| Millennium Park | |
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| Type | Urban park |
| Location | Chicago, Illinois |
| Coordinates | Coordinates: |
| Size | 24. An urban park, also known as a municipal park (North America or a public park or open space (United Kingdom is a Park in cities and other Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. 5 acres (9. 9 ha) |
| Opened | July 16, 2004 |
| Status | Open all year |
Millennium Park is a prominent civic center of the City of Chicago in Illinois and an important landmark of the city's lakefront. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " A civic center or civic centre (see " American and British English spelling differences " is a prominent land area within a Community Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America, and the only one located entirely within the United States. A redeveloped section of Grant Park, the 24. Grant Park (originally named Lake Park is a large Park (319 acres or 1 5-acre (9. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U 9 ha) landmark is bounded by Michigan Avenue and its Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District, East Randolph Street, Columbus Drive and East Monroe Drive. Michigan Avenue is a major north-south street in Chicago which runs at 100 east (except for one private block that runs at 125 east south of the Chicago River and at 132 East Randolph Street is a street in Chicago Illinois, USA. It runs east-west through the Chicago Loop, carrying westbound traffic west from Michigan Avenue Columbus Drive is a north-south street in Chicago Illinois which bisects Grant Park. It was Mayor of Chicago Richard M. Daley's ambitious idea to realize that which was originally designed as part of Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago, a plan for the future of Chicago created in 1909. The Mayor of Chicago is the Chief executive of Chicago, Illinois, the third largest City in the United Richard Michael Daley (born April 24 1942 is a United States Politician, member of the national and local Democratic Party and current mayor Daniel Hudson Burnham, FAIA ( September 4, 1846 &ndash June 1, 1912) was an American Architect and Urban planner. The Burnham Plan is an Essay, principally authored by Daniel Burnham in 1909 entitled The Plan of Chicago. It is historically the site of the Chicago Cubs' (then known as the White Stockings) first home field in 1871: the Union Base-Ball Grounds. The Chicago Cubs are a Professional Baseball franchise based in Chicago, Illinois. Union Base-Ball Grounds was a Baseball park located in Chicago Illinois.
Planning began in October 1997, construction began in October 1998 and was completed in July 2004. Millennium Park, which has become the world's largest rooftop garden, was opened in a ceremony on July 16, 2004 as part of a three-day celebration that included an inaugural concert by the Grant Park Orchestra and Chorus. A roof garden is any Garden on the Roof of a Building. Humans have grown Plants atop structures since antiquity. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 300,000 people took part in the grand opening festivities. The park's design and construction won awards ranging from accessibility to green design. Since then, Millennium Park has become a major tourist destination for Chicago. The park features the Cloud Gate, Crown Fountain, Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Lurie Garden and other attractions. Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by British artist Anish Kapoor. Lurie Garden is a Garden located at the southern end of Millennium Park in the Loop area of Chicago in Cook County, The park is connected by bridges to other parts of Grant Park (BP Pedestrian Bridge, Nichols Bridgeway). The BP Pedestrian Bridge, or simply BP Bridge, is an American Girder bridge in the Loop community area of. The Nichols Bridgeway is a pedestrian bridge located in Chicago, Illinois.
The community surrounding Millennium Park has become one of the most fashionable residential addresses in the city. Grant Park (originally named Lake Park is a large Park (319 acres or 1 There were ever rumors that the Mayor was planning to move there, though it was later announced that he had changed his mind. More recently, 60602 was named by Forbes as the hottest zipcode in the country, with upscale buildings such as The Heritage at Millennium Park (130 N. The Heritage at Millennium Park located at 130 N Garland Court is a relatively new mixed use tower in Chicago. Garland) leading the way for other buildings such as Waterview Tower, The Legacy and Momo. The median sale price for residential real estate was $710,000 in 2005 according to Forbes.
The park was four years behind schedule and cost aproximately three times as much as was initially budgeted. Grant Park (originally named Lake Park is a large Park (319 acres or 1 [1] Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley at first placed much of the blame for the delay and cost overrun on Frank Gehry, who designed several parts of the park. The Mayor of Chicago is the Chief executive of Chicago, Illinois, the third largest City in the United Richard Michael Daley (born April 24 1942 is a United States Politician, member of the national and local Democratic Party and current mayor Frank Owen Gehry CC (born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, February 28, 1929) is a Pritzker Prize -winning Architect [2] Some of the features have changed names due to corporate mergers and acquisitions of Bank One with Chase and SBC Communications with AT&T. Bank One Corporation, based in Chicago Illinois, was the sixth-largest Bank in the United States. Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and [1]
Contents |
Background
From 1852 until 1997 the Illinois Central Railroad, owned the right of way that they used for railroad tracks that separated the downtown Chicago from Lake Michigan. The Illinois Central, sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America, was a railroad carrier in the central United States, with its primary routes Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America, and the only one located entirely within the United States. In 1997, when the city gained control of the land in the form of airspace rights, it decided to build a parking facility there. Eventually the city realized that a grand civic amenity might lure private dollars that a municipal improvement wouldn't and thus began the effort to create Millennium Park. [3] The park was originally conceived as a 16-acre (6. 5 ha) landscape-covered bridge over an underground parking structure to be built atop the Metra/Illinois Central Railroad tracks in Grant Park. Metra (officially known as the Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation) is a Regional rail system that serves the city of Chicago Illinois [4]
Features
Millennium Park is a portion of the larger Grant Park, the "front lawn" of downtown Chicago. Grant Park (originally named Lake Park is a large Park (319 acres or 1 Millennium park itself is one of the larger public parks in metropolitan Chicago, and is a showcase for postmodern architecture. The Chicago metropolitan area is the Metropolitan area associated with the city of Chicago in the United States and its suburbs Postmodern architecture was an international style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1950s and which continues to influence present-day Architecture It features the McCormick Tribune Ice Skating Rink, Peristyle at Wrigley Square, Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance, AT&T Plaza, Chase Promenade and Trees in Millennium Park. Joan W and Irving B Harris Theater for Music and Dance, Harris & Harris Theater or most commonly Harris Theater is a 1525-seat theater for the Performing There are four major artistic highlights: Cloud Gate, Crown Fountain, Lurie Garden and the Jay Pritzker Pavilion. Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by British artist Anish Kapoor. Lurie Garden is a Garden located at the southern end of Millennium Park in the Loop area of Chicago in Cook County, [5] Millennium Park is often considered the largest roof garden in the world, having been constructed on top of a railroad yard and large parking garages. Of its total 24. 5 acres (9. 9 ha) of land, Millennium Park contains 12. 04 acres (4. 87 ha) (524,358 square ft) of permeable area. The park's accessibility has won its project director the 2005 Barrier-Free America Award in recognition of individual leadership in making our country more accessible for all Americans. [6] In addition, the park was recognized in the Green Roof Awards of Excellence in the Intensive Industrial/Commercial category. [7] Green Roof considers the park to be the largest green roof in the world, as it covers a structural deck supported by two reinforced concrete cast-in-place garages and steel structures that span over Illinois Central Railroad tracks. A green roof is a Roof of a Building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and soil or a growing medium planted over a waterproofing membrane Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag The Illinois Central, sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America, was a railroad carrier in the central United States, with its primary routes [8][9] The park has a very rigorous cleaning schedule with many areas being swept, wiped down or cleaned multiple times a day. [10]
Jay Pritzker Pavilion
The principal signature of Millennium Park is the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, a bandshell designed by world-renowned architect Frank Gehry with 4,000 fixed seats plus additional lawn seating for 7,000. The Pritzker family is one of America's wealthiest and has been near the top of Forbes magazine's "America's Richest Families" list since the magazine began in A bandshell is a large outdoor performing venue typically used by bands and Orchestras The roof and the back half of the shell protect musicians from the elements Frank Owen Gehry CC (born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, February 28, 1929) is a Pritzker Prize -winning Architect A Pritzker Architecture Prize honoree and National Medal of Arts winner, Gehry designed such landmarks as the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Der Neue Zollhof in Düsseldorf and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles. The Pritzker Architecture Prize is awarded annually by the Hyatt Foundation to honor "a living Architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those The National Medal of Arts is an award and title created by the Congress of the United States in 1984 for the purpose of honoring artists and patrons of the arts The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a modern and contemporary art Museum designed by Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry, built by Ferrovial and located Bilbao, (also Bilbo) in the North of Spain, is the largest city in the Basque Country and the capital of the province of Biscay (Basque Düsseldorf (ˈdʏsəldɔɐf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The Walt Disney Concert Hall at 111 South Grand Avenue in Downtown Los Angeles, California is the fourth hall of the Los Angeles Music Center. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Characteristic of Gehry, the Pritzker Pavilion consists of curving planes of stainless steel resembling the graceful blooming of a flower or the unfurling sails of a massive ship.
The Pritzker Pavilion is the home of the Grant Park Music Festival, the nation's only remaining free, municipally-supported, outdoor, classical music series. Grant Park Music Festival is an annual Classical music concert series held in Chicago Illinois, USA. The Festival is presented by the Chicago Park District and the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. [1] Winding eastward from Pritzker Pavilion is the only bridge in the world designed by Frank Gehry. The 925-foot (282 m) pedestrian bridge, clad in the same type of steel sheet as the bandshell with a hardwood deck, winds like a fluttering ribbon across nearby Columbus Drive from the bandshell to a section of Grant Park along the lakefront. A bandshell is a large outdoor performing venue typically used by bands and Orchestras The roof and the back half of the shell protect musicians from the elements
Cloud Gate
AT&T Plaza is home to Cloud Gate, a three-story, 110-ton steel sculpture that has been dubbed by residents as "The Bean". Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by British artist Anish Kapoor. Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by British artist Anish Kapoor. Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by British artist Anish Kapoor. The sculpture is the work of world-renowned artist Anish Kapoor and is the first of his public art in the United States. Anish Kapoor (born 1954 is a Turner Prize winning sculptor. Kapoor was born in Bombay ( Mumbai) India, and attended the The piece was privately funded and the total cost was $23 million, which was considerably more than the original estimate of $6 million.
Cloud Gate is a highly-polished reflective steel sculpture that is meant to resemble a drop of mercury hovering at the point of landing on a plaza of the park. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum When Millennium Park opened in 2004, the grid of welds around each metal panel was still visible. In early 2005 workers polished out the seams. The curved, mirror-like surface of the sculpture provides striking reflections of visitors, the city skyline (particularly the historic Michigan Avenue "Streetwall") and the sky. Since its installation, Cloud Gate has probably become the most popular sculpture in the city.
Crown Fountain
Crown Fountain, named in honor of Chicago's Crown family, was designed by Catalan conceptual artist Jaume Plensa, and is the first of its kind in the world. Lester Crown (born 1926 is the son of Chicago financier Henry Crown (d Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Jaume Plensa (born 1955 in Barcelona, Catalonia) is an internationally renowned contemporary Artist and Sculptor. Transparent glass block bricks are used to build two 50-foot (15 m) towers standing at either end of a long, black granite plaza submerged under an eighth of an inch layer of water. Behind the glass bricks are high-tech LED video screens. High tech is Technology that is at the cutting edge —the most advanced technology currently available Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images When the screens are illuminated they show the faces of nearly a thousand individual Chicagoans, which showcases the vast diversity of the city. Playing on the theme of historical fountains based around gargoyles with water coming through the open mouth of the creature, each video includes specific moments where the person purses his or her lips and water spouts from a point in the display, such that it appears as if the person is spitting the water out. In Architecture, a gargoyle is a carved stone Grotesque with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building This happens roughly every five minutes, and there is also a continuous stream of water that cascades over the images.
Lurie Garden
BP Pedestrian Bridge
McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink
Wrigley Square
Harris Theater
Exelon Pavilions
McDonald's Cycle Center
Boeing Galleries
Budget
The project was known for its notorious delays (it was originally intended to open in 2000 instead of 2004) and tripled costs. Lurie Garden is a Garden located at the southern end of Millennium Park in the Loop area of Chicago in Cook County, The BP Pedestrian Bridge, or simply BP Bridge, is an American Girder bridge in the Loop community area of. The BP Pedestrian Bridge, or simply BP Bridge, is an American Girder bridge in the Loop community area of. The BP Pedestrian Bridge, or simply BP Bridge, is an American Girder bridge in the Loop community area of. The BP Pedestrian Bridge, or simply BP Bridge, is an American Girder bridge in the Loop community area of. McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink or McCormick Tribune Plaza is a multi-purpose venue located along the western edge of Millennium Park in the Historic Michigan Wrigley Square is a public square located in the northwest section of Millennium Park in the Historic Michigan Boulevard District of the Loop Joan W and Irving B Harris Theater for Music and Dance, Harris & Harris Theater or most commonly Harris Theater is a 1525-seat theater for the Performing The Exelon Pavilions are a set of four Solar energy generating structures in Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook McDonald's Cycle Center (formerly Millennium Park Bike Station) is a heated and Air conditioned indoor Bicycle parking facility built by the city of Boeing Galleries ( North Boeing Gallery and South Boeing Gallery) are a pair of outdoor exhibition spaces within Millennium Park in the Loop Some Chicagoans began to refer to the project deridingly as "next-millennium" park.
During development and construction of the park, many structures were added, redesigned or modified. These changes often resulted in budget increases. For example, the band shell's proposed budget was $10. 8 million. When the elaborate, cantilevered Gehry design required extra piling be driven into the bedrock to support the added weight, the cost of the band shell eventually spiraled to $60. 3 million. The total cost of the park, as itemized in the following table, amounted to almost $500 million. [11] Much of the fundraising was borne by local business leaders, including the Pritzker family and Crown family. The Pritzker family is one of America's wealthiest and has been near the top of Forbes magazine's "America's Richest Families" list since the magazine began in
| Project | Proposed cost | Final cost | % of proposed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Garage | $87. 340 on the Park is a Residential tower in the Lakeshore East development of the neighborhood of New Eastside / East Loop Chicago 5 million | $105. 6 million | 121% |
| Metra superstructure | $43. 0 million | $60. 6 million | 141% |
| Band shell | $10. 8 million | $60. 3 million | 558% |
| Music and Dance Theater | $20. Joan W and Irving B Harris Theater for Music and Dance, Harris & Harris Theater or most commonly Harris Theater is a 1525-seat theater for the Performing 0 million | $60. 0 million | 300% |
| Park finishes/landscaping | N/A | $42. 9 million | |
| Design and management costs | N/A | $39. 5 million | |
| Endowment | $10. 0 million | $25. 0 million | 250% |
| Crown Fountain | $15. 0 million | $17. 0 million | 113% |
| BP Pedestrian Bridge | $8. The BP Pedestrian Bridge, or simply BP Bridge, is an American Girder bridge in the Loop community area of. 0 million | $14. 5 million | 181% |
| Lurie Garden | $4. Lurie Garden is a Garden located at the southern end of Millennium Park in the Loop area of Chicago in Cook County, 0–8. 0 million | $13. 2 million | 330%–165% |
| Cloud Gate sculpture | $6. Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by British artist Anish Kapoor. 0 million | $23. 0 million | 383% |
| Exelon Pavilions | N/A | $7. The Exelon Pavilions are a set of four Solar energy generating structures in Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook 0 million | |
| Peristyle/Wrigley Square | $5. Wrigley Square is a public square located in the northwest section of Millennium Park in the Historic Michigan Boulevard District of the Loop 0 million | $5. 0 million | 100% |
| Chase Promenade | $6. 0 million | $4. 0 million | 67% |
| McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink | $5. McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink or McCormick Tribune Plaza is a multi-purpose venue located along the western edge of Millennium Park in the Historic Michigan 0 million | $3. 2 million | 64% |
| Misc. (fencing, terraces, graphics) | N/A | $1. 6 million |
Criticism and controversy
The Millennium Park project has been the subject of some criticism since its inception. The Chicago Police Department, also known as the CPD, is the principal law enforcement agency of the City of Chicago, Illinois Looptopia 2007 Events Dance Party A dance party was held in the Sullivan dock of the former Carson Pirie Scott In addition to concerns about the cost overrun, individuals and organizations have complained that the money spent on the park might have gone to other worthy causes, specifically citing ongoing issues with poverty in Chicago and problems within the city's schools. Cost overrun is defined as excess of actual Cost over Budget. However, others believe that Chicago's potential to become a new type of metropolitan Olympic city could boost investment and help to fund more long term social and educational causes.
Although the park's design and architectural elements have won wide praise, there has been some criticism of its aesthetics. Other criticism has revolved around the larger issue of corruption and political favoritism in the city; for example a July 2004 New York Times article [2] reported that an inflated contract for park cleanup had gone to a company that made large contributions to Mayor Daley's election campaign. Concerns have also been raised over the use of mixed taxpayer and corporate funding and associated naming rights for sections of the park. While a large monument in the northwest corner of the park honors the many private and corporate donors who contributed to its construction, entire squares and plazas within the park are named for their corporate underwriters, with the sponsors' names prominently indicated with stone markers (Boeing Gallery, Exelon Pavilion, AT&T Plaza, Wrigley Square); some critics have deemed this to be inappropriate for a public space. The park curfew and obvious presence of security guards is also cited in some quarters as working against the idea of a public park. For example, during the dusk to dawn event Looptopia, on May 11 and May 12, 2007, public access to the park was completely prevented by police enforcement of the park curfew. Looptopia 2007 Events Dance Party A dance party was held in the Sullivan dock of the former Carson Pirie Scott This was contrary to the purpose of the event, which was to encourage public access to the Chicago Loop area.
A controversy arose when the park enforced a requirement for professional photographers to obtain a paid permit to photograph the artwork in the park for commercial purposes. In doing so, the city cited the copyrights of the artists who created the works (particularly the popular Cloud Gate sculpture). Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by British artist Anish Kapoor. The copyrights give the artists sole right to profit from their work, and thus applies to images taken for commercial purposes. However, enforcement of the permit requirement was inconsistent and sometimes heavy-handed, resulting in some non-commercial photographers and tourists being accosted while taking pictures of the sculpture, and leading to the incorrect public perception that they are banned from taking pictures of the park they helped pay for.
Notes
- ^ a b Kinzer, Stephen (2004-07-13). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to LETTER FROM CHICAGO; A Prized Project, a Mayor and Persistent Criticism. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. The New York Times Company ( is an American media company It is Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ Nance, Kevin (2005-05-23). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Snakelike walkway by Gehry dedicated at Millennium Park. Chicago Sun-Times. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. Newsbank. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Lewis, Michael J. (2006-08-06). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. No Headline. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. The New York Times Company ( is an American media company It is Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Mayor Daley, McCormick Tribune Executives Cut Ribbon on Spectacular Skating Rink at Millennium Park. Millennium Park News. Public Building Commission of Chicago (Winter 2001-2002). Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
- ^ Freemen, Allen (November 2004). Fair Game on Lake Michigan. Landscape Architecture Magazine. American Society of Landscape Architects. The American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA is the national professional association representing landscape architects, with more than 17000 members and 48 chapters Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Deyer, Joshua (July 2005). Chicago's New Class Act. PN. Paralyzed Veterans of America. Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
- ^ Awards. Green Roofs for Healthy Cities (2005). Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ Contemporary Urban Waterscapes: designing public spaces in concert with nature. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Bernstein, Fred A. (2004-07-18). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, ART/ARCHITECTURE; Big Shoulders, Big Donors, Big Art. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. The New York Times Company ( is an American media company It is Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Spielman, Fran (2005-12-16). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion New amenities for Millennium Park?: Company proposes baby strollers, Disney training for workers. Chicago Sun-Times. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. Newsbank. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Ford, Liam (2004-07-11). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. City to finally open its new front yard - Millennium Park's price tag tripled. Chicago Tribune. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company Newsbank. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
See also
External links
- City of Chicago Millennium Park
- Public Building Commission of Chicago Millennium Park Overview
- Chicagoist on the photography "ban"
- Chicago Public Radio special -- audio segments about the park
- ForgottenChicago.com [Little known elements of Chicago’s infrastructure, architecture, neighborhoods and general cityscape, existing and historical]
- Awards
- FAQs
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