This article describes three distinct, but related terms: military operations, Operations as military events, and operational level of war.
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Military operations
Military operations is the application of policy, planning, management, and administration principles in employment of military forces and resources (for example in a Military campaign) in daily formation and unit activities to achieve a specific goals or objectives. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A resource is any physical or virtual entity of limited availability or anything used to help one earn a living In the Military sciences a military campaign is a term applied to large scale, long duration significant Military strategy plan incorporating Goal refers to a method of scoring in many sports It can also refer to the physical structure or area of the playing surface in which a score is made Strategic planning is an Organization 's process of defining its Strategy, or direction and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy This is a concept, and should not be confused with military Operations as events. The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle It involves the planning, mobilization of forces, the intelligence process of collecting, analyzing and disseminating of information, allocating resource and determining time requirements. Planning in Organizations and Public policy is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a Plan; and the psychological process of This article describes military mobilization For other meanings see Mobilization (disambiguation. In Christian Liturgy, a collect kol-ekt' is both a liturgical action and a short general Prayer. Analysis (from Greek ἀνάλυσις, "a breaking up" is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings
A military operation can involve the carrying out of a strategic or operational manoeuvre through management of logistic movement of forces. Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek In general tactical are used to refer to ,military combat operations on military missions which are the subset of military operations. Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating
In the process of carrying out the operation the forces may require provision of services, training, or administrative functions to allow them to commence, continue and end combat, including in the conduct of movement, supply, attack, defense, and maneuvres needed to achieve operation's objectives in a battle or a campaign. The ComBat was an Aluminium Cricket bat and the subject of an incident that occurred at the WACA cricket ground in Perth in December 1979.
Most military operations have distinct process features that must reach achieved milestones for the operation to progress. As a shortlist these features in a strategic operation are:
- Conception through identification of specific goals or objectives
- Intelligence gathering and analysis to identify enemy capability to resist
- Planning of military force and its use
- Administration of mobilisation, equipping, training and staging of forces
- Commencement of the operation, and achieving of initial tactical mission objectives
- Defeating the larger enemy forces in their operational depth
- Ending the operation whether the strategic goals have been achieved or not
Military operations
Military operations are often referred to by a code name for the purpose of security. A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word Security is the condition of being protected against danger loss and criminals Military operations are often known for their more generally accepted common usage names then their actual operational objectives.
Parallel to and reflecting this framework for operations are organized elements within the armed forces which prepare for and conduct operations at various levels of war. While there is a general correlation between the size of units, the area within which they operate, and the scope of mission the perform, the correlation is not absolute. In fact, it is ultimately the mission that a unit performs that determines the level of war within which it operates. [1]
Military operations can be classified by the scale and scope of force employment, and their impact on the wider conflict. The scope of military operations can be:
- Theatre: this describes an operation over a large, often continental area of operation and represents a strategic national commitment to the conflict such as Operation Barbarossa, with general goals that encompass areas of consideration outside of the military such as the economic and political impacts. An area of operation s (AO is an operational area defined by the force commander for land air and naval forces conduct of combat and non-combat activities Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II
- Campaign: this describes either a subset of the theatre operation, or a more limited geographic and operational strategic commitment such as Battle of Britain, and need not represent total national commitment to a conflict, or have broader goals outside of the military impacts. The Battle of Britain (German ''Luftschlacht um England'' is the name given to the sustained strategic effort by the German Luftwaffe during the summer and
- Operation: this describes a subset of a campaign that will have specific military goals and geographic objectives, as well as clearly defined use of forces such as the Battle of Gallipoli, which operationally was a combined arms operation originally known as the "Dardanelles landings" as part of the Dardanelles Campaign, where about 480,000 Allied troops took part. Combined arms is an approach to Warfare which seeks to integrate different arms of a Military to achieve mutually complementary effects The naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign of the First World War were mainly carried out by the Royal Navy with substantial support from the French The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I.
- Battle: this describes a tactical combat event of contest for specific area or objective by actions of distinct units. For example the Battle of Kursk, also known from its German designation as Operation Citadel, included many separate battles, one of which was the Battle of Prokhorovka. The Battle of Kursk (Курская битва refers to a series of German and Soviet operations on the Eastern Front of World War II The Battle of Prokhorovka was the largest tank battle in Military history, fought by armoured formations of Wehrmacht and the Red Army. The "Battle of Kursk" in addition to describing the initial German offensive operation (or simply an offensive), also included two Soviet counter-offensive operations Operation Kutuzov and Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev. Operation Kutuzov was a military operation by the Red Army in its fight against the German Wehrmacht during World War II. Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev (Полководец Румянцев literally "Regiment leader Rumyantsev" after 18th-century Field Marshal Peter Rumyantsev
Operational level of war
The operational level of war occupies roughly the middle ground between the campaign's strategic focus and the tactics of a battle. It describes "a distinct intermediate level of war between military strategy, governing war in general, and tactics, involving individual battles. "[2] For example during World War II the concept applied to use of Soviet Tank Armies. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The term Army, besides its generalized meaning (see " Army " specifically denotes a major military formation in militaries of various countries including [3]
See also
- List of military operations
- Military operations other than war (MOOTW)
- Effects-Based Operations (EBO)
- Iraq Military Operations 2003 to Current - Alphabetical
Notes
- ^ Glantz, Soviet Military Operational Art, p. This is a list of missions operations and projects Missions in support of other missions are not listed independently This is a list of known World War II era Military operations and missions commonly associated with World War II Military operations other than war ('MOOTW' is a concept in United States military doctrine that refers to the use of military capabilities across a range of operations Effects-Based Operations ( EBO) is a United States military concept which emerged after the 1991 Gulf War for the planning and conduct of operations combining This is a list of known Coalition military operations of the Iraq War. 46.
- ^ Glantz, Soviet Military Operational Art, p. 10.
- ^ Armstrong, Red Army Tank Commanders, p. 13.
References
- Armstrong, Richard N. Red Army Tank Commanders: The Armored Guards. Atglen, Penn. : Schiffer Military History, 1994. ISBN 0887405819.
- Glantz, David M. Soviet Military Operational Art: In Pursuit of Deep Battle. London; Portland, Or. : Frank Cass, 1991. ISBN 0714633623, ISBN 0714640778.
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