Military fiat is a process whereby a decision is made and enforced by military means without the participation of other political elements. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking The Latin term fiat, translated as "let it be," suggests the autocratic attitude ascribed to such a process. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler For example, many coups involve the imposition of a new government by military fiat. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government.
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Origin of government
Historically, military fiat had no relation to particular theories of economics or how to use the power of the state ("political science"). Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems It was simply seized by the powerful with some support from empowered citizens - typically resulting in a monarchy where power was passed on to heirs with no public consultation. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Over time, this evolved into consultative systems, e. g. of other nobles holding fiefdoms, e. Under the system of Feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing g. of public in parliaments. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those
In democracies, however, the political parties who run for office to represent the public will, must agree to certain guarantees to use power for public good - the relation between military and police powers is clearer but not obvious. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral In all countries, some fundamental decisions are made by the administration "without the participation of other political elements", and in general the administration of money has been one of those functions. Money is anything that is generally accepted as Payment for Goods and services and repayment of Debts. Public recourse is limited if the state relies on any other nation for major military support, e. g. then-communist Poland's and East-Germany's reliance on the Soviet Union. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 So "a decision is made and enforced by military means" could be anything done by the administration or bureaucracy as a normal part of its foreign policy.
What is participation?
Theories vary on how to measure "participation of other political elements. "
In economics, fiat is one of three ways to guarantee the value of money, credit money and commodity money being alternatives - but both relying to some degree on the fiat. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Credit money is any future claim against a physical or legal person that can be used for the purchase of goods and services Commodity money is Money whose value comes from a Commodity out of which it is made True fiat money has no trust or product value of its own, but is backed only by trust in the issuing government and its ability to collect taxes or require conversion of some other resource into currency. The terms fiat currency and fiat money relate to types of currency or Money whose usefulness results not from any intrinsic value or guarantee that it can be
This view is questioned by some theories of political economy that argue that there is always some intrinsic reliance on trust, or expectation of the delivery of the commodity itself. Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government Critics of these views argue that withholding taxes in domestic trade or defying powerful nations regarding trade in narcotics or arms will very rapidly prove dangerous or fatal to some of the participants - and, furthermore, that at least some of these decisions are unpopular and are not reflective of the public will. This is a common accusation made by the anti-globalization movement which argues that governments have been elected on a mandate to oppose global "free trade" and instead pursued it. " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions
Military vs. monetary
The use of the military fiat to back economic transactions is what a given theory of political economy actually justifies, e. Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government g. in the political economy of capitalism, military force is justified by the protection of property rights (which are presumed to optimize economic outcomes). Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Adam Smith defined "defense, infrastructure, justice, education and a stable currency" as the role of government. Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy. Defence All defined, in his time, 1776, strictly by a military fiat in most countries, although Britain had a nascent democracy. When the United States broke with the British Empire and its military hegemony in that same year, it was to establish a fiat of its own. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Smith wrote specifically against monetarism, where fiat would be exploited to protect favored industries, monopolize precious metals, and other goals that were not generally shared between the state and the more general public.
The later contributions of David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill led to the first theory of (classical) political economy. David Ricardo (18 April 1772 &ndash 11 September 1823 was an English political economist, often credited with systematizing economics and was one of the most influential John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government
Money and military -- inseparable?
The tangled history of military and money relationships led in the mid-19th-to-mid-20th centuries to a variety of critiques of the use of military fiat. Some saw an evolution to political consultation, others saw the increased concentration of power as a sign that this consultation was only skin-deep, and that the bureaucracy and military's habits would be increasingly aligned and in opposition to public will.
Marxist economists generally hold that military fiat is in practice held exclusively by members of the ruling class and used for its own interests against that of the working class. Note Marxian economics is not restricted to Marxist economics as it includes the economic thought of those inspired by Marx's works who do not identify with The term ruling class refers to the Social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that society's political policy Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types This has led to the broad range of debates regarding socialism, communism, and the duty of the state to use its political and economic power for the benefit of all. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Questions of this nature merge into those of political science in general. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems
Ecology as military
The central role of science in the late 20th century gave rise to another debate. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Some green economists ask whether ecoregions in fact already have a limited military fiat based on their ability to protect people and guarantee value by diluting pollution, preventing erosion, circulating stagnant water which would otherwise breed disease, and other services. Ecological economics is a Transdisciplinary field of academic research within Economics that aims to address the interdependence between human economies and natural An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " Water stagnation occurs when Water stops flowing Stagnant water can be a major Environmental hazard.
These are considered (by mainstream economists) to be benefits of natural capital - but could also be considered defense. Natural capital is the extension of the economic notion of capital (manufactured means of production to environmental goods and services This debate is mostly important for its influence on theory of biosecurity and bioregional democracy. Biosecurity A set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of intentional removal (theft of a valuable biological material Bioregionalism is a term used to describe a political cultural and environmental system based on naturally-defined areas called bioregions or Ecoregions Bioregions are defined
A global fiat?
An extreme version of this view, held by some militant Gaians, is that humans who identify with the biosphere ought to set standards and prices that are "made and enforced by military means without the participation of other political elements. The biosphere is the broadest level of ecological study the global sum of all Ecosystems. "
Perhaps fearing the rise of such views, opponents of the Kyoto Protocol and the Biological Weapons Convention, notably G. W. Bush, declared that the implicit control of military and economic affairs implied by both pacts were unacceptable to the United States, committed to retaining its own fiat and power to act unilaterally, "without the participation of other political elements" outside the United States, regardless of impact on other countries. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (usually referred to as the George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This is the essence of military fiat: power without any direct means of assigning or enforcing responsibility for the outcome on any party.
See also
External links
Bioregionalism is a term used to describe a political cultural and environmental system based on naturally-defined areas called bioregions or Ecoregions Bioregions are defined The terms fiat currency and fiat money relate to types of currency or Money whose usefulness results not from any intrinsic value or guarantee that it can beDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic