Militia (Russian: мили́ция, IPA: [mʲi'lʲitsɨja]; Ukrainian: мiлiцiя; Belarusian: мiлíцыя; Bulgarian: милиция; Polish: milicja; Romanian: miliţia; Slovenian: milica; Serbo-Croat: milicija/милиција; Macedonian: милиција) was used as a short official name of the police in several former communist states, despite its original military connotation (see: Militia). Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system Military terminology refers to the terms and language of Military organizations and Personnel as belonging to a discrete category as distinguishable by The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service
The term was used in the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact countries (for example Milicja Obywatelska in the PR Poland), but also in the Non-Aligned Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. Milicja Obywatelska ( Citizens' Militia or Civic Militia) was a state Police institution in People's Republic of Poland. The People's Republic of Poland or Polish People's Republic ( Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL Russian The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: It was inherited by some former Soviet states, such as Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east
Considering etymology of the term and the distinctive local features, the militsiya should be considered a distinct kind of regional policing system, not just a translation of the English "police". Militsiya forces in all post-Soviet countries share similar traditions, tactics and methods, although the differences are increasing over time.
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Name and status
The name originates from early Soviet history, when the Bolsheviks intended to associate their new law enforcement authority with the self-organization of the people and to distinguish it from the "bourgeois class protecting" police. The History of the Soviet Union has roots in the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Originally militsiya was created in 1917 under the official name: the Workers' and Peasants' Militsiya. Eventually, it was replaced by Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russian: МВД, MVD; Ukrainian: МВС, MVS; Belorussian: МУС, MUS), which is now the official full name for the militsiya forces in the respective countries. Its regional branches are officially called Departments of Internal Affairs—city department of internal affairs, raion department of internal affairs, oblast department of internal affairs, etc. For the manufactured regenerated fiber see Rayon A raion (or rayon) (райо́н ra'jon rayon раён რაიონი Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division The Russian term for a raion department is "ОВД" ("Отдел/Отделение внутренних дел"), for region department is "УВД" ("Управление внутренних дел") or, sometimes, "ГУВД" ("Главное управление внутренних дел"), same for national republics is "МВД" ("Министерство внутренних дел").
Functionally, Ministries of Internal Affairs are mostly police agencies. Their functions and organization differ significantly from similarly named departments in Western countries, which are usually civil executive bodies headed by politicians and responsible for many other tasks as well as the supervision of law enforcement. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. The Soviet and successor MVDs have usually been headed by a militsiya general and predominantly consist of service personnel, with civil employees only filling auxiliary posts. Although such ministers are members of the respective country's cabinet, they usually do not report to the prime minister and parliament, but only to the president. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. Local militsiya departments are subordinated to their regional departments, having little accountability before local authorities.
Internal affairs units within the militsiya itself are usually called "internal security" departments.
The official names of particular militsiya bodies and services in post-Soviet countries are usually very complicated, hence the use of the short term militsiya. Laws usually refer to police just as militsiya. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society
The short term for a police officer (regardless of gender) is militsioner (Russian: милиционер, Ukrainian: мiлiцiонер). Slang terms for militsioner include ment (plural: менты, menty) and musor (plural: мусора, musora). Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. Although the latter word is offensive (it literally means "trash" or "garbage"), it originated from an acronym for the Moscow Criminal Investigations Department (МУС, short for Московский уголовный сыск) in Imperial Russia. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Ment is a close equivalent to the English slang term "cop".
General overview
The organizational structure, methods and traditions of the militsiya differ significantly from those of western police. Militsiya as an organization consists of many functional departments, such as the GIBDD, a traffic police. GAI ( ГАИ pronounced guy-EE stands for State automobile inspectorate (Государственная автомобильная инспекция translit Police controlling traffic see rules of the road Highway patrol Road Policing Unit Organized crime detectives form highly independent squads inside regional militsiya. "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. Some units may have the distinctive names (like OMON in Russia) which are more specific than militsiya or militsioner. OMON (Отряд милиции особого назначения Otryad Militsii Osobogo Naznacheniya, Special Purpose Police Squad is a generic name for the system of special
Militsiya personnel ranks mostly follow those of the Army - from private (Rus: ryadovoy), which is the lowest rank, to colonel general - with only these exceptions: there are no ranks of Army General and Marshal. GAI ( ГАИ pronounced guy-EE stands for State automobile inspectorate (Государственная автомобильная инспекция translit A radar gun or speed gun is a small Doppler radar used to detect the speed of objects MKAD is a Beltway encircling the City of Moscow. The name is a transliteration of the Russian word МКАД, an Acronym A Private is a Soldier of the lowest Military rank (equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in Colonel General is a senior Military rank which is used in some of the world’s militaries For the army rank(s of General as opposed to the specific rank of Army General see General Army General is a title used in many Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches Detectives (Russian: operativnik) hold a ranks of lieutenant at least and could be promoted to major or the lieutenant colonel. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies The militsiya of an oblast (or other equivalent subnational entity) is usually headed by a general. Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division Examples of administrative divisions English terms In many of the following terms corresponding to British cultural influence areas of relatively low mean population The rank name is suffixed with of militsiya (e. g. major of militsiya for a major). Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country
Militsiya personnel carry firearms, but are not permitted to carry their weapons when they are off duty. A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion
Unlike in some other countries' police agencies, militsioners are not assigned permanent partners, but work alone or within larger groups. Neither street patrols nor detectives are allowed to drive police vehicles themselves, so a specialist driver (either a serviceman or a civil employee) is assigned to each car and is also in charge of its maintenance. GIBDD (the traffic militsiya) is the only exception: its members drive their own (or even own private) cars and are specially trained in risk-driving. GAI ( ГАИ pronounced guy-EE stands for State automobile inspectorate (Государственная автомобильная инспекция translit
One unique feature of militsiya policing approach is the system of territorial patronage over citizens. The cities, as well as the rural settlements are divided into uchastoks (Russian: pl. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages участки, English: "quarters") with a special uchastkovyi militsioner ("quarter policeman"), assigned to each. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The main duty of uchastkovyi is to maintain close relations with the residents of his quarter and gather information among them. In particular, uchastkovyi should personally know each and every ex-convict, substance abuser, young hooligan etc. in given uchastok, and visit them regularly for preemptive influence. Uchastkovyi is also responsible for tackling minor offences like family violence, loud noise, residential area parking etc. Uchastkovyi is also the main, and actually the real, militsiya force in remote areas and small settlements where permanent police departments are not created. Uchastkovyi militsioners possess separate small offices within their quarters and maintain citizens admittance in definite weekdays.
This system slightly resembles the U.S. system of sheriffs but shows some notable differences. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the SHERIFF is a telecom fraud detection and management system originally developed by BT and MCI. Uchastkovyi is neither a chief police officer in a given community nor a universal one (not combining detective, incarceration or special tactics tasks).
The system of uchastkovyis dates back to imperial times when uriadniks were conducting lowest-level policing in rural areas. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya In Soviet Union, uchastkovyis were also responsible for such tasks as maintaining propiska limitations and overseeing former political prisoners, which were subject to daily registration at the local MVD office. Propiska (пропи́ска full term Прописка по месту жительства, "The record of place of residence" was a regulation in the Soviet
Another unique militsiya feature is the use of conscripts for regular urban policing. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority There are special "militarized militsiya units" in large cities (like Kiev or Moscow), consisting of called-up soldiers. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of These soldiers carry out simple public security tasks like patrolling and cordoning, possessing no firearms and usually being accompanied by a professional militsioner. A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion "Militarized militsioners" reside in barracks and maintain military order. The main reason for existence of conscript police is the severe lack of personnel in regular militsiya units. "Militarized militsiya" should not be confused with the Internal Troops - the gendarmerie-like military force within the Soviet/post-Soviet Ministries of Internal Affairs. Internal Troops, full name Internal Troops of the Ministry for Internal Affairs (MVD ( Russian: Внутренние войска Министерства A gendarmerie or gendarmery (dʒɛnˈdɑrməriː or /ˌʒɑndɑrməˈriː/ after the French is a Military body charged with Police duties among civilian
Although women constitute a significant proportion of militsiya staff, they are usually not permitted to fill positions that carry risks (such as patrolman, guard, SWAT), but are allowed to carry firearms for self-defense. Instead, they are widely represented among investigators, juvenile crime inspectors, clerks, etc. However, limited attempts are being made to appoint women as traffic officers or operativniks.
Non-police services of the MVD
The Soviet and some post-Soviet Ministries of Internal Affairs have also included:
- militarized forces ( "Internal Troops );
- department of prisons (i. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Internal Troops, full name Internal Troops of the Ministry for Internal Affairs (MVD ( Russian: Внутренние войска Министерства A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of e. GULAG and its successor bodies), if not merged with other ministries or agencies;
- firefighting service, if not merged with Emergency Ministry;
- passport and registration service, if not merged with Migration service. The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Firefighters are rescuers extensively trained primarily to put out hazardous Fires that threaten civilian populations and property to rescue people from car accidents collapsed A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder
These non-police services should be distinguished from the militsiya itself, except passport and registration service, which structures are often included into OVD and sometimes considered as one of the important militsiya services. Their members have always used different generic names and specific ranks (e. g. Major of the Internal Service, rather than Major of Militsiya).
Militsiya in the Russian Federation
- Further information: Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs
Throughout the first half of the 1990s, the Russian militsiya functioned with minimal funding, equipment, and support from the legal system. The inadequacy of the force became particularly apparent during the wave of organized crime that began sweeping Russia after the beginning of perestroika. "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev Many highly qualified individuals moved from the militsiya into better-paying jobs in the field of private security, which has expanded to meet the demands of companies needing protection, while others joined the organized crime itself. Frequent taking of bribes among the remaining members of the militsiya has damaged the force's public credibility. Numerous revelations of participation by militsiya personnel in murders, prostitution rings, information peddling, and tolerance of criminal acts have created a general public perception that all militsioners are at least taking bribes. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. Bribery of officers to avoid penalty for traffic violations and petty crimes is a routine and expected occurrence, as well as tortures and abusing of suspects in the custody. In Law, a sentence forms the final act of a Judge -ruled process and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally In the Parlance of Criminal justice, a suspect is a known person suspected of committing a Crime. Up to 50-80% of suspects are tortured and beaten in order to get "confession". [1]
In a 1995 poll of the public, only 5% of respondents expressed confidence in the ability of the militsiya to deal with crime in their city. Human rights organizations have accused the Moscow militsiya of racism in singling out non-Slavic individuals (especially immigrants from Russia's Caucasus republics), physical attacks, unjustified detention, and other rights violations. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East In 1995 Minister of Internal Affairs Anatoliy Kulikov conducted a high-profile "Clean Hands Campaign" to purge the MVD of corrupt elements. In its first year, this limited operation caught several highly placed MVD officials collecting bribes, indicating a high level of corruption throughout the agency. According to experts, the main causes of corruption are insufficient funding to train and equip personnel and pay them adequate wages, poor work discipline, lack of accountability, and fear of reprisals from organized criminals.
According to the country law, the militsiya ranks in Russia are classified as a "special ranks of the law-enforcement service" or "special ranks". Nizhny Novgorod (Ни́жний Но́вгород Nižnij Novgorod) colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Such a ranks are in general equal to the Russian military ranks. Modern Russian military ranks trace their roots to Table of Ranks established by Peter the Great. There are 3 types of the "special ranks": - militsiya ranks (for Ministry of internal affairs (MVD) personnel working in the general-purpose militsiya service), - justice ranks (equal to militsya but suffixed with "of justice") - for personnel of the MVD investigatory agancy departments, - internal service ranks (suffixed with "of internal service" - in general such personnel is weared into the Russian military uniform) - for the personnel of MVD, Ministry of the extraordinary situations and civil defence, Peneciary service on the servive of: fire guarde, migration service, administrative function and other. In some cases the personnel with the special ranks could be promoted into the military rank. Military rank is a system of hierarchical relationships in Armed forces or civil institutions organized along military lines For example if the officer of militsiya is removing to the Internal Troops. Internal Troops, full name Internal Troops of the Ministry for Internal Affairs (MVD ( Russian: Внутренние войска Министерства Another case: if it is necessary to promote the officer into the higher rank which is absent in militsiya ranks or in ranks of other special service.
The Day of Russian Militsiya is held on November 10. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw The results of a poll conducted on November 10, 2005, published by Izvestia, show that 72% of people are afraid of militsiya because the militiamen are thought to often take illegal actions against innocent people. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the Thoroughbred racehorse see Izvestia (horse Izvestia (Известия) is a long-running high-circulation daily Newspaper Another 2005 poll showed that 41% of the Russian population fears the militsiya more than organized crime (56% in Moscow). [1]
Militsiya in Ukraine
The militsiya in Ukraine is organized as the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukrainian: Ministerstvo Vnutrishnikh Sprav, MVS). Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs (Міністерство внутрішніх справ України Ministerstvo vnutrishnikh sprav Ukrayiny, MVS is the national Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages.
- See also: Berkut
Militsiya in Belarus
As well as the Militsiya, law enforcement in Belarus is also the responsibility of other agencies such as the Presidential Guard and the State Security Agency (KGB), all under the authority of the country's Ministry of Internal Affairs. Berkut (Бе́ркут - Golden eagle) is a special reaction force of Ukrainian Militsiya (police within the Internal Ministry (national The State Security Agency of the Republic of Belarus (Камітэт дзяржаўнай бяспекі КДБ Комитет государственной безопасности Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus is a body of the Belarusian Government that is charged with the internal affairs of Belarus.
References
- ^ Diederik Lohman Confessions at Any Cost. Police Torture in Russia. Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. New-York-Washington-London-Brussels, 1999. 196c. ISBN 1564322440
- This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook which, as a U. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the S. government publication, is in the public domain. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
See also
- OSNAZ
- OMON
- Voluntary People's Druzhina
- Milicja Obywatelska, police in People's Republic of Poland, with similar name
External links
- Information from the July 1996 CIA World Factbook
- Ministry of the Interior of Russia - Official website
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