns and villages

During World War II, British, Polish and American cryptographers at Bletchley Park broke a large number of Axis codes and ciphers, including the German Enigma machine.
During World War II, British, Polish and American cryptographers at Bletchley Park broke a large number of Axis codes and ciphers, including the German Enigma machine. Bletchley Park, also known as Station X, is an estate located in the town of Bletchley, in Buckinghamshire, and (since 1967 part of Milton Keynes The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Enigma machine is any one of a family of related electro-mechanical Rotor machines used to generate Ciphers for the Encryption and decryption of
The 1815 windmill near Bradwell village, beside the playing fields
The 1815 windmill near Bradwell village, beside the playing fields
Stony Stratford high street in festive mood
Stony Stratford high street in festive mood
The Peace Pagoda
The Peace Pagoda

The historical settlements have been focal points for the modern development of the new city. Bradwell is the name of more than one place in the United Kingdom Bradwell Buckinghamshire Bradwell Devon Bradwell Every grid square has historical antecedents, if only in the field names. The more obvious ones are listed below and most have more detailed articles.

Bletchley was first recorded in the 12th century as Blechelai. Its station was a major Victorian junction (the London and North Western Railway with the Oxford-Cambridge Varsity Line), leading to the substantial urban growth in the town in that period. Bletchley is a Railway station that serves Bletchley Milton Keynes ( ceremonial Buckinghamshire) southern districts of Milton Keynes generally Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities The London and North Western Railway (LNWR L&NWR was a Railway company of the United Kingdom which existed between 1846 and 1922 Varsity Line (or Oxford to Cambridge Line) is an informal name for the Railway service which formerly linked the English university cities of Oxford It expanded to absorb the villages of Water Eaton and Fenny Stratford. Fenny Stratford is a constituent Town of Milton Keynes, ceremonial Buckinghamshire, England and in the Civil Parish of Bletchley

The Benedictine Priory at Bradwell was of major economic importance in this area of north Buckinghamshire before the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in A priory is a House of men or women under religious vows headed by a Prior or prioress The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded The routes of the medieval trackways converge on the site from some distance (many of which are now Redways or bridleways). Nowadays, there is only a small medieval chapel and a manor house occupying the site.

New Bradwell, to the north of the medieval Bradwell (Abbey) and just across the canal and the railway to the east of Wolverton, was built specifically for railway workers. New Bradwell is (mainly a Victorian era New village, modern district and Civil parish that is now part of Milton Keynes ( ceremonial Buckinghamshire It has a working windmill. A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind The level bed of the old railway from Newport Pagnell to Wolverton ends here and has been converted to a redway, making it a favourite route for cycling. Newport Pagnell is a Town in the Borough of Milton Keynes (ceremonial Buckinghamshire) England.

Great Linford appears in the Domesday Book as Linforde, and features a church to Saint Andrew dating from 1215. Great Linford is an historic Village, district and Civil parish in the northern of part of Milton Keynes, England, between Wolverton The Domesday Book (ˈduːmzdeɪ bʊk also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was the record of the great survey Today, the outer buildings of the seventeenth-century manor house form an Arts Centre, and Linford Manor is a prestigious recording studio. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar A manor house or fortified manor-house is a Country house, which has historically formed the administrative centre of a manor (see Manorialism An art center or arts centre is distinct from an Art gallery or Art museum. Linford Manor is an old Mansion or Manor house converted into a Recording studio complex in Great Linford, Milton Keynes, England A recording studio is a facility for sound recording. Ideally the space is specially designed by an acoustician to achieve the desired acoustic properties (sound

Milton Keynes Village is the original village to which the New "City" owes its name. Middleton is a district and Civil parish in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. The original village is still evident, with a pleasant thatched pub, village hall, church and traditional housing. In the United States, a village hall is the seat of government for Villages It functions much as a City hall does within cities The area around the village has reverted to its original name of Middleton, as shown on old maps of the 1700s. Middleton is a district and Civil parish in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. The oldest[29] surviving domestic building in the area, a fourteenth century manor house, is here.

There has been a market in Stony Stratford since 1194 (by charter of King Richard I). Stony Stratford (often shortened to Stony) is a constituent Town of Milton Keynes and is a Civil parish operating as a Town council Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death The Rose and Crown Inn at Stratford is reputedly the last place the Princes in the Tower were seen alive. The Princes in the Tower, Edward V of England ( November 4 1470 &ndash 1483? and his brother Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York (

The manor house of Walton village, Walton Hall, is the headquarters of the Open University and the tiny parish church (deconsecrated) is in its grounds. Walton (historically was a hamlet that is now a district and Civil parish in Milton Keynes, ceremonial Buckinghamshire, England The historic Open University is also the name of other institutions See Distance education or the Open Universities category for a list A parish church, in Christianity, is the church which acts as the religious centre of a Parish, the basic administrative unit of episcopal churches

The tiny Parish Church (1680) at Willen contains the only unaltered building by the architect and physicist Robert Hooke. Willen is a district of Milton Keynes, England and is also one of the ancient Villages of Buckinghamshire to have been included in the designated Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703 was an English Natural philosopher and Polymath who played an important role in the Nearby, there is a Buddhist Temple and a Peace Pagoda. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices A Peace Pagoda is a Buddhist Stupa designed to provide a focus for people of all races and creeds and to help unite them in their search for world peace The district borders the River Ouzel: there is a large balancing lake here, to capture flash floods before they cause problems down stream on the River Great Ouse. River Lovat redirects here For a river in Russia, see Lovat River. A balancing lake (also "flood basin") is an element of an urban Drainage system used to control Flooding by temporarily storing flood Waters A flash flood is a rapid flooding of geomorphic lowlying areas - washes rivers and streams The River Great Ouse is a River in the east of England. It is 150 miles (240 km long which makes it the major navigation in East Anglia, and the fourth- The north basin is a wild-life sanctuary and a favourite of migrating aquatic birds. The south basin is for leisure use, favoured by wind surfers and dinghy sailors. The circuit of the lakes is a favoured "fun run".

The original Wolverton was a medieval settlement just north and west of today's town. The Ridge and Furrow pattern of agriculture can still be seen in the nearby fields and the Saxon (rebuilt in 1819) Church of the Holy Trinity still sits next to the Norman Motte and Bailey site. The term ridge and furrow is often used by Archaeologists and others to describe the pattern of peaks and troughs created in a field by the system of Ploughing used nA motte-and-bailey is a form of Castle. Many were built in Britain, Ireland and France in the 11th and 12th centuries favored as a relatively Modern Wolverton was a 19th century New Town built to house the workers at the Wolverton railway works (which built engines and carriages for the London and North Western Railway). The London and North Western Railway (LNWR L&NWR was a Railway company of the United Kingdom which existed between 1846 and 1922

Economy, Demographics, Geography, Politics

Northampton North: Olney Bedford
West: Buckingham Milton Keynes East: Cambridge
Aylesbury, Oxford South: Leighton Buzzard Luton, London

Data on the economy, demographics and politics of Milton Keynes is collected at the Borough level and can be found at Economy of the Borough and Demographics of the Borough. This article is about Northampton in England for other places of the same name see Northampton (disambiguation Northampton ( is a large Market Bedford is the County town of Bedfordshire, England. It is a large town and the administrative centre for the Bedford borough Buckingham is a Town situated in north Buckinghamshire, England, approximately from the border with Northamptonshire. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England See also Aylesbury Urban Area Aylesbury is the County town of Buckinghamshire in south east England. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, "Leedon" redirects here For the record label see Leedon Records. Luton ( is a large town in the east of England, 32 miles (51 kilometres north of London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Borough of Milton Keynes is a Unitary authority and Borough in south central England, at the northern tip of the South East England The Borough of Milton Keynes is a Unitary authority and Borough in south central England, at the northern tip of the South East England However, since the urban area is predominant in the Borough, it is reasonable to assume that the figures are broadly the same. Milton Keynes is one of the most successful (per capita) economies in the South East, itself the economic powerhouse of the United Kingdom. The population is significantly younger than the national averages. As of 2008, there is effective full employment. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common In Macroeconomics, full employment is when all people looking for employment can find a job

Modern parishes and districts

The Borough of Milton Keynes is fully parished. A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. These are the parishes, and the districts they contain, within Milton Keynes itself. For a list of parishes in the Borough, see Borough of Milton Keynes (Rest of the borough)

Notable people

Transport

the Grand Union Canal passes over Grafton Street at Bradwell via the modern Bradwell Aqueduct
the Grand Union Canal passes over Grafton Street at Bradwell via the modern Bradwell Aqueduct

The Grand Union Canal between London and Birmingham provides a major axis in the design of Milton Keynes. The Grand Union Canal in England is part of the British canal system. The Grand Union Canal in England is part of the British canal system. Milton Keynes is situated on the West Coast Main Line, which served Bletchley railway station and Wolverton railway station before the development of Milton Keynes. The West Coast Main Line (WCML is a busy mixed-traffic railway route in the United Kingdom. Bletchley is a Railway station that serves Bletchley Milton Keynes ( ceremonial Buckinghamshire) southern districts of Milton Keynes generally These stations are now only served by local services, and the Milton Keynes Central station has been developed between these and serves the town centre. Milton Keynes Central is a Railway station that serves the central area of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire The Marston Vale Line branches from the WCML at Bletchley, and has two stations : Fenny Stratford railway station and Bow Brickhill railway station. The Marston Vale Line (Network Rail route MD 140 is the railway line from Bletchley to Bedford in England. Fenny Stratford railway station is a Railway station that serves the Fenny Stratford area of Milton Keynes. Bow Brickhill railway station is a Railway station that serves the village of Bow Brickhill in the Borough of Milton Keynes, and the Caldecotte Tilbrook

The M1 motorway runs to the east of the town, and is served by junctions 13, 14, and 15A. The M1 is a major south – north Motorway in England primarily connecting London to Leeds, where The A5 road runs through the west of the town. Other main roads include the A509, which links Milton Keynes with Wellingborough and Kettering, and the A421 which goes west to Buckingham and east to Bedford. The A509 is a short (about 30 miles/50 km A-class road for north/south journeys in south central England, forming the route from Kettering in Northamptonshire The A421 is an important road for east/west journeys across the southern midlands of England. Buckingham is a Town situated in north Buckinghamshire, England, approximately from the border with Northamptonshire. Bedford is the County town of Bedfordshire, England. It is a large town and the administrative centre for the Bedford borough

Many coaches stop at the Milton Keynes Coachway, beside M1 Junction 14, near a park and ride car park, about 3 miles (5 km) from the centre (3. Park and ride (or incentive parking) facilities are Public transport stations that allow commuters and other people wishing to travel into 5 miles from Milton Keynes Central station).

The main bus operator is MK Metro, providing a number of routes which mainly pass through or serve Central Milton Keynes. MK Metro is the main Bus operator in Milton Keynes, England In February 2006 it was purchased by Arriva Shires & Essex, but the vehicles Central Milton Keynes is the Central business district of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England and a civil parish in

Milton Keynes is served by routes 6 and 51 on the National Cycle Network. The Milton Keynes redway system is a network of cycleways/paths for Cyclists and pedestrians in Milton Keynes, England. The National Cycle Network is a network of cycle routes in the United Kingdom.

The nearest international airport is London Luton Airport which is accessible by route VT99 from MK Central station, this service runs with wheelchair accessible coaches. An international airport is an Airport typically equipped with Customs and Immigration facilities to handle international flights to and from other London Luton Airport (previously called Luton International Airport) is an International airport located on the edge of the Town of Luton There is a direct rail connection to Birmingham International Airport. Birmingham International Airport is an international airport located 5 There is an aerodrome at Cranfield, 6 miles (10 km) from the centre. Cranfield Airport is an airfield just outside the village of Cranfield in Bedfordshire, England.

See also

References

  1. ^ Vision of Britain: historic census populations for modern Milton Keynes UA Accessed October 11, 2006
  2. ^ [1] Accessed October 10, 2006
  3. ^ [2] Accessed October 10, 2006
  4. ^ Need for more planned towns in the South-East. Central Milton Keynes is the Central business district of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England and a civil parish in Middleton is a district and Civil parish in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Times. December 2, 1964 Accessed 2006-09-21
  5. ^ South East Study 1961-1981 HMSO 1964, cited in The Plan for Milton Keynes. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Accessed September 25, 2006
  6. ^ Urgent action to meet London housing needs. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Times. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. February 4, 1965. Accessed 2006-09-21
  7. ^ Volume 1 of The Plan for Milton Keynes (Milton Keynes Development Corporation March, 1970 ISBN 0-903379-00-7 begins (in the Foreword by Lord ("Jock") Campbell of Eskan): "This plan for building the new city of Milton Keynes . Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Milton Keynes Development Corporation was established in 1969 to provide the vision and execution of a "new city" Milton Keynes, that would be the modern interpretation . . " (page xi) Accessed September 25, 2006
  8. ^ Area of New Town Increased by 6000 acres (24 km²). Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Times. January 14, 1966. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Accessed September 21, 2006
  9. ^ MK Council General Statistics.. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Milton Keynes Council. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  10. ^ a b Llewelyn-David et al The Plan for Milton Keynes 1968. Accessed 2007-01-11
  11. ^ The South East Study 1961-1981 HMSO London, 1964: "A big change in the economic balance within the south east is needed to modify the dominance of London and to get a more even distribution of growth". Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Accessed 2006-11-27
  12. ^ Jeff Bishop Milton Keynes – the Best of Both Worlds? Public and professional views of a new city. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont University of Bristol School for Advanced Urban Studies 1981. the University (or derivatives but lower-case when referring to many universitiesor universities Urban Studies is the term for a diverse range of disciplines and approaches to the study of all aspects of cities their suburbs and other urban areas Accessed 2007-02-13
  13. ^ Walker The Architecture and Planning of Milton Keynes, Architectural Press, London 1981. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Accessed 2007-02-13
  14. ^ M Webber (1963) 'Order in Diversity: Community Without Propinquity, in L Wingo (ed. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed ) 'Cities and Spaces Hopkins, Baltimore. Accessed 2007-02-13
  15. ^ http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Milton_Keynes_General/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=285. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Subsequent census data is 1971:46,500; 1981:95,800; 1991:144,700; 2001:177,500. Accessed May 21, 2006
  16. ^ Jef Bishop Milton Keynes – the Best of Both Worlds? Public and professional views of a new city. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. University of Bristol School for Advanced Urban Studies. Accessed 2007-02-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
  17. ^ Walker, Derek (1982). The Architecture and Planning of Milton Keynes. London: Architectural Press, p.  8.   cited in Clapson, Mark (2004). A Social History of Milton Keynes: Middle England/Edge City. London: Frank Cass, p.  40.  
  18. ^ http://www.mkweb.co.uk/environmental-health/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=17335 Accessed August 16, 2006
  19. ^ Walker The Architecture and Planning of Milton Keynes, Architectural Press, London 1981. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Accessed 2007-02-13
  20. ^ http://www.theparkstrust.com/parks-trust/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=33214 Accessed October 30, 2006
  21. ^ http://society.guardian.co.uk/urbandesign/story/0,11200,1116879,00.html?=rss Accessed March 27, 2006
  22. ^ http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2004/uksi_20040932_en.pdf Accessed 2006-12-08
  23. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4358065.stm Accessed 2006-10-12
  24. ^ Memorandum by Milton Keynes Council (NT 20). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Select Committee on Transport, Local Government and the Regions (16 April 2002). Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-10-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC -
  25. ^ About Universities for Milton Keynes. Universities for Milton Keynes. Retrieved on 2007-10-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC -
  26. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7180202.stm BBC article about GCSE results
  27. ^ Miles, Stuart. "WiMax in MK Milton Keynes to get blanket WiMax coverage", Pocket-lint. co. uk, 2006-08-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.  
  28. ^ Head, Will. "Milton Keynes sets Wi-Fi free", vnunet. com, 2006-10-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.  
  29. ^ http://www.mkweb.co.uk/statistics/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=11415 Accessed March 11, 2006

External links

Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory

Dictionary

Milton Keynes

-proper noun

  1. a purpose-built city in south-east England, containing the towns of Bletchley, Wolverton and Stony Stratford and many smaller villages
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