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This is an article on sociological Millennialism. You may be looking for the article on Christian Premillennialism. Premillennialism in Christian eschatology is the belief that Christ will literally reign on the earth for 1000 years at his Second coming.

Millennialism (from millennium, Latin for "thousand years"), or chiliasm in Greek, is primarily a belief expressed in some Christian denominations, and literature, that there will be a Golden Age or Paradise on Earth where "Christ will reign" prior to the final judgment and future eternal state, primarily derived from the book of Revelation 20:1-6. A millennium (pl millennia) is a period of Time equal to one thousand Years (from Latin la mille, thousand and la annum A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Church (disambiguation A religious denomination is a subgroup within a Religion that operates under a common name tradition and identity Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below Paradise is a word of Persian origin ( Persian: پردیس Pardìs) that is generally identified with the Garden of Eden or with Heaven. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Millennialism as such is a specific form of Millenarianism. Millenarianism (sometimes spelled millenarism or millennarism) is the belief by a religious social or political group or movement in a coming major transformation

Among Christians who hold this belief, this is not the "end of the world", but the penultimate age, prior to when it is believed that the world will end. End time, End times, or End of days are the eschatological writings in the three Abrahamic religions and in doomsday scenarios in various other Some believe that between the millennium and the final end of the world there will be a brief period to allow a final battle with Satan, or a time of the Anti-Christ, followed by the last judgment. Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally For other uses see Antichrist (disambiguation In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist or anti-Christ means a person office In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived

Millennialism is also a doctrine of medieval Zoroastrianism concerning successive thousand-year periods, each of which will end in a cataclysm of heresy and destruction, until the final destruction of evil and of the spirit of evil by a triumphant king of peace at the end of the final millennial age (supposed by some to be the year 2000). Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. "Then Saoshyant makes the creatures again pure, and the resurrection and future existence occur" (Zand-i Vohuman Yasht 3:62). Saoshyant is a figure of Zoroastrian eschatology who brings about the final renovation of the world

Various other social and political movements, both religious and secular, have also been linked to millennialist metaphors by scholars.

Contents

The early church and premillennialism (chiliasm)

If millenarian beliefs are ignored, dismissed, or ridiculed in mainstream Christian theology today, this was not the case during the early Christian centuries. At least during the first four centuries, millennialism was normative in both East and West[1]. Tertullian, Commodian, Lactantius, Methodius, and Apollinaris of Laodicea all advocated premillennial doctrine. Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, Anglicised as Tertullian, (ca Commodianus was a Christian Latin poet who flourished about A Lucius Caelius (or Caecilius? Firmianus Lactantius was an Early Christian author (ca The Church Father and Saint Methodius of Olympus (died ca 311 was a Christian Bishop, ecclesiastical author and Martyr. [2] In addition, according to religious scholar Rev. and Dr. Francis Nigel Lee[3] the following is true, "Justin's 'Occasional Chiliasm' sui generis which was strongly anti-pretribulationistic was followed possibly by Pothinus in A. Pothinus (early 1st century BC to 48 or 47 BC a Eunuch, was Regent for Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient D. 175 and more probably (around 185) by Irenaeus -- although Justin Martyr, discussing his own premillennial beliefs in his Dialogue with Trypho the Jew, Chapter 110, observed that they were not necessary to Christians:

I admitted to you formerly, that I and many others are of this opinion, and [believe] that such will take place, as you assuredly are aware; but, on the other hand, I signified to you that many who belong to the pure and pious faith, and are true Christians, think otherwise. Saint Irenaeus (Greek Ειρηναίος (2nd century AD - c 202 was Bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, Roman Empire (now Lyons France Saint Justin Martyr (also Justin the Martyr, Justin of Caesarea, Justin the Philosopher, Latin Iustinus Martyr or Flavius [4]

Melito of Sardis is frequently listed as a second century proponent of premillennialism. Saint Melito of Sardis (died c180 was the bishop of Sardis, near Smyrna in Asia Minor, and a great authority Jerome, speaking of the [5] The support usually given for the supposition is that Jerome [Comm. Jerome (c 347 – September 30, 420) ( Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος on Ezek. 36 ] and Gennadius [De Dogm. Eccl. , Ch. 52] both affirm that he was a decided millenarian. ”[6][7]

In the early third century, Hippolytus of Rome wrote:

And 6, 000 years must needs be accomplished, in order that the Sabbath may come, the rest, the holy day "on which God rested from all His works. For places named after the saint see Saint-Hippolyte Saint Hippolytus of Rome (c " For the Sabbath is the type and emblem of the future kingdom of the saints, when they "shall reign with Christ," when He comes from heaven, as John says in his Apocalypse: for "a day with the Lord is as a thousand years. "Since, then, in six days God made all things, it follows that 6, 000 years must be fulfilled (Hippolytus. On the HexaËmeron, Or Six Days' Work. From Fragments from Commentaries on Various Books of Scripture).

Around 220, there were some similar influences on Tertullian though only with very important and extremely optimistic (if not perhaps even postmillennial modifications and implications). Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, Anglicised as Tertullian, (ca On the other hand, 'Christian Chiliastic' ideas were indeed advocated in 240 by Commodian; in 250 by the Egyptian Bishop Nepos in his Refutation of Allegorists; in 260 by the almost unknown Coracion; and in 310 by Lactantius. Commodianus was a Christian Latin poet who flourished about A Lucius Caelius (or Caecilius? Firmianus Lactantius was an Early Christian author (ca

Into the late fourth century, the Bishop known as Ambrose of Milan had millennial leanings (Ambrose of Milan. Saint Ambrose (c 338 &ndash 4 April 397) was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the fourth century Book II. On the Belief in the Resurrection, verse 108).

The first known opponent of Christian chiliasm was Marcion, in the second century, who most Christians feel was an early heretic (Brown HOJ. Marcion (Μαρκίων (ca 110 - 160) was a Christian Theologian who was excommunicated by the Early Christian church Heresies: Heresy and Orthodoxy in the History of the Church. Hendrickson Publishers, Peabody (MA), 1988, p. 65). The Catholic Encyclopedia noted that in the second century proponents of "Gnosticism rejected millenarianism"(Kirsch J. P. Transcribed by Donald J. Boon. Millennium and Millenarianism. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume X. Copyright © 1911 by Robert Appleton Company. Online Edition Copyright © 2003 by K. Knight. Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S. T. D. , Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York).

Chiliasm was, however, according to the interpretation of non-chiliasts, condemned as a heresy in the 4th century by the Church, which included the phrase whose Kingdom shall have no end in the Nicene Creed in order to rule out the idea of a Kingdom of God which would last for only 1000 literal years. The Nicene Creed (ˈnaɪsiːn is an ecumenical Christian statement of faith accepted in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of [8] Despite some writers' belief in millennialism, it was a decided minority view, as expressed in the nearly universal condemnation of the doctrine over a gradual period of time, beginning with Augustine of Hippo. It is vigorously disputed whether or not caesaropapism had a role in the virtual annihilation of millennialism from the 4th Century onwards. Caesaropapism is the idea of combining the power of secular government with or making it superior to the spiritual authority of the Christian Church; especially

Christian millennialism following the Reformation

Comparison of Christian millennial interpretations
Comparison of Christian millennial interpretations

Christian views on the future order of events diversified after the Protestant reformation. In particular, new emphasis was placed on the passages in the Book of Revelation which seemed to say that Satan would be locked away for 1000 years, but then released on the world in a final battle (Rev. The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John ( pronounced, from the Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου 20:1-6). Previous Catholic and Orthodox theologians had no clear or consensus view on what this actually meant (only the concept of an end of the world coming unexpected, "like a thief in a night", and the concept of "the antichrist" were almost universally held). Millennialist theories try to explain what this "1000 years of Satan in chains" would be like.

Various types of millennialism exist with regard to Christian Eschatology, especially within Protestantism, such as Premillennialism, Postmillennialism, and Amillennialism. Summary of Christian eschatological differencesIn Christian theology, Christian eschatology is the study of its religious Beliefs concerning all Future and Premillennialism in Christian eschatology is the belief that Christ will literally reign on the earth for 1000 years at his Second coming. In Christian eschatology, postmillennialism is an interpretation of chapter 20 of the Book of Revelation which sees Christ 's Second coming Amillennialism ( Latin: a- "not" + mille "thousand" + annum "year" is a view in Christian eschatology The first two refer to different views of the relationship between the "millennial Kingdom" and Christ's second coming. Premillennialism sees Christ's second advent as preceding the millennium, thereby separating the second coming from the final judgment. In this view, "Christ's reign" will be physical. Postmillennialism sees Christ's second coming as subsequent to the millennium and consequent with the final judgment. In this view "Christ's reign" (during the millennium) will be spiritual in and through the church. Amillennialism basically denies a future literal 1000 year Kingdom and sees the church age metaphorically described in Rev. 20:1-6. In this view, "Christ's reign" is current in and through the church.

The Catholic Church now strongly condemns millennialism as the following shows:

The Antichrist's deception already begins to take shape in the world every time the claim is made to realize within history that messianic hope which can only be realized beyond history through the eschatological judgment. The Church has rejected even modified forms of this falsification of the kingdom to come under the name of millenarianism, especially the "intrinsically perverse" political form of a secular messianism. (Catechism of the Catholic Church. Imprimatur Potest +Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger. Doubleday, NY 1995, p. 194).

Pre-Christian millennialism

Although never officially recognized by the Catholic Church, millennialism, which had clearly already existed in Jewish thought, received a new interpretation and fresh impetus with the arrival of Christianity. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Jewish eschatology is concerned with the Jewish Messiah, Afterlife, and the revival of the dead. A millennium is a period of one thousand years, and, in particular, Christ's thousand-year rule on this earth, either directly preceding or immediately following the Second Coming (and the Day of Judgement). In Christianity, the Second Coming is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven to earth an event that will fulfill aspects of Messianic

The millennium reverses the previous period of evil and suffering; it rewards the virtuous for their courage while punishing the evil-doers, with a clear separation of saints and sinners. The vision of a thousand-year period of bliss for the faithful, to be enjoyed here on earth ("heaven on earth"), exerted an irresistible power. Although the picture of life in the millennial era is almost willfully obscure and hardly more appealing than that of, say, the Golden Age, what has made the millennium much more powerful than the Golden Age or Paradise myths are the activities of the sects and movements that it has inspired. The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below In the Sociology of religion a sect is generally a smaller religious or political group that has broken off from a larger group for example from a Throughout the ages, hundreds of sects were convinced that the millennium was imminent, about to begin in the very near future, with precise dates given on many occasions.

Premillennial sects look for signs of Christ's imminent return. Other chiliast sects, such as the prophetic Anabaptist followers of Thomas Müntzer, have believed that the millennium had already begun, with only their own members having realized this fact. Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation Thomas Müntzer (ca 1488 – 27 May 1525 was an early Reformation-era German theologian and Anabaptist Consequently, they have attempted to live out their own vision of millennial life, radically overturning the beliefs and practices of the surrounding society. In doing so, they offered a model of the good life and expressed their hope that soon the rest of the world would follow and live like they did.

See Christian eschatology for a discussion of "premillennialism" and "postmillennialism". Summary of Christian eschatological differencesIn Christian theology, Christian eschatology is the study of its religious Beliefs concerning all Future and Premillennialism in Christian eschatology is the belief that Christ will literally reign on the earth for 1000 years at his Second coming. In Christian eschatology, postmillennialism is an interpretation of chapter 20 of the Book of Revelation which sees Christ 's Second coming

Transition to the Millennium

Millennial sects have typically believed that the transition from the present age to the millennium would be anything but smooth, with the Antichrist having to be defeated and Jesus' reign on earth having to be established. For other uses see Antichrist (disambiguation In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist or anti-Christ means a person office Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Millennial theories differ as to whether the battle with the Antichrist will occur before or after the 1000 years. Based on Revelation 20:3, some believe Satan's "Millennial Rebellion" will occur after the 1000 year peace. [9]

On the other hand, those who did not believe in the millennium also imagined the end of the world as chaotic and catastrophic. Eschatology (from the Greek, Eschatos meaning "last" and -logy meaning "the study of" is a part of Theology The word Apocalypse has been used for this final phase of human history as we know it, with Armageddon as the site of the last decisive battle on the Day of Judgement. In Christian mythology Armageddon ( Greek Αρμαγεδδων; also spelled Har-Magedon in some modern English translations also known as

An (or the) Apocalypse [from Greek apo "off", "from", "away", "un-" and kalyptein "cover"] is,

The Book of Revelation is not easy to interpret. Numerous painters and sculptors have produced works of art dealing with the Apocalypse. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e For example, they portrayed the four horsemen of the Apocalypse, symbolizing pestilence, war, famine, and death. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are the forces of man's destruction described in the Christian Bible in chapter six of the Book of Revelation. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific

Millennialism and Utopianism

The early Christian concept had ramifications far beyond strictly religious concern during the centuries to come, as it was blended and enhanced with ideas of utopia. Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the

In the wake of early millennial thinking, the Three Ages philosophy (Drei-Reiche-Lehre) developed. Making use of the dogma of the Trinity, the Italian monk and theologian Joachim of Fiore (d. Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek, plural) is the established Belief or SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных Joachim of Fiore, also known as Joachim of Flora and in Italian Gioacchino da Fiore (c 1202) claimed that all of human history was a succession of three ages:

  1. the Age of the Father (the Old Testament)
  2. the Age of the Son (the New Testament)
  3. the Age of the Holy Spirit (the age of love, peace, and freedom)

It was believed that the Age of the Holy Spirit would begin at around 1260, and that from then on all believers would be living as monks, mystically transfigured and full of praise for God, for a thousand years until Judgement Day would put an end to the history of our planet. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance

In the Modern Era, with the impact of religion on everyday life gradually decreasing and eventually almost vanishing, some of the concepts of millennial thinking have found their way into various secular ideas, usually in the form of a belief that a certain historical event will fundamentally change human society (or has already done so). Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs For example, the French Revolution seemed to many to be ushering in the millennial age of reason. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Also, the philosophies of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (d. 1831) and Karl Marx (d. 1883) carried strong millennial overtones. As late as 1970, Yale law teacher Charles A. Reich coined the term "Consciousness III" in his best seller The Greening of America, in which he spoke of a new age ushered in by the hippie generation. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Charles A Reich (b 1928 is an American legal and social scholar as well as author who was a Professor at Yale Law School when he wrote the 1970 paean The Greening of America was a book published in 1970 by Charles A The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world However, these secular theories generally have little or nothing to do with the original millennial thinking, or with each other.

Millennialism and Judaism

There is a not dissimilar belief in Judaism. Time is split into 3 periods (1) The world started in year 1 (= 3761 BCE), the epoch. For almost two thousand years there was nothing, most people were idolatorous and God's presence was not seen in the world. (2) In 1812 BCE, 1948 in Jewish years, Abraham was born. The 19th century BC was the century which lasted from 1900 BC to 1801 BC Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: The birth of the first forefather heralded two thousand years of Godliness. This is the period of the Bible, the temples in Jerusalem etc. (3) In 70 CE the Second Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, Jews were banned from Jerusalem and exiled from Israel. Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. This started a further two thousand years of non-Godliness. Jews believe that the Messiah must come before the end of this period which should end in about 2070 ACE.

Millennialism and Nazism

The most controversial interpretation of the Three Ages philosophy and of millennialism in general is Hitler's "Third Reich" ("Drittes Reich", "Tausendjähriges Reich"), which, in his vision, would last for a thousand years - but which in reality only lasted for 12 years (1933-1945). Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers

The phrase "Third Reich" was coined by the German thinker Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, who in 1923 published a book entitled Das Dritte Reich, which eventually became a catchphrase that survived the Nazi regime. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Arthur Moeller van den Bruck ( April 23, 1876 &ndash May 30, 1925) was a German cultural historian and writer best known for his controversial Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German

Looking back at German history, two periods were distinguished, and identified with the ages of Joachim of Fiore:

These were now to be followed -- after the interval of the Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933), during which constitutionalism, parliamentarism and even pacifism ruled -- by:

Although van den Bruck was unimpressed by Adolf Hitler when he met him in 1922 and did not join the Nazi Party, nevertheless the phrase was adopted by the Nazis to describe the totalitarian state they wanted to set up when they gained power, which they succeeded in doing in the Brown Revolution of 1933. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private

During the early part of the Third Reich, many Germans referred to Hitler as being the German Messiah, especially when he conducted the Nuremberg Rallies, which came to be held at a date somewhat before the Autumn Equinox in Nuremberg, Germany. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Nuremberg Rally (officially Reichsparteitag, meaning national party convention was the annual rally of the NSDAP (Nazi Party in the years 1923 to 1938 in An equinox is the event of the Sun passing over the Earth's equator in its annual cycle

In a speech held on 27 November 1937, Hitler commented on his plans to have major parts of Berlin torn down and rebuilt:

[. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Welthauptstadt ("World Capital" Germania was the name Adolf Hitler gave to the projected renewal of the German capital Berlin, part of . . ] einem tausendjährigen Volk mit tausendjähriger geschichtlicher und kultureller Vergangenheit für die vor ihm liegende unabsehbare Zukunft eine ebenbürtige tausendjährige Stadt zu bauen [. . . ].
[. . . ] to build a millennial city adequate [in splendour] to a thousand year old people with a thousand year old historical and cultural past, for its never-ending [glorious] future [. . . ]

It may be of interest to note that after it was clear that Adolph Hitler was not going to successfully implement a thousand year reign, that the Vatican issued a statement that millennial teachings could not be safely taught and that the related scriptures in Revelation (also called the Apocalypse) should be understood spiritually. Catholic author Bernard LeFrois wrote:

Millenium {sic}: Since the Holy Office decreed (July 21, 1944) that it cannot safely be taught that Christ at His Second Coming will reign visibly with only some of His saints (risen from the dead) for a period of time before the final and universal judgment, a spiritual millennium is seen in Apoc. 20:4-6. St. John gives a spiritual recapitulation of the activity of Satan, and the spiritual reign of the saints with Christ in heaven and in His Church on earth (LeFrois, Bernard J. Eschatological Interpretation of the Apocalypse. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, Vol. XIII, pp. 17-20; Cited in Culleton RG. The Reign of Antichrist, 1951. Reprint TAN Books, Rockford (IL), 1974, p. 9).

Millennialism and social movements

Outside of theology, Hitler's Nazi movement has been described as Millennial or Millenarian in scholarly works. Millennial social movements are a specific form of Millenarianism that are based on some concept of a one thousand year cycle. Millenarianism (sometimes spelled millenarism or millennarism) is the belief by a religious social or political group or movement in a coming major transformation Sometimes the two terms are used as synonyms, but this is not entirely accurate for a purist. Millennial social movements need not be religious, but they must have a vision of an apocalypse that can be utopian or dystopian. A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- and τόπος alternatively cacotopia, kakotopia, cackotopia, or anti-utopia) is the vision of a society

See also

References

  1. ^ Theology Today, January 1996, Vol. 2012 ( MMXII) will be a Leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John ( pronounced, from the Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου Summary of Christian eschatological differencesIn Christian theology, Christian eschatology is the study of its religious Beliefs concerning all Future and Caesaropapism is the idea of combining the power of secular government with or making it superior to the spiritual authority of the Christian Church; especially The Rapture is a prophesied event in Christian eschatology, in which Christians will be gathered together at the return of Christ; even Christians who have died Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the Preterism is a variant of Christian eschatology which holds that some or all of the biblical prophecies concerning the Last Days or End Times Millenarianism (sometimes spelled millenarism or millennarism) is the belief by a religious social or political group or movement in a coming major transformation Premillennialism in Christian eschatology is the belief that Christ will literally reign on the earth for 1000 years at his Second coming. In Christian eschatology, postmillennialism is an interpretation of chapter 20 of the Book of Revelation which sees Christ 's Second coming Amillennialism ( Latin: a- "not" + mille "thousand" + annum "year" is a view in Christian eschatology The term Earth Changes describes a belief prevalent in certain segments of the New Age movement The Center for Millennial Studies is a scholarly institute at Boston University devoted to studying millennial, millenarian, and apocalyptic 53, No. 4, pp. 464-476. On-line version here.
  2. ^ [1]
  3. ^ The Works of Rev. Prof. Dr. F.N. Lee
  4. ^ Dialogue with Trypho (Chapters 48-108)
  5. ^ Taylor, Voice of the Church, P. 66; Peters, Theocratic Kingdom, 1:495; Walvoord, Millennial Kingdom, p. 120; et al.
  6. ^ Richard Cunningham Shimeall, Christ’s Second Coming: Is it Pre-Millennial or Post-Millennial? (New York: John F. Trow, 1865), p. 67. See also, Taylor, p. 66; Peters, 1:495; Jesse Forest Silver, The Lord’s Return (New York, et al. : Fleming H. Revell Co. , 1914), p. 66; W. Chillingworth, The Works of W. Chillingworth, 12th ed. (London: B. Blake, 1836), p. 714; et al)
  7. ^ [2]
  8. ^ Luke 1:33 and Stuart Hall, Doctrine and Practice of the Early Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992), 171.
  9. ^ The Coming Millennium of Messiah, A study by Gavin Finley

Further reading

External links

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