Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals (including monotremes). Mammary glands are the organs that in Mammals produce Milk for the sustenance of the young Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Monotremes (from the Greek monos 'single' + trema 'hole' referring to the Cloaca) are Mammals that lay eggs ( Prototheria) instead It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest other types of food. Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed The early lactation milk is known as colostrum, and carries the mother's antibodies to the baby. Lactation describes the secretion of Milk from the Mammary glands the process of providing that milk to the young and the period of time that a Mother Beestings redirects here or you may have wanted Bee sting or beasting. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily It can reduce the risk of many diseases in the baby. The exact components of raw milk varies by species, but it contains significant amounts of saturated fat, protein and calcium as well as vitamin C. Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian

Contents 1 Types of consumption 1.1 Nutrition for infant mammals 1.2 Food product for humans 2 History 3 Other animal sources 4 Modern production 5 Price 6 Physical and chemical structure 7 Processing 7.1 Pasteurization 7.2 Creaming and homogenization 8 Nutrition and health 8.1 Nutritional value 8.2 Medical research 8.3 Lactose intolerance 8.4 Nutrition - comparison by animal source 9 Varieties and brands 9.1 Additives and flavoring 9.2 Distribution 9.3 Spoilage and fermented milk products 10 Language and culture 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links

Types of consumption

There are two distinct types of milk consumption: a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals; and a food product for humans of all ages derived from other animals.

Nutrition for infant mammals

In almost all mammals, milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or, for humans, by expressing the milk to be stored and consumed later. Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other Some cultures, historically or currently, continue to use breast milk to feed their children until as old as seven years. ^[1]

Food product for humans

In many cultures of the world, especially the Western world, humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals (in particular, cows) as a food product. For millennia, cow milk has been processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yogurt, ice cream, and especially the more durable and easily transportable product, cheese. For the 1993 hip-hop single by the Wu-Tang Clan see CREAM CREAM is an acronym for Cognitive Reliability Error Analysis Method a Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk. Yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourt, youghurt or yogourt (see spelling below is a Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Industrial science has brought us casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products. See Casein paint for information about casein usage in artistic painting Whey protein is the collection of Globular proteins that can be isolated from Whey, a by-product of Cheese manufactured from cow's Milk. Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a Sugar which is found most notably in Milk. Condensed milk, also known as sweetened condensed milk, is cow's milk from which Water has been removed and to which Sugar has been added yielding Powdered milk is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating Milk to dryness.

Top Ten Milk Consumers — 2006 Per Capita Consumption
Country	Liters	Cheese (kg)	Butter(kg)
Finland	183. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. 9	19. 1	5. 3
Sweden	145. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. 5	18. 5	1. 0
Ireland	129. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. 8	10. 5	2. 9
Netherlands	122. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands 9	20. 4	3. 3
Norway	116. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional 7	16. 0	4. 3
Spain	119. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 1	9. 6	1. 0
Switzerland	112. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation 5	22. 2	5. 6
United Kingdom	111. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 2	12. 2	3. 7
Australia	106. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. 3	11. 7	3. 7
Canada	94. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 7	12. 2	3. 3
Source: Introduction to Dairy Science and Technology: Milk History, Consumption, Production, and Composition

Humans are an exception in the natural world for consuming milk past infancy. Even those humans who drink milk after eating solid foods are uncommon within the whole of humanity. Most humans lose the ability to fully digest milk after childhood (that is, they become lactose intolerant). Lactose intolerance is the inability to metabolize Lactose, a sugar found in Milk and other Dairy products because the required enzyme The sugar lactose is found only in milk, forsythia flowers, and a few tropical shrubs. Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a Sugar which is found most notably in Milk. Forsythia is of Flowering plants in the family Oleaceae (olive family The enzyme needed to digest lactose, lactase, reaches its highest levels in the small intestines after birth and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly. Lactase (LCT a part of the β-galactosidase family of Enzymes is a Glycoside hydrolase involved in the Hydrolysis ^[2] On the other hand, those groups that do continue to tolerate milk often have exercised great creativity in using the milk of domesticated ungulates, not only of cows, but also sheep, goats, yaks, water buffalo, horses, and camels. Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals Ungulates (meaning roughly "being Hoofed quot or "hoofed animal" are several groups of Mammals most of which use the tips of their toes usually Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe The yak ( Bos grunniens) is a long-haired Bovine found throughout the Himalayan region of south Central Asia, the Qinghai - The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Camels are Even-toed ungulates within the Genus Camelus. The Dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel has a single hump and the

The term milk is also used for whitish non-animal substitutes such as soy milk, rice milk, almond milk, and coconut milk. Soy milk (also called soya milk, soybean milk, or soy juice) and sometimes referred to as soy drink/beverage is a beverage made from Rice milk is a kind of Grain milk processed from Rice. It is mostly made from Brown rice and commonly unsweetened the sweetness in most rice milk Almond milk is a milky drink made from ground Almonds Unlike animal Milk, almond milk contains no Cholesterol or Lactose and can be used Coconut milk is a sweet milky white cooking base derived from the meat of a mature Coconut. Even the regurgitated substance secreted by glands in the mucosa of their upper digestive tract which pigeons feed their young is called crop milk though it bears little resemblance to mammalian milk. Crop milk, also known as pigeon's milk, is a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by

History

Milking has its advent in the very evolution of placental mammals. See also Evolution of mammals Eutheria ("true beast" are a group of Mammals consisting of Placental mammals plus all extinct Mammals While the exact time of its appearance is not known, the immediate ancestors of modern mammals were much like monotremes, including the platypus. Monotremes (from the Greek monos 'single' + trema 'hole' referring to the Cloaca) are Mammals that lay eggs ( Prototheria) instead The Platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a semi- aquatic Mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Such animals today produce a milk-like substance from glands on the surface of their skin, but without the nipple, for their offspring to drink after hatching from their eggs. Likewise, marsupials, the closest cousin to placental mammals, produce a milk-like substance from a teat-like organ in their pouches. Marsupials are an Infraclass of Mammals characterized by a distinctive pouch (called the marsupium) in which females carry their young through The earliest immediate ancestor of placental mammals known seems to be eomaia, a small creature superficially resembling rodents, that is thought to have lived 125 million years ago, during the Cretaceous era. Eomaia scansoria ('climbing dawn mother' is a recently discovered extinct Mammal that may be one of the earliest ancestors of the Eutheria yet to The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of It almost certainly produced what would be considered milk, in the same way as modern placental mammals.

Animal milk is first known to have been used as human food at the beginning of animal domestication. Cow milk was first used as human food in the Middle East. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Goats and sheep were domesticated in the Middle East between 9000 and 8000 BC. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Goats and sheep are ruminants: mammals adapted to survive on a diet of dry grass, a food source otherwise useless to humans, and one that is easily stockpiled. Physiologically a ruminant is a Mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach known Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include The animals were probably first kept for meat and hides, but dairying proved to be a more efficient way of turning uncultivated grasslands into sustenance: the food value of an animal killed for meat can be matched by perhaps one year's worth of milk from the same animal, which will keep producing milk — in convenient daily portions — for years. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Hides are Skins obtained from animals for human use Examples of animal hide sources are Deer and Cattle typically used for producing Leather, Grasslands (also called greenswards) are areas where the Vegetation is dominated by Grasses ( Poaceae) and other Herbaceous (non-woody In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer ^[3]

Around 7000 BC, cattle were being herded in parts of Turkey. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches There is evidence from DNA extraction of skeletons from the Neolithic period that people in the northern Europe could not consume milk as they were missing the necessary genes to process lactose. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Scientists claim it is more likely that the genetic mutation allowing the digestion of milk arose at some point after dairy farming began. ^[4] The use of cheese and butter spread in Europe, parts of Asia and parts of Africa. Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk. Domestic cows, which previously existed throughout much of Eurasia, were then introduced to the colonies of Europe during the Age of exploration. For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored

Milk was first delivered in bottles on January 11, 1878. Milk bottle s are Bottles used for milk They may be reusable Glass Bottles used mainly for doorstep delivery of fresh Milk by milkmen Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The day is now remembered as Milk Day and is celebrated annually. The town of Harvard, Illinois also celebrates milk in the summer with a festival known as Milk Days. Harvard is a city in McHenry County, Illinois, United States. Theirs is a different tradition meant to celebrate dairy farmers in the "Milk Capital of the World. "^[5]

Other animal sources

In addition to cows, the following animals provide milk used by humans for dairy products:

• Sheep (the ewe)
• Goats (the nanny)
• Buffalo
• Horses (the mare)
• Donkeys
• Camels (including the South American camelids)
• Yaks
• Water buffalo
• Reindeer
• Zebra^[6]

In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies also exist. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The donkey or ass, Equus asinus, is a member of the Equidae or horse family and an odd-toed ungulate. Camels are Even-toed ungulates within the Genus Camelus. The Dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel has a single hump and the Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only living family in the suborder Tylopoda. The yak ( Bos grunniens) is a long-haired Bovine found throughout the Himalayan region of south Central Asia, the Qinghai - Zebras are African Equids best known for their distinctive white and black stripes Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Moose milk, also known as elk milk, refers to Milk produced by Alces alces. ^[7] Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of seals contains more than 50% fat. Pinnipeds ("fin-feet" lit "winged feet" or fin-footed mammals are a widely distributed and diverse group of semi-aquatic marine Mammals comprising ^[8]

Whale milk, not used for human consumption, is one of the highest-fat milks, containing up to 50% fat. Whales are marine mammals which are neither Dolphins (ie members of the families Delphinidae or Platanistoidae) nor Porpoises Orcas ^{[9] [10]} The high fat content of whale milk is not a product of cetacean's great size, as guinea pig milk has an average fat content of 46%. The Order Cetacea (sɪˈteɪʃiə L cetus, whale includes Whales Dolphins and Porpoises Cetus is The Guinea pig (also commonly called the cavy after its scientific name Cavia porcellus) is a species of Rodent belonging to the family Caviidae ^[11]

Human milk is not produced or distributed industrially or commercially; however, milk banks exist that allow for the collection of donated human milk and its redistribution to infants who may benefit from human milk for various reasons (premature neonates, babies with allergies or metabolic diseases, etc. Inborn errors of metabolism comprise a large class of genetic Diseases involving disorders of Metabolism. ).

All other female mammals do produce milk, but are rarely or never used to produce dairy products for human consumption.

Modern production

Main article: Dairy farming

Top Ten Milk Producers — 2005 (1000 tonnes)
India	91,940
United States	80,264
China	32,179
Russia	31,144
Pakistan	29,672
Germany	28,487
France	26,133
Brazil	23,455
United Kingdom	14,577
New Zealand	14,500
World Total	372,353
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation

In the Western world today, cow milk is produced on an industrial scale. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family It is by far the most commonly consumed form of milk in the western world. Commercial dairy farming using automated milking equipment produces the vast majority of milk in developed countries. Dairy farming is a class of agricultural, or an Animal husbandry enterprise for long-term production of Milk, which may be either processed on-site or Automatic milking is the milking of Dairy animals without human labour The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Types of cattle such as the Holstein have been specially bred for increased milk production. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The Holstein or Friesian is a Breed of Dairy cow known today as the world's highest production dairy animal According to McGee, 90% of the dairy cows in the United States and 85% in Great Britain are Holsteins (McGee 12). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Other milk cows in the United States include Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Jersey, and Milking Shorthorn. The Ayrshire cattle is a breed of dairy Cattle originated from Ayrshire in Scotland. Brown Swiss is the Breed of Dairy cattle that produces the second largest quantity of Milk per annum over 9000kg thumb|right|500px|Guernsey cattle in [[St Saviour's Guernsey|St Jersey cattle are a small honey-brown breed of Dairy cattle. Originally bred on the British Channel Island of Jersey, the breed is popular for the The Milking Shorthorn is a Breed of dairy cattle that originated in County Durham, Northumberland and Yorkshire in north eastern The largest producers of dairy products and milk today are India followed by the United States^[12] and China. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In India, Amul, a cooperative owned jointly by 2. Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited, formed in 1946 is a Dairy Cooperative movement in India. 6 million small farmers was the engine behind the success of Operation Flood. White Revolution (India redirects here See White Revolution, for movements known by the name in other countries

Price

It was reported in 2007 that with increased world-wide prosperity and the competition of biofuel production for feedstocks, both the demand for and the price of milk had substantially increased world wide. Particularly notable was the rapid increase of consumption of milk in China and the rise of the price of milk in the United States above the government subsidized price. ^[13]

Physical and chemical structure

Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid. An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids A colloid is a type of mechanical Mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another Butterfat or milkfat is the Fatty portion of Milk. Milk and cream are often sold according to the amount of butterfat they contain A Bok globule is a dark cloud of dense dust and gas in which Star formation sometimes takes place Each fat globule is surrounded by a membrane consisting of phospholipids and proteins; these emulsifiers keep the individual globules from joining together into noticeable grains of butterfat and also protect the globules from the fat-digesting activity of enzymes found in the fluid portion of the milk. Phospholipids are a class of Lipids and are a major component of all Biological membranes All phospholipids contain a Diglyceride, a Phosphate An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins In unhomogenized cow milk, the fat globules average about four micrometers across. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are found within the milkfat portion of the milk (McGee 18). Lipophilicity, fat-liking, refers to the ability of a Chemical compound to dissolve in fats oils lipids and non-polar solvents such as Hexane or Vitamin A refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules the Retinoids. Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or See also Tocopherol, Tocotrienol Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of 8 related Tocopherols and Tocotrienols which are fat-soluble Vitamin K (K from "Koagulations-Vitamin" in German Danish Swedish and Norwegian denotes a group of Lipophilic, Hydrophobic Vitamins that

The largest structures in the fluid portion of the milk are casein protein micelles: aggregates of several thousand protein molecules, bonded with the help of nanometer-scale particles of calcium phosphate. See Casein paint for information about casein usage in artistic painting A micelle (rarely micella, plural micelles) is an aggregate of Surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid Colloid. Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of Minerals containing Calcium Ions (Ca2+ together with orthophosphates (PO43- Each micelle is roughly spherical and about a tenth of a micrometer across. There are four different types of casein proteins, and collectively they make up around 80 percent of the protein in milk, by weight. Most of the casein proteins are bound into the micelles. There are several competing theories regarding the precise structure of the micelles, but they share one important feature: the outermost layer consists of strands of one type of protein, kappa-casein, reaching out from the body of the micelle into the surrounding fluid. K-Casein (or Kappa-casein k casein kappa casein is a Mammalian Milk Protein involved in a number of important physiological processes These Kappa-casein molecules all have a negative electrical charge and therefore repel each other, keeping the micelles separated under normal conditions and in a stable colloidal suspension in the water-based surrounding fluid^[14] (McGee 19–20). Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction. A colloid is a type of mechanical Mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another In Chemistry, A suspension is a Heterogenous fluid containing Solid particles that are sufficiently large for Sedimentation.

Both the fat globules and the smaller casein micelles, which are just large enough to deflect light, contribute to the opaque white color of milk. The fat globules contain some yellow-orange carotene, enough in some breeds — Guernsey and Jersey cows, for instance — to impart a golden or "creamy" hue to a glass of milk. thumb|right|500px|Guernsey cattle in [[St Saviour's Guernsey|St Jersey cattle are a small honey-brown breed of Dairy cattle. Originally bred on the British Channel Island of Jersey, the breed is popular for the The riboflavin in the whey portion of milk has a greenish color, which can sometimes be discerned in skim milk or whey products (McGee 17). Riboflavin ( E101) also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed Micronutrient with a key role in maintaining Health Fat-free skim milk has only the casein micelles to scatter light, and they tend to scatter shorter-wavelength blue light more than they do red, giving skim milk a bluish tint. ^[15]

Milk contains dozens of other types of proteins besides the caseins. They are more water-soluble than the caseins and do not form larger structures. Because these proteins remain suspended in the whey left behind when the caseins coagulate into curds, they are collectively known as whey proteins. Whey or milk plasma is the liquid remaining after Milk has been Curdled and strained it is a By-product of the manufacture of Cheese Whey proteins make up around twenty percent of the protein in milk, by weight. Lactoglobulin is the most common whey protein by a large margin (McGee 20–21). β-lactoglobulin is the major Whey protein of Cow 's Milk (~3 g/l and is also present in many other mammalian species a notable exception being humans

The carbohydrate lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes about 40% of whole cow milk's calories. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a Sugar which is found most notably in Milk. Lactose is a composite of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose. Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single sacchar: sugar are the most basic unit of Carbohydrates They consist of one sugar and Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Galactose (Gal (also called brain sugar) is a type of Sugar which is less sweet than Glucose. In nature, lactose is found only in milk and a small number of plants (McGee 17). Other components found in raw cow milk are living white blood cells. Mammary-gland cells, various bacteria, and a large number of active enzymes are some other components in milk (McGee 16). The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins

Processing

In most Western countries, a centralised dairy facility processes milk and products obtained from milk (dairy products), such as cream, butter, and cheese. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Dairy products are generally defined as Foodstuffs produced from Milk. For the 1993 hip-hop single by the Wu-Tang Clan see CREAM CREAM is an acronym for Cognitive Reliability Error Analysis Method a Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk. Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. In the United States, these dairies are usually local companies, while in the southern hemisphere facilities may be run by very large nationwide or trans-national corporations (such as Fonterra). Southern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is South of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' Fonterra is a Multinational New Zealand company and New Zealand's largest company by turnover

Pasteurization

Pasteurization is used to kill harmful microorganisms by heating the milk for a short time and then cooling it for storage and transportation. Pasteurization is the process of heating Liquids for the purpose of destroying bacteria, Protozoa, Molds and Yeasts The process was A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Pasteurized milk is still perishable and must be stored cold by both suppliers and consumers. Dairies print expiration dates on each container, after which stores will remove any unsold milk from their shelves. Inventory is a list for goods and Materials, or those goods and materials themselves held available in stock by a Business. In many countries it is illegal to sell milk that is not pasteurized.

Milk may also be further heated to extend its shelf life through ultra-high temperature treatment (UHT), which allows it to be stored unrefrigerated, or an even longer lasting sterilization process. Shelf life is that length of time that Food, drink Medicine and other perishable items are given before they are considered unsuitable for sale or Ultra-high temperature processing or (less often ultra-heat treatment (both abbreviated UHT) is the partial sterilization of Food by heating Sterilization (or sterilisation, see spelling differences) refers to any process that effectively kills or eliminates transmissible agents (such as Fungi

Creaming and homogenization

Upon standing for 12 to 24 hours, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, low-fat milk layer. For the 1993 hip-hop single by the Wu-Tang Clan see CREAM CREAM is an acronym for Cognitive Reliability Error Analysis Method a The cream is often sold as a separate product with its own uses; today the separation of the cream from the milk is usually accomplished rapidly in centrifugal cream separators. A centrifuge is a piece of equipment generally driven by a motor that puts an object in Rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis The fat globules rise to the top of a container of milk because fat is less dense than water. The smaller the globules, the more other molecular-level forces prevent this from happening. In fact, the cream rises in cow milk much more quickly than a simple model would predict: rather than isolated globules, the fat in the milk tends to form into clusters containing about a million globules, held together by a number of minor whey proteins (McGee 19). These clusters rise faster than individual globules can. The fat globules in milk from goats, sheep, and water buffalo do not form clusters so readily and are smaller to begin with; cream is very slow to separate from these milks (McGee 19). Milk is often homogenized, a treatment which prevents a cream layer from separating out of the milk. Homogenization (or homogenisation) is a term used in many fields such as Chemistry, Agricultural science, Food technology, Sociology The milk is pumped at high pressures through very narrow tubes, breaking up the fat globules through turbulence and cavitation. In Fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic Stochastic property changes Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure ^[16] A greater number of smaller particles possess more total surface area than a smaller number of larger ones, and the original fat globule membranes cannot completely cover them. Surface area is the measure of how much exposed Area an object has Casein micelles are attracted to the newly-exposed fat surfaces; nearly one-third of the micelles in the milk end up participating in this new membrane structure. The casein weighs down the globules and interferes with the clustering that accelerated separation. The exposed fat globules are briefly vulnerable to certain enzymes present in milk, which could break down the fats and produce rancid flavors. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Rancidification is the decomposition of Fats Oils and other Lipids by Hydrolysis or Oxidation, or both To prevent this, the enzymes are inactivated by pasteurizing the milk immediately before or during homogenization. Homogenized milk tastes blander but feels creamier in the mouth than unhomogenized; it is whiter and more resistant to developing off flavors (McGee 23). Creamline, or cream-top, milk is unhomogenized; it may or may not have been pasteurized. Unlike pasteurization, homogenization confers no health or safety benefits to the milk, only the convenience of not needing to shake the bottle oneself.

Nutrition and health

The composition of milk differs widely between species. Factors such as the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules and the strength of the curd are among those than can vary. Butterfat or milkfat is the Fatty portion of Milk. Milk and cream are often sold according to the amount of butterfat they contain Curd is a Dairy product obtained by curdling (coagulating Milk with Rennet or an edible Acidic substance such as Lemon juice ^[17] For example:

• Human milk contains, on average, 1. Breast milk refers to the Milk produced by a mother to feed her baby 1% protein, 4. 2% fat, 7. 0% lactose (a sugar), and supplies 72 kcal of energy per 100 grams. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation.
• Cow milk contains, on average, 3. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family 4% protein, 3. 6% fat, and 4. 6% lactose, and supplies 66 kcal of energy per 100 grams. See also Nutritional benefits further on. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes.

Aquatic mammals, such as seals and whales, produce milk that is very rich in fats and other solid nutrients when compared with land mammals' milk. Pinnipeds ("fin-feet" lit "winged feet" or fin-footed mammals are a widely distributed and diverse group of semi-aquatic marine Mammals comprising Whales are marine mammals which are neither Dolphins (ie members of the families Delphinidae or Platanistoidae) nor Porpoises Orcas

Nutritional value

Cow milk (whole) Nutritional value per 100 g (3. 5 oz)
Energy 60 kcal   250 kJ
Carbohydrates     5. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most 2 g - Sugars  5. 2 g   - Lactose 5. Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a Sugar which is found most notably in Milk. 2 g   Fat 3. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water 25 g - saturated  1. Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs 9 g - monounsaturated  0. For discussion how dietary fats affect cardiovascular health see Diet and heart disease. 8 g   - polyunsaturated  0. In nutrition polyunsaturated fat is an abbreviation of polyunsaturated Fatty acid. 2 g   Protein 3. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl 2 g Water 88 g Vitamin A equiv. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Vitamin A refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules the Retinoids.  28 μg  3% Thiamin (Vit. B1)  0. For the similarly spelled pyrimidine see Thymine Thiamin or thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1 04 mg   3% Riboflavin (Vit. B2)  0. Riboflavin ( E101) also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed Micronutrient with a key role in maintaining Health 18 mg   12% Vitamin B12  0. 44 μg   18% Vitamin D  40 IU 20% Calcium  113 mg 11% Magnesium  10 mg 3%  Potassium  143 mg   3%
100 ml corresponds to 103 g. Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 [18] Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient Source: USDA Nutrient database

Processed milk began containing differing amounts of fat during the 1950s. A serving (1 cup or 250 ml) of 2%-fat milk contains 285 mg of calcium, which represents 22% to 29% of the daily recommended intake (DRI) of calcium for an adult. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 The Dietary Reference Intake (or DRI is a system of Nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM of the US National Academy of Sciences Depending on the age, 8 grams of protein, and a number of other nutrients (either naturally or through fortification):

• Vitamins D and K are essential for bone health. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or Vitamin K (K from "Koagulations-Vitamin" in German Danish Swedish and Norwegian denotes a group of Lipophilic, Hydrophobic Vitamins that
• Iodine is a mineral essential for thyroid function. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body
• Vitamin B12 and riboflavin are necessary for cardiovascular health and energy production. Riboflavin ( E101) also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed Micronutrient with a key role in maintaining Health
• Biotin and pantothenic acid are B vitamins important for energy production. Vitamin H redirects here In medical slang "vitamin H" may also refer to Haloperidol. Pantothenic acid, also called Vitamin B5 (a B vitamin) is a water- Soluble vitamin required to sustain life ( The B vitamins are eight water-soluble Vitamins that play important roles in cell Metabolism.
• Vitamin A is critical for immune function. Vitamin A refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules the Retinoids. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor
• Potassium and magnesium are for cardiovascular health. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24
• Selenium is a cancer-preventive trace mineral. Selenium (səˈliniəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic number 34 represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78 Dietary minerals are the Chemical elements required by living Organisms other than the four elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and
• Thiamine is a B-vitamin important for cognitive function, especially memory. For the similarly spelled pyrimidine see Thymine Thiamin or thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1 Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought

The amount of calcium from milk that is absorbed by the human body is disputed. ^[19][20] Calcium from dairy products has a greater bioavailability than calcium from certain vegetables, such a spinach, that contain high levels of calcium-chelating agents. In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of Chelation is the binding or complexation of a bi- or multidentate Ligand. ^[21] However, "the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that calcium absorbability was actually higher for kale [and similar leafy greens] than from milk," citing the calcium leeching effects of the high amounts of protein in milk as one possible cause^[22].

Medical research

Studies show possible links between low-fat milk consumption and reduced risk of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, colorectal cancer and obesity. Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated Coronary disease (or coronary heart disease) refers to the failure of Coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to Cardiac muscle and surrounding Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected Overweight individuals who drink milk may benefit from decreased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is the condition in which normal amounts of Insulin are inadequate to produce a normal Insulin response from Fat, Muscle Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc ^[23] One study has shown that for women desiring to have a child, those who consume full fat dairy products may actually slightly increase their fertility, while those consuming low fat dairy products may slightly reduce their fertility due to interference with ovulation. However, studies in this area are still inconsistent. ^[24] Milk is a source of Conjugated linoleic acid, a fatty acid that inhibits several types of cancer in mice. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA are a family of at least 13 Isomers of Linoleic acid found especially in the Meat and Dairy products derived from In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which It has been shown to kill human skin cancer, colorectal cancer and breast cancer cells in vitro studies, and may help lower cholesterol and prevent atherosclerosis; only available in milk from grass-fed cows. Skin cancer is a Malignant growth on the Skin which can have many causes Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes Cancerous growths in the colon, Rectum and Breast cancer is a Cancer that starts in the cells of the Breast in women and men Different cattle feeding production systems have separate advantages and disadvantages

Other studies suggest that milk consumption may increase the risk of suffering from certain health problems. Milk contains casein, a substance that breaks down in the human stomach to produce casomorphin, an opioid peptide. See Casein paint for information about casein usage in artistic painting Casomorphins are Peptides, ie protein fragments derived from the digestion of milk protein Opioid Peptides are short sequences of Amino acids which mimic the effect of Opiates in the Brain. In the early 1990s it was hypothesized that casomorphin can cause or aggravate autism,^[25][26] and casein-free diets are widely promoted. Language development. The terminology A gluten-free casein-free diet (or GFCF diet) eliminates intake of the naturally-occurring proteins Gluten (found naturally in Wheat, Barley, Studies supporting these claims have had significant flaws, and the data are inadequate to guide autism treatment recommendations. ^[27] Cow milk allergy (CMA) is as an immunologically mediated adverse reaction to one or more cow milk proteins. Rarely is it severe enough to cause death. ^[28] Studies described in the book The China Study note a correlation between casein intake and the promotion of cancer cell growth when exposed to carcinogens. The China Study (ISBN 1-932100-38-5 is a 2005 book by T Colin Campbell of Nutritional Biochemistry at Cornell University, and one of the directors of the China However other studies have shown whey protein offers a protective effect against colon cancer. ^[29]

A study demonstrated that men, and to some degree women, who drink a large amount of milk and consume dairy products were at a slightly increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's ^[30] The reason behind this is not fully understood, and it also remains unclear why there is less of a risk for women. ^[31][32] Several sources suggest a correlation between high calcium intake (2000 mg per day, or twice the US recommended daily allowance, equivalent to six or more glasses of milk per day) and prostate cancer. The Dietary Reference Intake (or DRI is a system of Nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM of the US National Academy of Sciences ^[33] A large study specifically implicates dairy. ^[34] A review published by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research states that at least eleven human population studies have linked excessive dairy product consumption and prostate cancer,^[35] however randomized clinical trial data with appropriate controls only exists for calcium, not dairy produce, where there was no correlation. The World Cancer Research Fund ( WCRF) also known as World Cancer Research Fund International is a Cancer research Umbrella organization based in The American Institute for Cancer Research ( AICR) is a large American Cancer research organization associated with the World Cancer Research Fund A randomized controlled trial (RCT is a type of scientific Experiment most commonly used in testing the Efficacy or Effectiveness of Healthcare ^[36] Medical studies have also shown a possible link between milk consumption and the exacerbation of diseases such as Crohn’s Disease,^[37] Hirschsprung's disease–mimicking symptoms in babies with existing cow milk allergies,^[38] severe gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants and children hypersenstitive to milk, and the aggravation of Behçet's disease. ^[39]

Since November 1993, with FDA approval, Monsanto has been selling recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST)--or rBGH--to dairy farmers. The Monsanto Company ( is a multinational Agricultural biotechnology Corporation. Bovine somatotropin (abbreviated bST and BST) is a protein hormone produced in the Pituitary glands of Cattle. Additional bovine growth hormone is administered to cattle in order to increase their milk production. Though the hormone also naturally fosters liver production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), when it is consumed . Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1 that was once called somatomedin C is a Polypeptide Protein Hormone similar in Molecular structure The deposit thereof in the milk of rBGH-affected cattle has been the source of concern; however, all milk contains IGF1 since all milking cows produce bovine growth hormone naturally. The IGF1 in milk from rBGH-affected cattle does not vary from the range normally found in a non-supplemented cow. ^[40] Elevated levels of IGF1 in human blood has been linked to increased rates of breast, colon, and prostate cancer by stimulating their growth,^[41][42]. Some studies have linked breast and prostate cancer with milk consumption ^{[43] [44]}. The EU has recommended against Monsanto milk. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in ^[45] In addition, the cows receiving rBGH supplements may more frequently contract an udder infection known as mastitis. Mastitis is the Inflammation of the Parenchyma of the Mammary gland ( Breast in Primates Udder in other mammals ^[46] This causes farmers of rBST-treated cows to use use increased levels of antibiotics on cows, contributing to human antibiotic resistance^[47]. Furthermore, not all rBST is digested by cows, so rBST is present in cow milk, resulting in possible immunological effects on humans^[48]. Milk from rBGH-affected cattle is banned in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan due to the mastitis problems. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. On June 9, 2006 the largest milk processor in the world and the two largest supermarkets in the United States--Dean Foods, Wal-Mart, and Kroger--announced that they are "on a nationwide search for rBGH-free milk. June 2006 was a month with thirty days The following events also occurred during the month Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good Dean Foods is the largest dairy processor and distributor in the world Wal-Mart Stores Inc (or Walmart as written in its new logo is an American public corporation that runs a chain of large discount department stores The Kroger Co ( is an American Retail Supermarket chain and Parent company, founded by Bernard Henry Kroger in 1883 in Cincinnati "^[49] The FDA claims that no study has indicated that consumption of rBST-produced milk increases IGF1 levels, nor has any study demonstrated an increased risk of any disease between those consuming rBST and non-rBST produced milk, though studies by the Cancer Prevention Coalition and the American Dietetic Association have found increased IGF-1 levels in rBST-treated cows and increased cancer risk among milk drinkers^{[50] [51]}. In 1994, the FDA stated that no significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rBST-treated and non-rBST-treated cows, and that no test exists which can differentiate between milk from rBST-treated and non-rBST treated cows. ^[52]

Milk may contain varying levels of white blood cells depending upon the health of the source animals, according to guidelines set up by the Food and Drug Administration and statistics reported by the dairy industry. ^[53][54] Although not considered a human health issue by most authorities, elevated white blood cell levels indicate an immune response by cattle, due in part to mastitis. Mastitis is the Inflammation of the Parenchyma of the Mammary gland ( Breast in Primates Udder in other mammals ^[55] There are concerns regarding the transmission of bovine paratubeculosis through somatic cells to humans,^[56] but the evidence is largely inconclusive.

Some studies indicate little or no relationship between milk consumption and bone density^{[57][58][59][60][61][62]}. Other studies^[63][64][65] and international correlation between increased calcium intake and increased bone fracture ^[66][67][68] suggest that drinking milk may contribute to osteoporosis, though other studies ^[69][70][71] demonstrate that milk consumption prevents osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. According to the Harvard School of Public Health, most studies on milk and osteoporosis have been relatively short term, so the connection between milk consumption and osteoporosis is inconclusive^[72].

Lactose intolerance

Main article: lactose intolerance

Lactose, the disaccharide sugar component of all milk must be cleaved in the small intestine by the enzyme lactase in order for its constituents (galactose and glucose) to be absorbed. Lactose intolerance is the inability to metabolize Lactose, a sugar found in Milk and other Dairy products because the required enzyme Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a Sugar which is found most notably in Milk. A disaccharide is a Sugar (a Carbohydrate) composed of two Monosaccharides 'Disaccharide' is one of the four chemical groupings of carbohydrates ( Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Lactase (LCT a part of the β-galactosidase family of Enzymes is a Glycoside hydrolase involved in the Hydrolysis Galactose (Gal (also called brain sugar) is a type of Sugar which is less sweet than Glucose. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. The production of this enzyme declines significantly after weaning in all mammals including humans. Weaning is the process of gradually introducing a Mammal Infant, either human or animal to what will be its adult diet and withdrawing the supply of its mother's Once lactase levels have decreased sufficiently, consumption of small amounts of lactose can cause diarrhea, intestinal gas, cramps and bloating, as the undigested lactose travels through the gastrointestinal tract and serves as nourishment for intestinal microflora who excrete gas in the process of anaerobic respiration. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Flatulence is the production of a mixture of gases in the digestive tract of Mammals that are byproducts of the digestion process Cramps, sometimes called Charley horses are unpleasant often painful sensations caused by contraction or over shortening of Muscles Cramps can be caused by cold Bloating is any abnormal general Swelling, or increase in diameter of the abdominal area The gut flora are the Microorganisms that normally live in the Digestive tract and can perform a number of useful functions for their hosts Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials See also Fermentation (biochemistry Anaerobic respiration (anaerobiosis refers to the Oxidation of molecules in the absence of Oxygen to produce

Nutrition - comparison by animal source

Milk Composition Analysis, per 100 grams

Constituents	unit	Cow	Goat	Sheep	Water Buffalo
Water	g	87. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe 8	88. 9	83. 0	81. 1
Protein	g	3. 2	3. 1	5. 4	4. 5
Fat	g	3. 9	3. 5	6. 0	8. 0
Carbohydrate	g	4. 8	4. 4	5. 1	4. 9
Energy	kcal	66	60	95	110
	kJ	275	253	396	463
Sugars (Lactose)	g	4. 8	4. 4	5. 1	4. 9
Fatty Acids:
Saturated	g	2. 4	2. 3	3. 8	4. 2
Mono-unsaturated	g	1. 1	0. 8	1. 5	1. 7
Polyunsaturated	g	0. 1	0. 1	0. 3	0. 2
Cholesterol	mg	14	10	11	8
Calcium	IU	120	100	170	195

Source: McCane, Widdowson, Scherz, Kloos. [1]

These compositions vary by breed, animal, and point in the lactation period. Jersey cows produce milk of about 5. Jersey cattle are a small honey-brown breed of Dairy cattle. Originally bred on the British Channel Island of Jersey, the breed is popular for the 2% fat, Zebu cows produce milk of about 4. Zebus ( Bos primigenius indicus) sometimes known as 'humped Cattle ' or 'indicus' cattle are a type of cattle better-adapted to tropical environments 7% fat, Brown Swiss cows produce milk of about 4. Brown Swiss is the Breed of Dairy cattle that produces the second largest quantity of Milk per annum over 9000kg 0% fat, and Holstein-Friesian cows produce milk of about 3. The Holstein or Friesian is a Breed of Dairy cow known today as the world's highest production dairy animal 6% fat. The protein range for these four breeds is 3. 3% to 3. 9%, while the lactose range is 4. 7% to 4. 9%. ^[73]

Milk fat percentages in all dairy breeds vary according to digestible fibre, starch and oil intakes^[74], and can therefore be manipulated by dairy farmers' diet formulation strategies. Dairy Cattle, generally of the species Bos taurus, are Domesticated Animals bred to produce large quantities of Milk Mastitis infection can cause fat levels to decline. ^[75]

Varieties and brands

See also: Fat content of milk and Milk bottle top

Milk products are sold in a number of varieties based on types/degrees of

• mammal (e. The fat content of Milk is the proportion of milk made up by Butterfat. A milk bottle top is a lid to a Milk bottle. Unlike the lids to most other food and drink containers Milk bottle tops are systematically colour-coded to signify g. cow, goat, sheep),
• homogenization (e. g raw milk),
• sterilization (e. g. pasteurization),
• fat content (e. g. half and half),
• water content (e. g. dry milk),
• additives (e. g. vitamins),
• flavoring (e. g chocolate),
• fermentation (e. g. buttermilk),
• coagulation (e. g. cottage cheese),
• age (e. g. cheddar),
• packaging (e. g bottle), and
• farming method (e. g. organic, grass-fed).

Organic Milk (in the United States) or Bio-Milk & Biologique Milk (in Europe) is milk produced without the use of chemical herbicides or pesticides, and generally with more natural fertilizers and higher standards for the animals, and is now easy to find on the shelves in many areas. Demeter certified milk is produced with Biodynamic agriculture methods and is similar in standards to organic milk and biological milk, with a few special farm procedures added that are biodynamic-specific. Demeter International is the largest certification organization for Biodynamic agriculture, and is one of three predominant organic certifiers Biodynamic agriculture, a method of Organic farming that has its basis in a spiritual world-view ( Anthroposophy, first propounded by Rudolf Steiner) treats

Cow milk is generally available in several varieties according to approximate butterfat content. Butterfat or milkfat is the Fatty portion of Milk. Milk and cream are often sold according to the amount of butterfat they contain See fat content of milk. The fat content of Milk is the proportion of milk made up by Butterfat.

Additives and flavoring

In countries where the cattle (and often the people) live indoors, commercially sold milk commonly has vitamin D added to it to make up for lack of exposure to UVB radiation. Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays

Reduced fat milks often have added vitamin A to compensate for the loss of the vitamin during fat removal; in the United States this results in reduced fat milks having a higher vitamin A content than whole milk. Vitamin A refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules the Retinoids. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[76]

To aid digestion in those with lactose intolerance, milk is available in some areas with added bacterial cultures such as Lactobacillus acidophilus ("acidophilus milk") and bifidobacteria ("a/B milk"). Lactose intolerance is the inability to metabolize Lactose, a sugar found in Milk and other Dairy products because the required enzyme Lactobacillus acidophilus is one Species in the genus Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus acidophilus is one Species in the genus Lactobacillus. Bifidobacterium is a Genus of Gram-positive, non-motile often branched anaerobic Bacteria. ^[77] Another milk with Lactococcus lactis bacteria cultures ("cultured buttermilk") is often used in cooking to replace the traditional use of naturally soured milk, which has become rare due to the ubiquity of pasteurization which kills the naturally occurring lactococcus bacteria. Lactococcus lactis is a Gram-positive bacteria used extensively in the production of Buttermilk and Cheese. Buttermilk is a Fermented dairy product produced from Cow's milk with a characteristically sour taste Fermented milk products|Souring Soured milk is a food product distinguished from spoiled Milk, and is a general term for milk that has acquired a tart taste either through ^[78]

Milk often has flavoring added to it for better taste or as a means of improving sales. Alternate meanings Seasoning (cast iron; Seasoning (wood; Seasoning (slave Seasoning is the process of imparting or improving Chocolate flavored milk has been sold for many years and has been followed more recently by such other flavors as strawberry and banana. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree Flavored milk is a sweetened Dairy drink made with Milk, Sugar, colorings and artificial or natural Flavorings Flavored milk is

South Australia has the highest consumption of flavored milk per person in the world, where Farmers Union Iced Coffee outsells Coca-Cola, a success shared only by Inca Kola in Peru and Irn-Bru in Scotland. South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country Farmer's Union Iced Coffee is a flavoured Milk drink popular in Australia, primarily the States of South Australia and Tasmania made by Farmer's Union under Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries Inca Kola also known as Inca Cola or the Golden Kola is a Soft drink made in Peru. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Irn-Bru (pronounced iron brew ˈaɪɚn ˈbruː is a popular carbonated Soft drink produced in Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

Switzerland has a soft drink based on milk that tastes and looks much like SevenUp. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation This popular "milk-cola", named Rivella, is in fact the national soft drink and even comes complete in low calorie & low sugar varieties. Rivella is a soft drink from Switzerland, created by Robert Barth in 1952, which is produced from Milk plasma, and therefore includes ingredients In spite of what might be expected, it does not taste like milk.

Distribution

Because milk spoils so easily, it should, ideally, be distributed as quickly as possible. In many countries milk used to be delivered to households daily, but economic pressure has made milk delivery much less popular, and in many areas daily delivery is no longer available. People buy it chilled at grocery or convenience stores or similar retail outlets. Prior to the widespread use of plastics, milk was sold in wax-coated paper containers; prior to that milk was often distributed to consumers in glass bottles; and before glass bottles, in bulk that was ladled into the customer's container. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many

In the UK, milk can be delivered daily by a milkman who travels his local milk round (route) using a battery-powered milk float during the early hours. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the occupation of milk delivery For the Phranc album see Milkman (album. The Milk round is the term commonly used in the UK to describe the phenomenon of companies touring universities each year in order to advertise their opportunities and recruit A milk float is a small Battery electric vehicle (BEV specifically designed for the delivery of fresh Milk. Milk is delivered in 1 pint glass bottles with aluminium foil tops. A pint glass is a drinking vessel made to hold either a British pint of 20 Fluid ounces (an " imperial pint" or an American pint of WikipediaManual of Style#National varieties of English --> Aluminium foil (known Silver top denotes full cream unhomogenized; red top full cream homogenized; red/silver top semi-skimmed; blue/silver check top skimmed; and gold top channel island.

Empty bottles are rinsed before being left outside for the milkman to collect and take back to the dairy for washing and reuse. Currently many milkmen operate franchises as opposed to being employed by the dairy and payment is made at regular intervals, by leaving a check; by cash collection; or direct debit. Direct debit or direct withdrawal is a Payment system that allows an organisation to instruct their bank to collect varying amounts directly from customers' accounts

Although there was a steep decline in doorstep delivery sales throughout the 1990s, the service is still prominent, as dairies have diversified and the service is becoming more popular again. The doorstep delivery of milk is seen as part of the UK's heritage, and is relied upon by people up and down the country.

In New Zealand, milk is no longer distributed in glass bottles. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island In rural India, milk is delivered daily by a local milkman carrying bulk quantities in a metal container, usually on a bicycle; and in other parts of metropolitan India, milk is usually bought or delivered in a plastic bags or cartons via-shops or supermarkets. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

In the United States bottles were replaced with milk cartons, which are tall paper boxes with a square cross-section and a peaked top that can be folded outward upon opening to form a spout. Carton is the name of certain types of containers typically made from Paperboard which is also sometimes known as "cardboard" Now milk is increasingly sold in plastic bottles. First the gallon and half-gallon sizes were sold in plastic jugs while the smaller sizes were sold in milk cartons. Recently milk has been sold in smaller resealable bottles made to fit in automobile cup holders. A cup holder is a device to hold a cup or other drinking vessel

The half-pint milk carton is the traditional unit as a component of school lunches. In the U. S. , pictures of missing children were printed on the larger milk cartons as a public service until it was determined that this was disturbing to children. Child abduction is the abduction or kidnapping of a Child (or Baby) by an older person

Milk preserved by the UHT process is sold in cartons often called a brick that lack the peak of the traditional milk carton. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ultra-high temperature processing or (less often ultra-heat treatment (both abbreviated UHT) is the partial sterilization of Food by heating Ultra-high temperature processing or (less often ultra-heat treatment (both abbreviated UHT) is the partial sterilization of Food by heating Milk preserved in this fashion does not need to be refrigerated before opening and has a longer shelf life than milk in ordinary packaging. It is more typically sold unrefrigerated on the shelves in Europe than in America.

Glass milk containers are now rare. Most people purchase milk in bags, plastic jugs or waxed-paper cartons. Ultraviolet light from fluorescent lighting can alter the flavor of milk, so many companies that once distributed milk in transparent or highly translucent containers are now using thicker materials that block the UV light. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor. In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing Many people feel that such "UV protected" milk tastes better.

Milk comes in a variety of containers with local variants:

• Australia and New Zealand: Distributed in a variety of sizes, most commonly in aseptic cartons for up to 1 litres, and plastic screw-top bottles beyond that with the following volumes; 1. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Aseptic processing is the process by which a sterile ( Aseptic) product (typically Food or pharmaceutical is packaged in a sterile container in a way which maintains 1L, 2L, and 3L. 1 litre Bags are starting to appear in supermarkets, but have not yet proved popular. Most UHT-milk is packed in 1 or 2 litre paper containers with a sealed plastic spout.
• Brazil: Used to be sold in cooled 1 litre bags, just like in South Africa. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Nowadays the most common form is 1 litre aseptic cartons containing UHT skimmed, semi-skimmed or whole milk, although the plastic bags are still in use.
• Canada: 1. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 33 litre plastic bags (sold as 4 litres in 3 bags) are widely available in some areas (especially Ontario and Québec), although the 4 litre plastic jug has supplanted them in western Canada. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Western Canada, commonly referred to as the West, is a region of Canada normally including all parts of Canada west of the province Other common packaging sizes are 2 litre, 1 litre, 500 millilitre, and 250 millilitre cartons, as well as 4 litre, 1 litre, 250 mL aseptic cartons and 500 millilitre plastic jugs. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume.
• China: Sweetened milk is a drink popular with students of all ages and is often sold in small plastic bags complete with straw. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Adults not wishing to drink at a banquet often drink milk served from cartons or milk tea.
• Parts of Europe: Sizes of 500 millilitres, 1 litre (the most common), 2 litres and 3 litres are commonplace.
• Hong Kong - milk is sold in glass bottles (220 mL), cartons (236 mL and 1L), plastic jugs (2 litres) and aseptic cartons (250 mL). Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders
• India: Commonly sold in 500 mL plastic bags. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country It is still customary to serve the milk boiled, despite pasteurization. Milk is often buffalo milk. Flavored milk is sold in most convenience stores in waxed cardboard containers. Convenience stores also sell many varieties of milk (such as flavored and ultra-pasteurized) in different sizes, usually in aseptic cartons.
• Indonesia: Usually sold in 1 litre cartons, but smaller, snack-sized cartons are available. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.
• Israel: Non-UHT milk is most commonly sold in 1 litre waxed cardboard boxes and 1 litre plastic bags. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. It may also be found in 0. 5L and 2L waxed cardboard boxes, 2L plastic jugs and 1L plastic bottles. UHT milk is available in 1 litre (and less commonly also in 0. 25L) carton "bricks".
• Japan: Commonly sold in 1 litre waxed cardboard boxes. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In most city centers there is also home delivery of milk in glass jugs. Delivery is the process of transporting Goods. Most goods are delivered through a transportation network. As seen in China, sweetened and flavored milk drinks are very popular to see in vending machines. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National A vending machine is a machine that provides various snacks beverages and other products to consumers
• South Africa: Commonly sold in 1 litre bags. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured.
• South Korea: sold in cartons (180mL, 200mL, 500mL 900mL, 1L, 1. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː 8L, 2. 3L), plastic jugs (100Ml and 1. 8L), aseptic cartons (180mL and 200mL) and plastic bags (100mL).
• Poland: UHT milk is mostly sold in aseptic cartons (500mL, 1L, 2L), and non-UHT in 1L plastic bags or plastic bottles. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Milk, UHT is commonly boiled, despite being pasteurized.
• Turkey: Commonly sold in 500 mL or 1L cartons or special plastic bottles. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches UHT milk is more popular. Milkmen also serve in smaller towns and villages.
• United Kingdom: Most stores still stock Imperial sizes: 1 pint (568 mL), 2 pints (1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824 136 L), 4 pints (2. 273 L), 6 pints (3. 408 L) or a combination including both metric and imperial sizes. Glass milk bottles delivered to the doorstep by the milkman are typically pint-sized and are returned empty by the householder for repeated reuse. Reuse is using an item more than once This includes conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function and new-life reuse where it is used for a new function Milk is also sold at supermarkets in either aseptic cartons or HDPE bottles. Milk can still be legally sold by the Imperial pint in reusable bottles in the UK under EU regulations (a distinction only shared with beer and cider), whilst a growing number of manufacturers such as Northern Foods now sell milk in 1 and 2 litre bottles. Reuse is using an item more than once This includes conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function and new-life reuse where it is used for a new function Northern Foods plc ( is a British food manufacturer headquartered in Leeds in the north of England.
• United States: Commonly sold in gallon, half-gallon and quart containers (U.S. customary units) of rigid plastic or, occasionally for sizes less than a gallon, waxed cardboard, although bottles made of opaque PET are starting to become more commonplace in all smaller sizes. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A gallon is a measure of Volume. It is in current use in the United States and still has limited use in many other English-speaking countries The quart is an imperial and US customary unit of Volume equal to a quarter of a Gallon. US customary units, also known in the United States as English units or Imperial units (in reference to the British Empire) (but see English Uses PET can be semi-rigid to rigid depending on its thickness and is very lightweight The US single-serving size is usually the half-pint (about 240 ml). Occasionally dairies will deliver milk straight to customers in coolers filled with glass bottles (usually half-gallon). Some convenience store chains in the United States (such as Kwik Trip in the Midwest) sell milk in 1/2 gallon bags. A convenience store is a small store or shop. They are often located alongside busy roads or at gas/petrol stations. Kwik Trip / Kwik Star is a chain of convenience stores founded in 1965 with locations throughout Wisconsin and southeast Minnesota under the name Kwik Trip
• Uruguay: Commonly sold in 1 litre bags. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured.

Practically everywhere, condensed milk and evaporated milk is distributed in metal cans, 250 and 125 ml paper containers and 100 and 200 mL squeeze tubes, and powdered milk (skim and whole) is distributed in boxes or bags. Condensed milk, also known as sweetened condensed milk, is cow's milk from which Water has been removed and to which Sugar has been added yielding Powdered milk is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating Milk to dryness.

Spoilage and fermented milk products

When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns "sour". Raw milk is Milk that has not been Pasteurized or Homogenized. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses This is the result of fermentation, where lactic acid bacteria ferment the lactose inside the milk into lactic acid. Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions The Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB comprise a Clade of Gram positive, low- G[[Cytosine C]] acid tolerant non-sporulating non-respiring rod or cocci that are Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a Sugar which is found most notably in Milk. Lactic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid) also known as milk acid, is a Chemical compound that plays a role Prolonged fermentation may render the milk unpleasant to consume. This fermentation process is exploited by the introduction of bacterial cultures (e. g. Lactobacilli sp. Lactobacillus is a Genus of Gram-positive Facultative anaerobic or Microaerophilic Bacteria. , Streptococcus sp. Streptococcus is a Genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the , Leuconostoc sp. Leuconostoc is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, placed within the family of Leuconostocaceae. , etc) to produce a variety of fermented milk products. Fermented milk products, also known as cultured dairy foods, cultured dairy products, or cultured milk products, are dairy foods that have been fermented The reduced pH from lactic acid accumulation denatures proteins and caused the milk to undergo a variety of different transformations in appearance and texture, ranging from an aggregate to smooth consistency. Some of these products include sour cream, yoghurt, cheese, buttermilk, viili, kefir and kumis. Sour cream is a Dairy product rich in Fats obtained by fermenting a regular Cream by certain kinds of Lactic acid bacteria. Yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourt, youghurt or yogourt (see spelling below is a Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Buttermilk is a Fermented dairy product produced from Cow's milk with a characteristically sour taste Viilian redirects here "Villian" is also a frequent misspelling of the term " Villain " For the Islamic term see Kaffir. Kefir (alternately keefir, kephir, kewra, talai, mudu kekiya Kumis ( Turkish:kımız Mongolian:airag is a fermented dairy product traditionally made from mare's milk See Dairy product for more information. Dairy products are generally defined as Foodstuffs produced from Milk.

Pasteurization of cow milk initially destroys any potential pathogens and increases the shelf-life ^[79][80], but eventually results in spoilage that makes it unsuitable for consumption. Pasteurization is the process of heating Liquids for the purpose of destroying bacteria, Protozoa, Molds and Yeasts The process was This causes it to assume an unpleasant odor, and the milk is deemed non-consumable due to unpleasant taste and an increased risk of food poisoning. Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food In raw milk, the presence of lactic acid-producing bacteria, under suitable conditions, ferments the lactose present to lactic acid. Lactic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid) also known as milk acid, is a Chemical compound that plays a role The increasing acidity in turn prevents the growth of other organisms, or slows their growth significantly. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are During pasteurization however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed.

In order to prevent spoilage, milk can be kept refrigerated and stored between 1 and 4 degrees Celsius in bulk tanks. A refrigerator (often called a " fridge " for short is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a Heat pump - The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. In Dairy farming a bulk milk cooling tank is a large storage tank for cooling and holding milk at a cold temperature until it can be picked up by a milk hauler Most milk is pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerated to allow transport from factory farms to local markets. Pasteurization is the process of heating Liquids for the purpose of destroying bacteria, Protozoa, Molds and Yeasts The process was A refrigerator (often called a " fridge " for short is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a Heat pump - Factory farming is the practice of raising Farm animals in confinement at high stocking density where a farm operates as a Factory &mdash a practice typical in The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment; milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened. Ultra-high temperature processing or (less often ultra-heat treatment (both abbreviated UHT) is the partial sterilization of Food by heating Sterilized milk, which is heated for a much longer period of time, will last even longer, but also loses more nutrients and assume a different taste. Condensed milk, made by removing most of the water, can be stored in cans for many years, unrefrigerated, as can evaporated milk. Condensed milk, also known as sweetened condensed milk, is cow's milk from which Water has been removed and to which Sugar has been added yielding Evaporated milk, also known as dehydrated milk is a Shelf-stable canned Milk product with about 60% of the water removed from fresh The most durable form of milk is milk powder, which is produced from milk by removing almost all water. Powdered milk is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating Milk to dryness. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. The moisture content is usually less than five percent in both drum and spray dried milk powder. Water content or moisture content is the quantity of Water contained in a material such as Soil (called soil moisture) rock, Powdered milk is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating Milk to dryness.

Language and culture

The importance of milk in human culture is attested to by the numerous expressions embedded in our languages, for example "the milk of human kindness". In ancient Greek mythology, the goddess Hera spilled her breast milk after refusing to feed Heracles, resulting in the Milky Way. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance A goddess is a Female Deity. Many Cultures have goddesses Often deities are part of a polytheistic system that includes several deities In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer The breast is the upper Ventral region of an animal’s Torso, particularly that of Mammals including Human beings. In Greek mythology, Heracles or Herakles ("glory of Hera " or The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply

In African and Asian developing nations, butter is traditionally made from fermented milk rather than cream. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk. It can take several hours of churning to produce workable butter grains from fermented milk. ^[81]

Holy books have also mentioned milk; the Bible contains references to the Land of Milk and Honey. In the Quran, there is a request to wonder on milk as follows: 'And surely in the livestock there is a lesson for you, We give you to drink of that which is in their bellies from the midst of digested food and blood, pure milk palatable for the drinkers. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran '(16-The Honeybee, 66). The Ramadhan fast is traditionally broken with a glass of milk and dates.

The verb, "to milk" something is often used in the vernacular of many English-speaking countries as a synonym for extortion or, in less loaded terms, taking advantage of a situation where one has another person at a disadvantage,

See also

Bovine somatotropin Fat content of milk Babcock test (determines the butterfat content of milk) Grain milk Milk bottle Powdered milk Raw milk Got Milk? (US ad campaign encouraging the consumption of milk)

Cheese Operation Flood Mammary gland Lactation Breastfeeding Nipple Breast Milk line

Notes

References

• McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking (Revised Edition). Scribner. ISBN 0-684-80001-2.  
• Introduction to Dairy Science and Technology: Milk History, Consumption, Production, and Composition
• Milk
• Inoformation on milk by Parmalat
• Milk Notes

External links

• Harvard School of Public Health: Calcium and Milk: describes claims of milk supporters and critics

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